層

See also: 层

層	U+5C64, 層 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5C64

← 屣
[U+5C63]

CJK Unified Ideographs

履 →
[U+5C65]

層	U+FA3B, 層 CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-FA3B

← 墨
[U+FA3A]

CJK Compatibility Ideographs

屮 →
[U+FA3C]

Translingual

Traditional	層
Simplified	层
Japanese	層
Korean	層

Han character

層 (Kangxi radical 44, 尸+12 in Chinese, 尸+11 in Japanese, 15 strokes in Chinese, 14 strokes in Japanese, cangjie input 尸金田日 (SCWA), four-corner 7726₆, composition ⿸尸曾(GHTKV or U+FA3B) or ⿸尸曽(J))

Derived characters

𡃆, 𡒸, 𡾓, 𪴕, 𭣃, 𮜠, 𥶰

References

KangXi: page 303, character 40
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 7798
Dae Jaweon: page 601, character 34
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 981, character 3
Unihan data for U+5C64
Unihan data for U+FA3B

Chinese

trad.		層
simp.		层
alternative forms		曾

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 層
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script

Characters in the same phonetic series (曾) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
潧	*ʔsrɯn
繒	ʔsɯːŋ, zɯŋ
增	ʔsɯːŋ, ʔsɯːŋs
憎	*ʔsɯːŋ
磳	ʔsɯːŋ, zɯŋ
曾	ʔsɯːŋ, zɯːŋ
矰	*ʔsɯːŋ
罾	*ʔsɯːŋ
熷	*ʔsɯːŋ
竲	ʔsɯːŋ, zɯŋ
橧	ʔsɯːŋ, zɯŋ
譄	*ʔsɯːŋ
蹭	*sʰɯːŋs
層	*zɯːŋ
贈	*zɯːŋs
僧	*sɯːŋ
鬙	*sɯːŋ
甑	*ʔsɯŋs
鄫	*zɯŋ
驓	*zɯŋ
嶒	*zɯŋ
噌	*sʰɯːŋ
鏳	*zrɯːŋ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *zɯːŋ) : semantic 尸 + phonetic 曾 (OC *ʔsɯːŋ, *zɯːŋ).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): céng (ceng²)
(Zhuyin): ㄘㄥˊ
(Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): цын (cɨn, I)
Cantonese (Jyutping): cang⁴
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): chhèn
Min Bei (KCR): cǎing
Min Dong (BUC): cèng
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): chn̂g / chêng / chân / chàn
(Teochew, Peng'im): zang⁵
Wu (Wiktionary): zen (T3)

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: céng
  - Zhuyin: ㄘㄥˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: céng
  - Wade–Giles: tsʻêng²
  - Yale: tséng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tserng
  - Palladius: цэн (cɛn)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰɤŋ³⁵/
- (Dungan)
  - Cyrillic and Wiktionary: цын (cɨn, I)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰəŋ²⁴/
  (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: cang⁴
  - Yale: chàhng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: tsang⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: ceng⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰɐŋ²¹/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhèn
  - Hakka Romanization System: cenˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: cen²
  - Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰen¹¹/
Min Bei
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: cǎing
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡saiŋ²¹/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: cèng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sɛiŋ⁵³/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chn̂g
  - Tâi-lô: tsn̂g
  - Phofsit Daibuun: zngg
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sŋ̍²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chêng
  - Tâi-lô: tsîng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: zeeng
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡ɕiɪŋ¹³/
  - IPA (Xiamen): /t͡ɕiɪŋ²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chân
  - Tâi-lô: tsân
  - Phofsit Daibuun: zaan
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡san²³/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡san¹³/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei): /t͡san²⁴/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chàn
  - Tâi-lô: tsàn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: zaxn
  - IPA (Taipei): /t͡san¹¹/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡san²¹/

Note:

chân - classifier;
chàn - story/level, 棧 is also used.

- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: zang⁵
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tsâng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡saŋ⁵⁵/
Wu
- (Shanghainese)
  - Wiktionary: zen (T3)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /z̥əɲ²³/

Middle Chinese: /d͡zəŋ/

Rime
Character	層
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	從 (15)
Final (韻)	登 (129)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	昨楞切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/d͡zəŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/d͡zəŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/d͡zəŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/d͡zəŋ/
Li Rong	/d͡zəŋ/
Wang Li	/d͡zəŋ/
Bernard Karlgren	/d͡zʱəŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	céng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	cang⁴

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*N-s-tˤəŋ/, /*m-s-tˤəŋ/
(Zhengzhang): /*zɯːŋ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	層	層
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	céng	céng
Middle Chinese	‹ dzong ›	‹ dzong ›
Old Chinese	/*N-s-tˁəŋ/	/*m-s-tˁəŋ/
English	in two storeys, double	additional floor, field
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	層
Reading #	1/1
No.	16626
Phonetic component	曾
Rime group	蒸
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime
Old Chinese	/*zɯːŋ/

Definitions

層

to pile up; to overlap
thing made of layers
layer; storey; floor; stratum
Classifier for things arranged in layers, storeys or levels.
(Min Nan) Classifier for events.

Synonyms

樓／楼 (lóu)
樓層／楼层 (lóucéng)
(storey): (Min Nan) 棧／栈 (chàn)

Compounds

Derived terms from 層

一層／一层 (yīcéng)
一層天／一层天
三層／三层
三層仔／三层仔
三層肉／三层肉 (sāncéngròu)
上層／上层 (shàngcéng)
下層／下层 (xiàcéng)
下層階級／下层阶级
中層／中层 (zhōngcéng)
中氣層／中气层
中胚層／中胚层 (zhōngpēicéng)
九層塔／九层塔 (jiǔcéngtǎ)
傾移斷層／倾移断层
內層／内层
分層負責／分层负责
剝一層皮／剥一层皮
千層糕／千层糕 (qiāncénggāo)
千層麵／千层面 (qiāncéngmiàn)
卷層雲／卷层云 (juǎncéngyún)
同斜層／同斜层
同溫層／同温层 (tóngwēncéng)
向斜層／向斜层
含水層／含水层 (hánshuǐcéng)
單斜層／单斜层
土層／土层
地層／地层 (dìcéng)
地層下陷／地层下陷
基層／基层 (jīcéng)
基層建設／基层建设
基層組織／基层组织
基層行政／基层行政
塗層／涂层 (túcéng)
外層／外层 (wàicéng)
外胚層／外胚层 (wàipēicéng)
大氣層／大气层 (dàqìcéng)
大腦皮層／大脑皮层
大陸礁層／大陆礁层
夾層／夹层 (jiācéng)
夾層屋／夹层屋
密密層層／密密层层
密層層／密层层
對流層／对流层 (duìliúcéng)
層出不窮／层出不穷 (céngchūbùqióng)
層出疊見／层出叠见 (céngchūdiéxiàn)
層報／层报 (céngbào)

層壓／层压
層壓法／层压法
層密／层密
層層／层层 (céngcéng)
層層加碼／层层加码
層層深入／层层深入
層層疊疊／层层叠叠
層峰／层峰
層巒／层峦 (céngluán)
層巒疊嶂／层峦叠嶂
層序分明／层序分明
層態／层态
層林／层林 (cénglín)
層樓／层楼
層次／层次 (céngcì)
層次井然／层次井然
層次分明／层次分明
層流／层流 (céngliú)
層浪／层浪
層瀾／层澜
層理／层理
層甍／层甍
層疊／层叠 (céngdié)
層積法／层积法
層積雲／层积云 (céngjīyún)
層級／层级 (céngjí)
層臺／层台
層見疊出／层见叠出 (céngxiàndiéchū)
層遞／层递
層雲／层云 (céngyún)
層面／层面 (céngmiàn)
岩層／岩层
常溫層／常温层
平流層／平流层 (píngliúcéng)
平移斷層／平移断层
年齡層／年龄层
底層／底层 (dǐcéng)
形成層／形成层 (xíngchéngcéng)
恆溫層／恒温层
文化層／文化层
斜溫層／斜温层
斷層／断层 (duàncéng)
斷層掃描／断层扫描 (duàncéng sǎomiáo)
更上一層樓／更上一层楼 (gèngshàngyīcénglóu)

更上層樓／更上层楼
楞層／楞层
樓層／楼层 (lóucéng)
正斷層／正断层
氣密層／气密层
沖積層／冲积层
油層／油层
洪積層／洪积层
活斷層／活断层
海成層／海成层
混合層／混合层
游離層／游离层
炭層／炭层
煤層／煤层 (méicéng)
熱氣層／热气层
特權階層／特权阶层
疊嶺層巒／叠岭层峦
白千層／白千层
皮層／皮层
矽鎂層／矽镁层
礦層／矿层
稜層／棱层
綠皮層／绿皮层
背斜層／背斜层
胚層／胚层 (pēicéng)
胞間層／胞间层
臭氧層／臭氧层 (chòuyǎngcéng)
表土層／表土层
表層／表层 (biǎocéng)
角質層／角质层 (jiǎozhìcéng)
變溫層／变温层
逆溫層／逆温层
階層／阶层 (jiēcéng)
雙層／双层 (shuāngcéng)
雙層公路／双层公路
雙層公車／双层公车
雙層巴士／双层巴士 (shuāngcéng bāshì)
雨層雲／雨层云 (yǔcéngyún)
雲層／云层 (yúncéng)
頂層／顶层 (dǐngcéng)
頂層設計／顶层设计 (dǐngcéng shèjì)
高層人士／高层人士
高階層／高阶层
鳥糞層／鸟粪层

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (層):

→ Japanese: 層(そう) (sō)
→ Korean: 층(層) (cheung)

Others:

→ Vietnamese: tầng

References

“層”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學／香港中文大学 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
“Entry #11042”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (in Chinese and Min Nan), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2011.

Japanese

Shinjitai	層
Kyūjitai [1]	層 `層` or 層+`︀`^?
	層󠄁 層+`󠄁`^? (Adobe-Japan1)
	層󠄃 層+`󠄃`^? (Hanyo-Denshi) (Moji_Joho)
The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment. See here for details.

Kanji

層

(grade 6 “Kyōiku” kanji, shinjitai kanji, kyūjitai form 層)

layer, level

Readings

Go-on: ぞう (zō)^{←ぞう (zou, historical)}
Kan-on: そう (sō, Jōyō)^{←そう (sou, historical)}
Kun: かさなる (kasanaru, 層なる); こし (koshi, 層)

Synonyms

階(かい)層(そう) (kaisō)
段(だん)階(かい) (dankai)

References

“層”, in 漢字ぺディア (Kanjipedia)‎ (in Japanese), 日本漢字能力検定協会, 2015—2023

Korean

Hanja

層 (eum 층 (cheung))

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

層: Hán Việt readings: tằng[1][2][3][4][5]
層: Nôm readings: tàng[4], tầng[1][6][7], từng[1][4]

Nôm form of tầng (“layer; storey; floor”).

References

Génibrel (1898).
Thiều Chửu (1942).
Nguyễn (1974).
Hồ (1976).
Trần (1999).
Bonet (1899).
Nguyễn et al. (2009).

[1] “層”, in 漢字ぺディア (Kanjipedia)‎ (in Japanese), 日本漢字能力検定協会, 2015—2023

[genibrel-2] Génibrel (1898).

[Thiều_Chửu_(1942)-3] Thiều Chửu (1942).

[Nguyễn_(1974)-4] Nguyễn (1974).

[btcn-5] Hồ (1976).

[Trần_(1999)-6] Trần (1999).

[bonet-7] Bonet (1899).

[tdcntd-8] Nguyễn et al. (2009).