孤
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Translingual
Han character
孤 (Kangxi radical 39, 子+5 in Chinese, 子+6 in Japanese, 8 strokes in Chinese, 9 strokes in Japanese, cangjie input 弓木竹女人 (NDHVO), four-corner 12430, composition ⿰子瓜)
Derived characters
- 𦋆, 箛, 𦣮, 菰, 𡍢, 𡦈, 𡦶, 𢮩, 𣔞, 𦁣, 𧍆, 𨂗, 𨔌, 𩸰, 𪂮, 𪂲, 𪧄, 𪽵, 𫛈
References
- KangXi: page 279, character 8
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 6966
- Dae Jaweon: page 547, character 6
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1014, character 1
- Unihan data for U+5B64
Chinese
trad. | 孤 | |
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simp. # | 孤 |
Glyph origin
Old Chinese | |
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瓜 | *kʷraː |
坬 | *kʷraːs |
窊 | *qʷraː, *qʷraːs |
畖 | *qʷraː |
搲 | *qʷraːs |
攨 | *qʷraːs |
孤 | *kʷaː |
苽 | *kʷaː |
胍 | *kʷaː |
泒 | *kʷaː |
呱 | *kʷaː |
觚 | *kʷaː |
柧 | *kʷaː |
罛 | *kʷaː |
軱 | *kʷaː |
菰 | *kʷaː |
箛 | *kʷaː |
狐 | *ɡʷaː |
弧 | *ɡʷlaː |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *kʷaː) : semantic 子 (“child”) + phonetic 瓜 (OC *kʷraː).
Etymology
Related to 寡 (OC *kʷraːʔ, “alone; widow”), 鰥 (OC *kruːn, *kruːns, “widower”) (Schuessler, 2007).
Pronunciation
Definitions
孤
- orphaned; parentless
- alone; solitary
- orphan
- (usually by an emperor or a king) I
- 秦伯素服郊次,鄉師而哭曰:「孤違蹇叔,以辱二三子,孤之罪也。」 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4th century BCE
- Qín bó sùfú jiāocì, xiàng shī ér kū yuē: “Gū wéi Jiǎnshū, yǐ rǔ èrsānzǐ, gū zhī zuì yě.” [Pinyin]
- The earl of Qin, in white mourning garments, was waiting for them in the borders of the capital, and wept, looking in the direction where the army had been lost. He said, "I have gone against the counsel of Jian Shu and thus brought disgrace on you, my generals; it is my crime."
秦伯素服郊次,乡师而哭曰:“孤违蹇叔,以辱二三子,孤之罪也。” [Classical Chinese, simp.]
Compounds
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Japanese
Kanji
(common “Jōyō” kanji)
- solitude, alone
- orphan
Readings
- Go-on: く (ku)
- Kan-on: こ (ko, Jōyō)
- Kun: みなしご (minashigo, 孤); ひとり (hitori, 孤り)
Compounds
- 遺孤 (iko): orphan
- 孤雲 (koun)
- 孤影 (koei)
- 孤猿 (koen)
- 孤介 (kokai)
- 孤客 (kokaku)
- 孤雁 (kogan)
- 孤笈 (kokyū)
- 孤衾 (kokin)
- 孤軍 (kogun)
- 孤閨 (kokei)
- 孤月 (kogetsu)
- 孤剣 (koken)
- 孤高 (kokō)
- 孤坐 (koza)
- 孤在 (kozai)
- 孤山 (kozan)
- 孤児 (koji)
- 孤弱 (kojaku)
- 孤樹 (koju)
- 孤舟 (koshū)
- 孤愁 (koshū)
- 孤称 (koshō)
- 孤聳 (koshō)
- 孤城 (kojō)
- 孤食 (koshoku)
- 孤身 (koshin)
- 孤棲 (kosei): living alone
- 孤絶 (kozetsu)
- 孤村 (koson)
- 孤尊 (koson)
- 孤忠 (kochū)
- 孤注 (kochū)
- 孤灯 (kotō)
- 孤島 (kotō)
- 孤独 (kodoku)
- 孤帆 (kohan)
- 孤平 (kohyō)
- 孤峰 (kohō)
- 孤篷庵 (kohōan)
- 孤本 (kohon)
- 孤立 (koritsu): isolation
- 孤塁 (korui)
- 孤例 (korei)
- 孤老 (korō)
- 孤陋 (korō)
- 単孤 (tanko)
- 徳は孤ならず必ず隣あり (toku wa ko narazu kanarazu tonari ari)
- 孤児 (minashigo)
Etymology 1
Kanji in this term |
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孤 |
こ Grade: S |
on’yomi |
From Middle Chinese 孤 (ku).
Pronunciation
- On’yomi: Kan’on
- (Tokyo) こ [kóꜜ] (Atamadaka – [1])[1]
- IPA(key): [ko̞]
Noun
孤 • (ko)
- an orphan
- solitude
Adjective
孤 • (ko) -na (adnominal 孤な (ko na), adverbial 孤に (ko ni))
- solitary
Etymology 2
Kanji in this term |
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孤 |
みなしご Grade: S |
kun’yomi |
Jukujikun kanji use for the term みなしご, itself a compound of 身 (mi, “identity, family”) + 無 (nashi, “none, without”) + 子 (ko, “child”). The final syllable's ko reading changes to go due to rendaku (連濁).
Alternative forms
- 孤児
Pronunciation
- Kun’yomi
- IPA(key): [mʲina̠ɕiɡo̞]
- IPA(key): /mi.na.si.ɡo/, [minäɕiɡo̞], [minäɕiŋo̞]
Noun
孤 • (minashigo)
- orphan
References
- 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
Korean
Etymology
From Middle Chinese 孤 (MC kuo). Recorded as Middle Korean 고 (kwo) (Yale: ko) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.
Hanja
Wikisource孤 (eumhun 외로울 고 (oeroul go))
- Hanja form? of 고 (“solitude; orphan”).
Compounds
- 고립 (孤立, gorip, “isolation”)
- 고독 (孤獨, godok, “loneliness”)
- 고아 (孤兒, goa, “orphan”)
- 고아원 (孤兒院, goawon, “orphanage”)
References
- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典.
Vietnamese
Han character
孤: Hán Nôm readings: cô, co, còi, côi, go, gò
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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