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单词 宮
释义

宮

See also: 宫 and 官
宮 U+5BAE, 宮
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5BAE
← 宭
[U+5BAD]		CJK Unified Ideographs宯 →
[U+5BAF]

Translingual

Han character

宮 (Kangxi radical 40, 宀+7, 10 strokes, cangjie input 十口竹口 (JRHR), four-corner 30606, composition ⿱宀呂)

References

  • KangXi: page 285, character 16
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 7156
  • Dae Jaweon: page 564, character 16
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): not present, would follow volume 2, page 936, character 4
  • Unihan data for U+5BAE

Chinese

trad.宮
simp.宫

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 宮
ShangWestern ZhouShuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone scriptBronze inscriptionsSmall seal scriptTranscribed ancient scripts

Ideogrammic compound (會意) : 宀 + 呂: many rooms under a roof — a mansion.

Etymology

STEDT compares it with Proto-Sino-Tibetan *k-jim ~ k-jum (“house”); see there for hypothesized cognates.

Pronunciation

  • Mandarin
    (Pinyin): gōng (gong1)
    (Zhuyin): ㄍㄨㄥ
  • Cantonese
    (Guangzhou, Jyutping): gung1
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): guung1
  • Gan (Wiktionary): gung1
  • Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): kiûng
    (Meixian, Guangdong): giung1
  • Jin (Wiktionary): gung1
  • Min Bei (KCR): gé̤ng
  • Min Dong (BUC): gṳ̆ng
  • Min Nan
    (Hokkien, POJ): keng / kiong
    (Teochew, Peng'im): gêng1
  • Wu (Wiktionary): kon (T1)
  • Xiang (Wiktionary): gong1
  • Mandarin
    • (Standard Chinese)+
      • Hanyu Pinyin: gōng
      • Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄥ
      • Tongyong Pinyin: gong
      • Wade–Giles: kung1
      • Yale: gūng
      • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gong
      • Palladius: гун (gun)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /kʊŋ⁵⁵/
  • Cantonese
    • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
      • Jyutping: gung1
      • Yale: gūng
      • Cantonese Pinyin: gung1
      • Guangdong Romanization: gung1
      • Sinological IPA (key): /kʊŋ⁵⁵/
    • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
      • Wiktionary: guung1
      • Sinological IPA (key): /kɵŋ³³/
  • Gan
    • (Nanchang)
      • Wiktionary: gung1
      • Sinological IPA (key): /kuŋ⁴²/
  • Hakka
    • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
      • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kiûng
      • Hakka Romanization System: giung´
      • Hagfa Pinyim: giung1
      • Sinological IPA: /ki̯uŋ²⁴/
    • (Meixian)
      • Guangdong: giung1
      • Sinological IPA: /ciʊŋ⁴⁴/
  • Jin
    • (Taiyuan)+
      • Wiktionary: gung1
      • Sinological IPA (old-style): /kũŋ¹¹/
  • Min Bei
    • (Jian'ou)
      • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: gé̤ng
      • Sinological IPA (key): /kœyŋ⁵⁴/
  • Min Dong
    • (Fuzhou)
      • Bàng-uâ-cê: gṳ̆ng
      • Sinological IPA (key): /kyŋ⁵⁵/
  • Min Nan
    • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: keng
      • Tâi-lô: king
      • Phofsit Daibuun: kefng
      • IPA (Quanzhou): /kiɪŋ³³/
      • IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung, Xiamen): /kiɪŋ⁴⁴/
    • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiong
      • Tâi-lô: kiong
      • Phofsit Daibuun: kiofng
      • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kiɔŋ⁴⁴/
      • IPA (Quanzhou): /kiɔŋ³³/
Note:
  • keng - vernacular;
  • kiong - literary.
    • (Teochew)
      • Peng'im: gêng1
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: keng
      • Sinological IPA (key): /keŋ³³/
  • Wu
    • (Shanghainese)
      • Wiktionary: kon (T1)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /kʊŋ⁵³/
  • Xiang
    • (Changsha)
      • Wiktionary: gong1
      • Sinological IPA (key) (old-style): /kʊŋ³³/
      • Sinological IPA (key) (new-style): /kən³³/
  • Dialectal data
VarietyLocation
edit
宮
MandarinBeijing/kuŋ⁵⁵/
Harbin/kuŋ⁴⁴/
Tianjin/kuŋ²¹/
Jinan/kuŋ²¹³/
Qingdao/kəŋ²¹³/
Zhengzhou/kuŋ²⁴/
Xi'an/kuŋ²¹/
Xining/kuə̃⁴⁴/
Yinchuan/kuŋ⁴⁴/
Lanzhou/kũn³¹/
Ürümqi/kuŋ⁴⁴/
Wuhan/koŋ⁵⁵/
Chengdu/koŋ⁵⁵/
Guiyang/koŋ⁵⁵/
Kunming/koŋ⁴⁴/
Nanjing/koŋ³¹/
Hefei/kəŋ²¹/
JinTaiyuan/kuəŋ¹¹/
Pingyao/kuŋ¹³/
Hohhot/kũŋ³¹/
WuShanghai/koŋ⁵³/
Suzhou/koŋ⁵⁵/
Hangzhou/koŋ³³/
Wenzhou/koŋ³³/ 新
/t͡ɕoŋ³³/
HuiShexian/kuʌ̃³¹/
Tunxi/kan¹¹/
XiangChangsha/koŋ³³/
Xiangtan/kən³³/
GanNanchang/kuŋ⁴²/
HakkaMeixian/kiuŋ⁴⁴/
Taoyuan/kioŋ²⁴/
CantoneseGuangzhou/koŋ⁵³/
Nanning/kuŋ⁵⁵/
Hong Kong/kuŋ⁵⁵/
MinXiamen (Min Nan)/kiɔŋ⁵⁵/
/kiŋ⁵⁵/
Fuzhou (Min Dong)/kyŋ⁴⁴/
Jian'ou (Min Bei)/kœyŋ⁵⁴/
Shantou (Min Nan)/keŋ³³/
Haikou (Min Nan)/koŋ²³/
  • Middle Chinese: /kɨuŋ/
Rime
Character宮
Reading #1/1
Initial (聲)見 (28)
Final (韻)東 (2)
Tone (調)Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)Open
Division (等)III
Fanqie居戎切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		/kɨuŋ/
Pan
Wuyun		/kiuŋ/
Shao
Rongfen		/kiuŋ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		/kuwŋ/
Li
Rong		/kiuŋ/
Wang
Li		/kĭuŋ/
Bernard
Karlgren		/ki̯uŋ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		jiōng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		gung1
  • Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*k(r)uŋ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kuŋ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character宮
Reading #1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		gōng
Middle
Chinese		‹ kjuwng ›
Old
Chinese		/*k(r)uŋ/
Englishdwelling; palace; note of scale

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character宮
Reading #1/1
No.4147
Phonetic
component		宮
Rime
group		終
Rime
subdivision		0
Corresponding
MC rime		弓
Old
Chinese		/*kuŋ/

Definitions

宮

  1. (archaic) house; mansion; dwelling
    • 上古穴居而野處，後世聖人易之以宮室。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
      上古穴居而野处，后世圣人易之以宫室。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]
      From: I Ching, 11th – 8th century BCE
      Shànggǔ xuéjū ér yěchǔ, hòushì shèngrén yì zhī yǐ gōngshì. [Pinyin]
      In times of yore people dwelled in caves or lived in the open wilderness. Later, wise people devised houses to replace that way of life.
  2. (architecture) palace
  3. (architecture, religion) temple; shrine
    • 秋，丹桓宮之楹。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
      秋，丹桓宫之楹。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
      From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4th century BCE
      Qiū, dān Huán gōng zhī yíng. [Pinyin]
      In the autumn, the pillars in the temple of the late Duke Huan were painted red with vermilion.
  4. (anatomy, in compounds) Short for 子宮／子宫 (zǐgōng, “womb; uterus”).
    宮頸／宫颈  ―  gōngjǐng  ―  cervix
  5. (music) the first note of the Chinese pentatonic scale
    • 宮者，容也，含也，含容四時者也。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
      宫者，容也，含也，含容四时者也。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
      From: Ban Gu, The Comprehensive Discussions in the White Tiger Hall, 79 CE, translated based on Tjan Tjoe Som's version
      Gōng zhě, róng yě, hán yě, hánróng sìshí zhě yě. [Pinyin]
      Gōng means róng ‘to contain’; hán ‘to hold’; it contains and holds the four seasons
  6. (historical law) castration as a punishment
  7. (obsolete) to surround; to encircle
  8. a surname

Usage notes

In reference to temples, 宮 is used for traditional deities considered to rank highly in the celestial bureaucracy, such as Mazu who was honored by the Qing dynasty as the "Queen of Heaven" after their successful invasion of Taiwan. In earlier history, it also referred to ancestral shrines.

Coordinate terms

  • (Chinese pentatonic scale) 宮, 商, 角, 徵, 羽

Hypernyms

  • (historical punishment): 五刑 (wǔxíng)

Synonyms

  • (house):
edit
Synonyms of 宮
  • (temple): 廟／庙 (miào)

See also

  • 闕／阙 (què), 殿 (diàn), 宸 (chén)

Compounds

Derived terms from 宮

Japanese

FWOTD – 21 December 2015

Kanji

宮

(grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. a shrine; a palace

Readings

  • Go-on: く (ku, Jōyō †)
  • Kan-on: きゅう (kyū, Jōyō)←きゆう (kyū, historical)
  • Kan’yō-on: ぐう (gū, Jōyō)
  • Kun: みや (miya, 宮, Jōyō)
  • Nanori: いえ (ie); たか (taka)

Compounds

Compounds
  • 守宮(やもり) (yamori), 守(しゅ)宮(きゅう) (shukyū): gecko

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
宮
みや
Grade: 3
kun’yomi

/mi1ya/ → /miya/

From Old Japanese. A compound of 神 or 御 (mi, “spiritual honorific”) +‎ 屋 (ya, “house”).[1][2][3][4]

Pronunciation

  • (Tokyo) みや [mìyá] (Heiban – [0])[5][2]
  • IPA(key): [mʲija̠]

Noun

宮(みや) • (miya) 

  1. (Shinto) the place where a god resides: a shrine
    • 1603–1604, Nippo Jisho (page 413)[6]
      Miya. ミヤ (宮) 神 (Camis)の社.
  2. (Buddhism) a temple holding a Buddhist statue
  3. the place where a ruler resides: a palace
    • 1603–1604, Nippo Jisho (page 413)[6]
      Miya. ミヤ (宮) 国王の子. また, 国王の宮殿
  4. a member of the imperial family
    • 1603–1604, Nippo Jisho (page 413)[6]
      Miya. ミヤ (宮) 国王の子. また, 国王の宮殿

Proper noun

宮(みや) • (Miya) 

  1. a surname
  2. an old name for a region in the Atsuta area of Nagoya, Aichi prefecture, where the Atsuta Shrine is located

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
宮
きゅう
Grade: 3
kan’on

From Middle Chinese 宮 (MC kɨuŋ, “dwelling; palace; note on a scale”). Compare modern Min Nan reading kiong.

Pronunciation

  • (Tokyo) きゅ​う [kyúꜜù] (Atamadaka – [1])[2]
  • IPA(key): [kʲɨᵝː]

Noun

宮(きゅう) • (kyū) ←きゆう (kyū)?

  1. a palace
  2. (traditional music of China and Japan) the keynote or tonic of a musical scale, such as do in the do re mi scale notation of solfège
  3. Short for 宮刑: literally “palace punishment”, this consisted of castration for men and sequestration in the palace for women
  4. (astronomy, astrology) a zodiac sign or house, defined as one-twelfth of the circle of the ecliptic
    黄(おう)道(どう)十(じゅう)二(に)宮(きゅう)、 宝(ほう)瓶(へい)宮(きゅう)
    ōdō jūni kyū, hōhei kyū
    the twelve signs of the zodiac, the house of Aquarius

References

  1. 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
  2. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  3. 1995, 大辞泉 (Daijisen) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  4. 1997, 新明解国語辞典 (Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten), Fifth Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  5. 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
  6. Doi, Tadao (1603–1604) Hōyaku Nippo Jisho (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, published 1980, →ISBN.

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 宮 (MC kɨuŋ). Recorded as Middle Korean 그ᇰ (kung) (Yale: kung) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Hanja

Wikisource宮 (eumhun 집 궁 (jip gung))
宮 (eumhun 대궐 궁 (daegwol gung))

  1. Hanja form? of 궁 (“house”).
  2. Hanja form? of 궁 (“palace”).

Compounds

Compounds
  • 궁전 (宮殿, gungjeon, “royal palace”)
  • 궁합 (宮合, gunghap, “marital harmony”)
  • 궁형 (宮刑, gunghyeong, “castration as punishment”)
  • 미궁 (迷宮, migung, “maze, labyrinth”)
  • 상궁 (尙宮, sanggung, “court lady”)
  • 자궁 (子宮, jagung, “womb”)

References

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

Vietnamese

Han character

宮: Hán Nôm readings: cung

  1. palace
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