请输入您要查询的单词：

　

单词 寒
释义

寒

寒 U+5BD2, 寒
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5BD2
← 寑
[U+5BD1]		CJK Unified Ideographs寓 →
[U+5BD3]
See also: 寨

Translingual

Han character

寒 (Kangxi radical 40, 宀+9, 12 strokes, cangjie input 十廿金卜 (JTCY), four-corner 30303, composition ⿱𡨄⺀(GTJV) or ⿱𡨄冫(K))

References

  • KangXi: page 289, character 9
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 7239
  • Dae Jaweon: page 572, character 10
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 941, character 6
  • Unihan data for U+5BD2

Chinese

simp. and trad.
寒
alternative forms𡫾
𡫜
𡫮

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 寒
Western ZhouShuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptionsSmall seal scriptTranscribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (寒) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
寒*ɡaːn
蹇*kranʔ, *kanʔ
謇*kranʔ
搴*kranʔ, *kʰran
藆*kranʔ
騫*kʰran
褰*kʰran
攐*kʰran
鑳*ɡranʔ
寋*ɡanʔ
鶱*qʰan

Ideogrammic compound (會意) : 宀 (“house”) + 人 (“person”) + 茻 (“grass”) – a person in a house, sleeping in the grass to protect from the cold. In some bronze inscriptions, 二 is added at the bottom of the character; this may simply be decorative or may represent a mat. In the seal script, 二 is changed to 仌 (“ice”) to emphasize its meaning of coldness.

Contrast 宿.

Etymology

Unknown (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation

  • Mandarin
    (Standard)
    (Pinyin): hán (han2)
    (Zhuyin): ㄏㄢˊ
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): хан (han, I)
  • Cantonese (Jyutping): hon4
  • Hakka (Sixian, PFS): hòn
  • Jin (Wiktionary): han1
  • Min Dong (BUC): hàng / gàng
  • Min Nan
    (Hokkien, POJ): hân / kôaⁿ / gân
    (Teochew, Peng'im): hang5 / guan5
  • Wu (Wiktionary): hhoe (T3)
  • Xiang (Wiktionary): han2
  • Mandarin
    • (Standard Chinese)+
      • Hanyu Pinyin: hán
      • Zhuyin: ㄏㄢˊ
      • Tongyong Pinyin: hán
      • Wade–Giles: han2
      • Yale: hán
      • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: harn
      • Palladius: хань (xanʹ)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /xän³⁵/
    • (Dungan)
      • Cyrillic and Wiktionary: хан (han, I)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /xæ̃²⁴/
      (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
  • Cantonese
    • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
      • Jyutping: hon4
      • Yale: hòhn
      • Cantonese Pinyin: hon4
      • Guangdong Romanization: hon4
      • Sinological IPA (key): /hɔːn²¹/
  • Hakka
    • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
      • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hòn
      • Hakka Romanization System: honˇ
      • Hagfa Pinyim: hon2
      • Sinological IPA: /hon¹¹/
  • Jin
    • (Taiyuan)+
      • Wiktionary: han1
      • Sinological IPA (old-style): /xæ̃¹¹/
  • Min Dong
    • (Fuzhou)
      • Bàng-uâ-cê: hàng / gàng
      • Sinological IPA (key): /haŋ⁵³/, /kaŋ⁵³/
Note:
  • hàng - “cold; poor; to fear”;
  • gàng - “affected by the cold; chilled”.
  • Min Nan
    • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, Zhangpu, General Taiwanese, Singapore)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hân
      • Tâi-lô: hân
      • Phofsit Daibuun: haan
      • IPA (Kaohsiung): /han²³/
      • IPA (Zhangzhou): /han¹³/
      • IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Taipei, Singapore): /han²⁴/
      • IPA (Zhangpu): /han²¹³/
    • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, Zhangpu, General Taiwanese, Singapore)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kôaⁿ
      • Tâi-lô: kuânn
      • Phofsit Daibuun: kvoaa
      • IPA (Zhangpu): /kuã²¹³/
      • IPA (Zhangzhou): /kuã¹³/
      • IPA (Kaohsiung): /kuã²³/
      • IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Taipei, Singapore): /kuã²⁴/
    • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gân
      • Tâi-lô: gân
      • Phofsit Daibuun: gaan
      • IPA (Quanzhou): /ɡan²⁴/
Note:
  • hân - literary;
  • kôaⁿ - vernacular;
  • gân - vernacular (俗).
    • (Teochew)
      • Peng'im: hang5 / guan5
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hâng / kuâⁿ
      • Sinological IPA (key): /haŋ⁵⁵/, /kũã⁵⁵/
Note:
  • hang5 - literary;
  • guan5 - vernacular.
  • Wu
    • (Shanghainese)
      • Wiktionary: hhoe (T3)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /ɦø²³/
  • Xiang
    • (Changsha)
      • Wiktionary: han2
      • Sinological IPA (key): /xan¹³/
  • Middle Chinese: /ɦɑn/
Rime
Character寒
Reading #1/1
Initial (聲)匣 (33)
Final (韻)寒 (61)
Tone (調)Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)Open
Division (等)I
Fanqie胡安切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		/ɦɑn/
Pan
Wuyun		/ɦɑn/
Shao
Rongfen		/ɣɑn/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		/ɦan/
Li
Rong		/ɣɑn/
Wang
Li		/ɣɑn/
Bernard
Karlgren		/ɣɑn/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		hán
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		hon4
  • Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*Cə.[ɡ]ˤa[n]/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɡaːn/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character寒
Reading #1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		hán
Middle
Chinese		‹ han ›
Old
Chinese		/*Cə.[ɡ]ˁa[n]/
Englishcold

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character寒
Reading #1/1
No.4870
Phonetic
component		寒
Rime
group		元
Rime
subdivision		1
Corresponding
MC rime		寒
Old
Chinese		/*ɡaːn/

Definitions

寒

  1. cold; wintry; chilly
  2. poor; poverty-stricken
  3. humble; petty and low
  4. desolate; deserted
  5. dreary; miserable
  6. withered; limp
  7. (humble) my
    寒舍  ―  hánshè  ―  (one's own) humble home
  8. to feel cold
  9. to fear; to dread
  10. winter
  11. cold weather; cold day or night
  12. (traditional Chinese medicine) cold; chill
  13. (～日) (telegraphy) the fourteenth day of a month

Synonyms

  • (cold): 冷 (lěng)
Dialectal synonyms of 冷 (“cold”) [map]
Variety Location Words
edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)冷, 寒冷 weather
MandarinBeijing冷
Taiwan冷
Yantai (Muping)冷
Jinan冷
Luoyang冷
Wanrong冷
Xi'an冷
Yinchuan冷
Wuhan冷, 冷凊 weather
Chengdu冷, 凊 very cold
Guilin冷
Liuzhou冷, 凊
Yangzhou冷
Hefei冷
Singapore冷
CantoneseGuangzhou凍, 冷
Hong Kong凍, 冷 weather
Taishan冷
Yangjiang凍, 冷 weather
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)凍
Singapore (Guangfu)凍
GanNanchang冷
Lichuan冷
HakkaMeixian冷
Miaoli (N. Sixian)冷, 寒
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)冷, 寒人
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)冷
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)冷, 寒
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)冷, 寒
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)冷, 寒
HuizhouJixi冷, 凍
JinTaiyuan冷
Min BeiJian'ou凊, 鎮 very cold
Min DongFuzhou凊, 凍
Min NanXiamen冷, 凊, 寒 weather
Quanzhou冷, 凊, 寒
Shishi寒
Zhangzhou冷, 凊, 寒
Zhao'an寒
Dongshan寒
Taipei冷, 凊, 寒
Penang (Hokkien)冷, 寒 weather, 凊
Singapore (Hokkien)冷, 寒 weather
Manila (Hokkien)冷, 寒, 凊
Chaozhou凝, 寒 weather, 凊
Shantou凝, 寒, 凊, 冷
Shantou (Chenghai)凝, 凊
Shantou (Chaoyang)凝
Jieyang凝, 凊
Singapore (Teochew)凝
Wenchang寒
Qionghai寒
Singapore (Hainanese)凊, 寒 weather
WuShanghai冷
Shanghai (Chongming)冷
Suzhou冷, 凍 weather
Danyang冷
Hangzhou冷
Ningbo冷
Wenzhou冷, 凍
Jinhua冷
XiangChangsha冷, 凊 very cold
Shuangfeng冷, 凊 very cold

Compounds

Derived terms from 寒

Further reading

  • “Entry #8312”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (in Chinese and Min Nan), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2011.

Japanese

FWOTD – 21 December 2020
Shinjitai寒
Kyūjitai
[1]
寒󠄁
寒+&#xE0101;?
(Adobe-Japan1)
寒󠄃
寒+&#xE0103;?
(Hanyo-Denshi)
(Moji_Joho)
The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment.
See here for details.

Kanji

寒

(grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. cold

Readings

  • Go-on: がん (gan)
  • Kan-on: かん (kan, Jōyō)
  • Kun: さむい (samui, 寒い, Jōyō); いやしい (iyashii, 寒しい); さびしい (sabishii, 寒しい); まずしい (mazushii, 寒しい)
  • Nanori: さ (sa); さん (san)

Etymology

Kanji in this term
寒
かん
Grade: 3
kan’on

From Middle Chinese 寒 (MC ɦɑn).

The basic cold sense as an affix is attested from some of the earliest texts in the 700s CE.[2] Use as an independent noun is first attested in a text from roughly 900 CE.[2]

Pronunciation

  • (Tokyo) か​ん [káꜜǹ] (Atamadaka – [1])[3][4]
  • (Tokyo) かん [kàń] (Heiban – [0])[3][4]
  • IPA(key): [kã̠ɴ]

Affix

寒(かん) • (kan) 

  1. [from 700s] cold, chilly
  2. [from early 1800s] (by extension) poor, poverty-stricken
  3. [from 900s] midwinter, cold season

Derived terms

Derived terms
  • 寒気(かんき) (kanki)
  • 寒暑(かんしょ) (kansho)
  • 寒風(かんぷう) (kanpū)
  • 寒冷(かんれい) (kanrei)
  • 悪寒(おかん) (okan)
  • 厳寒(げんかん) (genkan)
  • 向寒(こうかん) (kōkan)
  • 春寒(しゅんかん) (shunkan)
  • 避寒(ひかん) (hikan)
  • 防寒(ぼうかん) (bōkan)
  • 寒村(かんそん) (kanson)
  • 貧寒(ひんかん) (hinkan)
  • 寒心(かんしん) (kanshin)
  • 寒中(かんちゅう) (kanchū)
  • 小寒(しょうかん) (shōkan)
  • 大寒(だいかん) (daikan)
  • 寒鴉(かんあ) (kan'a)
  • 寒菊(かんぎく) (kangiku)

Noun

寒(かん) • (kan) 

  1. [from circa 900] cold, coldness
  2. [from 1275] midwinter, cold season
    • a haiku by Matsuo Bashō:
      干(かん)鮭(ざけ)も　空(くう)也(や)の痩(やせ)も　寒(かん)の内(うち)
      kanzake mo Kūya no yase mo kan no uchi
      Salted salmon too, also Kūya's thinning too, in the cold season

References

  1. 1914, 漢和大辭書 (Kanwa Dai Jisho, “The Great Kanji-Japanese Dictionary”) (in Japanese), page 685 (paper), page 392 (digital), Tōkyō: 興文社 (Kōbunsha)
  2. 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
  3. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  4. 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 寒 (MC ɦɑn). Recorded as Middle Korean 한 (han) (Yale: han) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Hanja

Wikisource寒 (eumhun 찰 한 (chal han))

  1. Hanja form? of 한 (“cold; chilly”).

Compounds

Compounds
  • 오한 (惡寒, ohan)
  • 한랭 (寒冷, hallaeng)
  • 혹한 (酷寒, hokhan)
  • 한심 (寒心, hansim, “miserableness”)

References

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

Vietnamese

Han character

寒: Hán Việt readings: hàn (河(hà)干(can)切(thiết))[1][2][3][4][5]
寒: Nôm readings: hàn[1][2][4][6]

  1. chữ Hán form of hàn (“coldness”).

References

  1. Nguyễn (2014).
  2. Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. Trần (2004).
  4. Bonet (1899).
  5. Génibrel (1898).
  6. Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
随便看

　

国际大辞典收录了7408809条英语、德语、日语等多语种在线翻译词条，基本涵盖了全部常用单词及词组的翻译及用法，是外语学习的有利工具。

　

Copyright © 2004-2023 idict.net All Rights Reserved
京ICP备2021023879号 更新时间：2024/8/7 12:20:33