害

害	U+5BB3, 害 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5BB3

← 宲
[U+5BB2]

CJK Unified Ideographs

宴 →
[U+5BB4]

Translingual

Stroke order

Stroke order (Taiwan)

Stroke order (Japan)

Han character

害 (Kangxi radical 40, 宀+7, 10 strokes, cangjie input 十手十口 (JQJR) or 十手一口 (JQMR), four-corner 3060₁, composition ⿳宀丰口)

Derived characters

嗐搳㮫犗瞎磍縖螛轄(辖) 鎋割㪡㲅㝬𡮞豁鶷

References

KangXi: page 286, character 12

Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 7165

Dae Jaweon: page 565, character 9

Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 929, character 5

Unihan data for U+5BB3

Chinese

trad.		害
simp. ^#		害

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 害
Western Zhou
Bronze inscriptions

Characters in the same phonetic series (害) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
轄	kʰaːds, ɡraːd
害	*ɡaːds
犗	*kraːds
幰	*qʰanʔ
攇	*qʰanʔ
憲	*hŋans
瀗	*qʰans
割	*kaːd
磍	kreːd, kʰraːd
瞎	*qʰraːd
鎋	*ɡraːd
鶷	*ɡraːd
縖	*ɡraːd
豁	*qʰʷaːd

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *ɡaːds) : semantic 宀 + semantic 口 + phonetic 丯 (OC *kreːds).

Etymology

Cognate with 割 (OC *kaːd, “to cut”). See there for more.

Pronunciation 1

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): hài (hai⁴)
(Zhuyin): ㄏㄞˋ
(Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): хэ (he, III)
Cantonese (Jyutping): hoi⁶
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): hoi
(Meixian, Guangdong): hoi⁴
Jin (Wiktionary): hai³
Min Bei (KCR): huōi
Min Dong (BUC): hâi
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): hāi
(Teochew, Peng'im): hai⁷
Wu (Wiktionary): hhe (T3)

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: hài
  - Zhuyin: ㄏㄞˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: hài
  - Wade–Giles: hai⁴
  - Yale: hài
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: hay
  - Palladius: хай (xaj)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /xaɪ̯⁵¹/
- (Dungan)
  - Cyrillic and Wiktionary: хэ (he, III)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /xɛ⁴⁴/
  (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: hoi⁶
  - Yale: hoih
  - Cantonese Pinyin: hoi⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: hoi⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɔːi̯²²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hoi
  - Hakka Romanization System: hoi
  - Hagfa Pinyim: hoi⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /hoi̯⁵⁵/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: hoi⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /hoɪ⁵³/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: hai³
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /xai⁴⁵/
Min Bei
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: huōi
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /xuɛ⁵⁵/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: hâi
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɑi²⁴²/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hāi
  - Tâi-lô: hāi
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hai
  - IPA (Xiamen): /hai²²/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /hai⁴¹/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /hai²²/
  - IPA (Taipei): /hai³³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /hai³³/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: hai⁷
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hāi
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hai¹¹/
Wu
- (Shanghainese)
  - Wiktionary: hhe (T3)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɦe̞²³/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 害
Mandarin	Beijing	/xai⁵¹/
	Harbin	/xai⁵³/ /xai²¹³/ ～怕
	Tianjin	/xai⁵³/
	Jinan	/xɛ²¹/
	Qingdao	/xɛ⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/xai³¹²/
	Xi'an	/xai⁴⁴/
	Xining	/xɛ²¹³/
	Yinchuan	/xɛ¹³/
	Lanzhou	/xɛ¹³/
	Ürümqi	/xai²¹³/
	Wuhan	/xai³⁵/
	Chengdu	/xai¹³/
	Guiyang	/xai²¹³/
	Kunming	/xæ²¹²/
	Nanjing	/xae⁴⁴/
	Hefei	/xe̞⁵³/
Jin	Taiyuan	/xai⁴⁵/
	Pingyao	/xæ³⁵/
	Hohhot	/xɛ⁵⁵/
Wu	Shanghai	/ɦe²³/
	Suzhou	/ɦe̞³¹/
	Hangzhou	/ɦe̞¹³/
	Wenzhou	/ɦe²²/
Hui	Shexian	/xɛ²²/
Hui	Tunxi	/xuə¹¹/
Xiang	Changsha	/xai⁵⁵/ /xai¹¹/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/ɦai²¹/
Gan	Nanchang	/hai²¹/
Hakka	Meixian	/hoi⁵³/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/hoi⁵⁵/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/hɔi²²/
	Nanning	/hɔi²²/
	Hong Kong	/hɔi²²/
Min	Xiamen (Min Nan)	/hai²²/
	Fuzhou (Min Dong)	/hɑi²⁴²/
	Jian'ou (Min Bei)	/xuɛ⁴⁴/
	Shantou (Min Nan)	/hai³¹/
	Haikou (Min Nan)	/hai³³/

Middle Chinese: /ɦɑi^H/

Rime
Character	害
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	泰 (25)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	胡蓋切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɦɑi^H/
Pan Wuyun	/ɦɑi^H/
Shao Rongfen	/ɣɑi^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɦaj^H/
Li Rong	/ɣɑi^H/
Wang Li	/ɣɑi^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/ɣɑi^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	hài
Expected Cantonese Reflex	hoi⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*N-kˤat-s/, /*m-kˤat-s/
(Zhengzhang): /*ɡaːds/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	害	害
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	hài	hài
Middle Chinese	‹ haj^H ›	‹ haj^H ›
Old Chinese	/*N-kˁat-s/	/*m-kˁat-s/
English	be hurt (v.i.); injury (n.)	hurt (v.t.)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	害
Reading #	1/1
No.	4845
Phonetic component	害
Rime group	祭
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	害
Old Chinese	/*ɡaːds/
Notes	金文非丯聲，似𥎆初文加古聲，㝬通胡

Definitions

害

to harm; to maim; to injure
- 銅生鉎，害自身。 [Min Dong, trad.]
  铜生𰽫，害自身。 [Min Dong, simp.]
  Dè̤ng săng cĭng, hâi cê̤ṳ-sĭng. / [tøyŋ⁵³ saŋ⁵⁵ t͡siŋ⁵⁵ hɑi²⁴² t͡sy²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ^(s-)liŋ⁵⁵] [Bàng-uâ-cê / IPA]
  Harm oneself (just like copper rusting).
to cause to do; to result in (something unfavourable)
- 航班晚點了，害我多等了兩個小時。 [MSC, trad.]
  航班晚点了，害我多等了两个小时。 [MSC, simp.]
  Hángbān wǎndiǎn le, hài wǒ duō děng le liǎng ge xiǎoshí. [Pinyin]
  The flight was delayed, causing me to wait for another two hours.
to kill; to murder
to suffer from
to feel (an adverse sentiment)
harm; disaster; calamity
crucial point; vital point
harmful; injurious
(Min Nan) broken

Antonyms

益 (yì, “benefit”)
利 (lì, “benefit”)

Compounds

Derived terms from 害

三害
不害 (bùhài)
不害事
不知利害
侵害 (qīnhài)
光害 (guānghài)
公害 (gōnghài)
公害病
冷害 (lěnghài)
利害得失
加害 (jiāhài)
加害人
危害 (wēihài)
受害 (shòuhài)
噤害
坑害 (kēnghài)
大害
妨功害能
妨害 (fánghài)
妨害治安
妨害自由
定害
害乏
害事
害人利己
害人害己 (hàirénhàijǐ)
害人精
害冷
害口
害命
害喜 (hàixǐ)
害夏
害心 (hàixīn)
害怕 (hàipà)
害慌
害死 (hàisǐ)
害死人
害民 (hàimín)
害病 (hàibìng)
害眼
害羞 (hàixiū)
害肚子
害臊 (hàisào)
害苦
害酒
寒害
弊害 (bìhài)
患害
戕害 (qiānghài)

戕害不辜 (qiānghàibùgū)
扳害
排害
暗害 (ànhài)
有害 (yǒuhài)
毒害 (dúhài)
民害
病害 (bìnghài)
盛衰利害
禁害
螟害
蠹害
被害人 (bèihàirén)
要害 (yàohài)
迫害 (pòhài)
遇害 (yùhài)
防弊除害
除害 (chúhài)
陷害 (xiànhài)
隘害
雷害
霜害 (shuānghài)
除凶去害
不計利害／不计利害
以文害辭／以文害辞
傷天害理／伤天害理 (shāngtiānhàilǐ)
傷害／伤害 (shānghài)
傷害保險／伤害保险
傷害罪／伤害罪
全身遠害／全身远害
凍害／冻害 (dònghài)
利害關係／利害关系
厲害／厉害 (lìhài)
喪天害理／丧天害理
圖害／图害 (túhài)
圖財害命／图财害命
墊害／垫害
天然災害／天然灾害
妒能害賢／妒能害贤
妨害風化／妨害风化
害人不淺／害人不浅 (hàirénbùqiǎn)
害人蟲／害人虫
害天災／害天灾
害熱／害热
害獸／害兽 (hàishòu)
害發／害发
害群之馬／害群之马 (hàiqúnzhīmǎ)
害處／害处 (hàichù)

害蟲／害虫 (hàichóng)
害頭疼／害头疼
害馬／害马
害鳥／害鸟 (hàiniǎo)
損害／损害 (sǔnhài)
損害賠償／损害赔偿
有害無利／有害无利
殘害／残害 (cánhài)
殘民害物／残民害物
殘賢害善／残贤害善
殺害／杀害 (shāhài)
求生害義／求生害义
災害／灾害 (zāihài)
災害救濟／灾害救济
為害／为害 (wéihài)
為民除害／为民除害
無害／无害 (wúhài)
病蟲害／病虫害 (bìngchónghài)
禍害／祸害 (huòhài)
種族迫害／种族迫害
自然災害／自然灾害 (zìrán zāihài)
自相殘害／自相残害 (zìxiāngcánhài)
興利除害／兴利除害
藥害／药害
蟲害／虫害 (chónghài)
蠹國害民／蠹国害民
誣害／诬害 (wūhài)
誤國害民／误国害民
謀害／谋害 (móuhài)
謀財害命／谋财害命 (móucáihàimìng)
譖害／谮害
讒害／谗害 (chánhài)
貪生害義／贪生害义
貽害／贻害 (yíhài)
賊害／贼害
趨利避害／趋利避害 (qūlìbìhài)
運動傷害／运动伤害
過失傷害／过失伤害
違天害理／违天害理
違害就利／违害就利
遠害全身／远害全身
遺害／遗害 (yíhài)
陰害／阴害
陰柔害物／阴柔害物
風害／风害 (fēnghài)
養癰貽害／养痈贻害
鴆害／鸩害
鹽害／盐害

Pronunciation 2

Mandarin
(Pinyin): hé (he²)
(Zhuyin): ㄏㄜˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): hot³, hot⁶

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: hé
  - Zhuyin: ㄏㄜˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: hé
  - Wade–Giles: ho²
  - Yale: hé
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: her
  - Palladius: хэ (xɛ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /xɤ³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: hot³, hot⁶
  - Yale: hot, hoht
  - Cantonese Pinyin: hot⁸, hot⁹
  - Guangdong Romanization: hod³, hod⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɔːt̚³/, /hɔːt̚²/

Definitions

害

^† Alternative form of 曷 (hé, “why”).

Japanese

Shinjitai	害
Kyūjitai [1]	害󠄂 害+`󠄂`^? (Adobe-Japan1)
	害󠄆 害+`󠄆`^? (Hanyo-Denshi) (Moji_Joho)
The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment. See here for details.

Kanji

害

(grade 4 “Kyōiku” kanji)

(そこなう) damage, harm, injure
(あやめる) kill
(わざわい) disaster

Readings

Go-on: がい (gai, Jōyō)
Kan-on: かい (kai)
Kun: そこなう (sokonau, 害なう)^{←そこなふ (sokonafu, historical)}; あやめる (ayameru, 害める); わざわい (wazawai, 害い)^{←わざはひ (wazafafi, historical)}

Etymology

Kanji in this term
害
がい Grade: 4
on’yomi

From Middle Chinese 害 (haj^H, “injury”).

Pronunciation

On’yomi: Goon

(Tokyo) がい [gáꜜì] (Atamadaka – [1])[2][3]
IPA^(key): [ɡa̠i]

Noun

害(がい) • (gai)

injury, harm, damage

Antonyms

益(えき) (eki, “benefit”)
利(り) (ri, “benefit”)

Derived terms

害(がい)悪(あく) (gaiaku)
害(がい)獣(じゅう) (gaijū, “harmful animal”)
害(がい)虫(ちゅう) (gaichū, “harmful insect”)
害(がい)鳥(ちょう) (gaichō, “harmful bird”)
害(がい)毒(どく) (gaidoku)
危(き)害(がい) (kigai)
災(さい)害(がい) (saigai)
殺(さつ)害(がい) (satsugai)
残(ざん)害(がい) (zangai)
自(じ)害(がい) (jigai)
水(すい)害(がい) (suigai)
損(そん)害(がい) (songai)
被(ひ)害(がい) (higai)
風(ふう)害(がい) (fūgai)
無(む)害(がい) (mugai)
有(ゆう)害(がい) (yūgai)
利(り)害(がい) (rigai)

References

“害”, in 漢字ぺディア (Kanjipedia)‎ (in Japanese), 日本漢字能力検定協会, 2015—2023
2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja

害 (eumhun 해칠 해 (haechil hae))

Hanja form^? of 해 (“harm”).

Compounds

해충 (害蟲, haechung, “insect pest”)

Vietnamese

Han character

害: Hán Nôm readings: hại

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

[1] “害”, in 漢字ぺディア (Kanjipedia)‎ (in Japanese), 日本漢字能力検定協会, 2015—2023

[DJR-2] 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[NHK-3] 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN