孝

孝

孝 U+5B5D, 孝 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5B5D ← 孜 [U+5B5C] CJK Unified Ideographs 孞 → [U+5B5E]

Translingual

Han character

孝 (radical 39, 子+4, 7 strokes, cangjie input 十大弓木 (JKND), four-corner 4440₇, composition ⿱耂子)

Derived characters

• 教 酵 痚

Related characters

• 老

References

• KangXi: page 278, character 11
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 6952
• Dae Jaweon: page 546, character 4
• Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 2, page 1011, character 4
• Unihan data for U+5B5D

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Chinese

simp. and trad.		孝

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (孝) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
	Old Chinese
酵	*kruːs
窙	*qʰruː
哮	*qʰruː, *qʰruːs
庨	*qʰruː
涍	*qʰruː, *qʰruːs
孝	*qʰruːs

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *qʰruːs) : phonetic 耂 + semantic 子.

Alternative explanation: Ideogrammic compound (會意) : 耂 (“an old man with long hair, bent over”) + 子 (“a child”) – an old man and a child, filial piety between generations. Compare top component to 老 (OC *ruːʔ, “old”).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): xiào (xiao⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄠˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): haau³
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): hau
• Min Dong (BUC): háu / há
• Min Nan

  (Hokkien, POJ): hàu / hà

  (Teochew, Peng'im): hao³ / ha³

• Wu (Wiktionary): hau (T2); xiau (T2)

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Pinyin: xiào
    • Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄠˋ
    • Wade–Giles: hsiao⁴
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiaw
    • IPA ^(key): /ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: haau³
    • Yale: haau
    • Cantonese Pinyin: haau³
    • Guangdong Romanization: hao³
    • IPA ^(key): /häːu̯³³/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hau
    • Hakka Romanization System: hau
    • Hagfa Pinyim: hau⁴
    • IPA: /hau̯⁵⁵/
• Min Dong
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: háu / há
    • IPA ^(key): /hɑu²¹³/, /hɑ²¹³/

Note:

• háu - literary;
• há - vernacular.

• Min Nan
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hàu / hà
    • Tâi-lô: hàu / hà
    • Phofsit Daibuun: haux, hax
    • IPA (Xiamen): /haʊ²¹/, /ha²¹/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /haʊ⁴¹/, /ha⁴¹/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /haʊ²¹/, /ha²¹/
    • IPA (Taipei): /haʊ¹¹/, /ha¹¹/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /haʊ²¹/, /ha²¹/

Note:

• hàu - literary;
• hà - vernacular.

• • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: hao³ / ha³
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hàu / hà
    • IPA ^(key): /hau²¹³/, /ha²¹³/

Note:

• hao3 - literary;
• ha3 - vernacular.

• Wu
  • (Shanghainese)
    • Wiktionary: hau (T2); xiau (T2)
    • IPA ^(key): /hɔ³⁴/, /ɕiɔ³⁴/

Note:

• 2hau - vernacular;
• 2xiau - literary.

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• Dialectal data▼

Variety	Location	edit 孝
Mandarin	Beijing	/ɕiɑu⁵¹/
	Harbin	/ɕiau⁵³/
	Tianjin	/ɕiɑu⁵³/
	Jinan	/ɕiɔ²¹/
	Qingdao	/ɕiɔ⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/ɕiau³¹²/
	Xi'an	/ɕiau⁴⁴/
	Xining	/ɕiɔ²¹³/
	Yinchuan	/ɕiɔ¹³/
	Lanzhou	/ɕiɔ¹³/
	Ürümqi	/ɕiɔ²¹³/
	Wuhan	/ɕiau³⁵/
	Chengdu	/ɕiau¹³/
	Guiyang	/ɕiao²¹³/
	Kunming	/ɕiɔ²¹²/
	Nanjing	/ɕiɔo⁴⁴/
	Hefei	/ɕiɔ⁵³/
Jin	Taiyuan	/ɕiau⁴⁵/
	Pingyao	/ɕiɔ³⁵/ /xɔ³⁵/ ～帽子
	Hohhot	/ɕiɔ⁵⁵/
Wu	Shanghai	/hɔ³⁵/ /ɕiɔ³⁵/
	Suzhou	/ɕiæ⁵¹³/
	Hangzhou	/ɕiɔ⁴⁴⁵/
	Wenzhou	/huɔ⁴²/
Hui	Shexian	/ɕiɔ³²⁴/ /xɔ³²⁴/
	Tunxi	/xo¹¹/
Xiang	Changsha	/ɕiau⁵⁵/ /xau⁵⁵/ ～帽子
	Xiangtan	/ɕiaɯ⁵⁵/
Gan	Nanchang	/hɑu²¹³/
Hakka	Meixian	/hau⁵³/
	Taoyuan	/hɑu⁵⁵/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/hau³³/
	Nanning	/hau³³/
	Hong Kong	/hau³³/
Min	Xiamen (Min Nan)	/hau²¹/ /ha²¹/
	Fuzhou (Min Dong)	/hɑu²¹²/
	Jian'ou (Min Bei)	/xau³³/
	Shantou (Min Nan)	/hau²¹³/ /ha²¹³/
	Haikou (Min Nan)	/hiau³⁵/ /ha³⁵/

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• Middle Chinese: /hˠau^H/▼

Rime
Character	孝
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	曉 (32)
Final (韻)	肴 (90)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	II
Fanqie	呼敎切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/hˠauH/
Pan Wuyun	/hᵚauH/
Shao Rongfen	/xauH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/haɨwH/
Li Rong	/xauH/
Wang Li	/xauH/
Bernard Karlgren	/xauH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	xiào

• Old Chinese▼

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*qʰˤ<r>uʔ-s/

  (Zhengzhang): /*qʰruːs/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	孝
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	xiào
Middle Chinese	‹ xæwH ›
Old Chinese	/*qʰˁ<r>uʔ-s/
English	filial
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	孝
Reading #	1/1
No.	13771
Phonetic component	孝
Rime group	幽
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	孝
Old Chinese	/*qʰruːs/

Definitions

孝

1. to do one's filial duty; to show filial piety

   • 宗族稱孝焉，鄉黨稱弟焉。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     宗族称孝焉，乡党称弟焉。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Analects of Confucius, circa 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

     Zōngzú chēng xiào yān, xiāngdǎng chēng dì yān. [Pinyin]

     He whom the circle of his relatives pronounce to be filial, whom his fellow villagers and neighbors pronounce to be fraternal.

2. filial piety; filial duty
3. mourning
4. mourning dress
5. A surname​.

Synonyms

• (to do one's filial duty):

edit

孝敬 (xiàojìng) (to show filial respect)

孝順／孝顺 (xiàoshùn)

盡孝／尽孝 (jìnxiào)

• (filial piety):

edit

孝心 (xiàoxīn) 孝悌 (xiàotì) (filial piety and fraternal duty) 孝情 (xiàoqíng) (literary)

孝義／孝义 (xiàoyì) (devotion to one's parents and loyalty to one's friends) 孝行 (xiàoxíng) (acts of filial piety)

孝道 (xiàodào) 孝順／孝顺 (xiàoshùn)

Compounds

Derived terms from 孝

不孝 (bùxiào) 不孝子 事親至孝／事亲至孝 二十四孝 仁孝 做孝 克敦孝行 大逆不孝 子孝孫賢／子孝孙贤 孝事 孝先便腹 孝南 (Xiàonán) 孝友 孝堂 孝女 (xiàonǚ) 孝子 (xiàozǐ) 孝子慈孫／孝子慈孙 孝子賢孫／孝子贤孙 孝家 孝布 孝幔 孝廉 (xiàolián) 孝廉方正 孝弟 孝弟力田 孝心 (xiàoxīn) 孝思 孝悌 (xiàotì) 孝感 (Xiàogǎn) 孝慈 孝敬 (xiàojìng)

孝昌 (Xiàochāng) 孝服 (xiàofú) 孝滿／孝满 孝男 (xiàonán) 孝白 孝經／孝经 (Xiàojīng) 孝經序／孝经序 孝行 (xiàoxíng) 孝行可嘉 孝衣 孝袍 孝親／孝亲 孝道 (xiàodào) 孝陵 孝順／孝顺 (xiàoshùn) 孝養／孝养 孝鳥／孝鸟 守孝 (shǒuxiào) 帶孝／带孝 弔孝／吊孝 忠孝 忠孝兩全／忠孝两全 忠孝節烈／忠孝节烈 忠孝節義／忠孝节义 忠孝賢良／忠孝贤良 忠孝雙全／忠孝双全 忠臣孝子 忤逆不孝 愚孝 慈孫孝子／慈孙孝子 戴孝 (dàixiào)

披麻帶孝／披麻带孝 挂孝 掛孝／挂孝 (guàxiào) 教孝月 暖孝 有孝 (yǒuxiào) 服孝 母慈子孝 滿孝／满孝 火山孝子 熱孝／热孝 父嚴子孝／父严子孝 父慈子孝 盡孝／尽孝 (jìnxiào) 秦孝公 移孝作忠 移孝為忠／移孝为忠 穿孝 穿麻掛孝／穿麻挂孝 節孝／节孝 (jiéxiào) 純孝／纯孝 脫孝／脱孝 至孝 (zhìxiào) 舉孝廉／举孝廉 (jǔ xiàolián) 行孝 謝孝／谢孝 達孝／达孝 重孝 除孝 魏孝文帝

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Japanese

Kanji

孝

(grade 6 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings

• Go-on: きょう (kyō)
• Kan-on: こう (kō, Jōyō)
• Nanori: たか (taka); たかし (takashi); のり (nori); よし (yoshi)

Compounds

• 孝 (こう)敬 (けい) (kōkei)
• 孝 (こう)行 (こう) (kōkō)
• 孝 (こう)心 (しん) (kōshin)

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
孝
Grade: 6
kan’on

From Middle Chinese 孝 (MC hˠau^H).

Pronunciation

• On’yomi: Kan’on
  • (Tokyo) こ​ー [kóꜜò] (Atamadaka – [1])[1]
  • IPA^(key): [ko̞ː]

Noun

孝 (hiragana こう, rōmaji kō, historical hiragana かう)

1. filial piety

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
孝
Grade: 6
nanori

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ta̠ka̠ɕi]

Proper noun

孝 (hiragana たかし, rōmaji Takashi)

1. A male given name

References

1. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

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Korean

Hanja

孝 • (hyo) (hangeul 효, revised hyo, McCune–Reischauer hyo, Yale hyo)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

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Vietnamese

Han character

孝: Hán Việt readings: hiếu[1][2][3]
孝: Nôm readings: hiếu[1][2], héo[1], hếu[3]

1. Hán tự form of hiếu (“filial piety”).

References

1. Nguyễn (2014).
2. Nguyễn et al. (2009).
3. Trần (2004).