字
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Translingual
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Han character
字 (Kangxi radical 39, 子+3, 6 strokes, cangjie input 十弓木 (JND), four-corner 30407, composition ⿱宀子)
Derived characters
- 𪜸, 𭇬, 𬇤, 𭸇, 𣑑, 牸, 𡨸, 𫃣, 𦍺, 𮋩, 𫇊, 𡦂, 𧧕, 𫒛, 𪰿, 𮪃
- 𫿰, 𫡉, 𭓆, 𫳘, 𪧚, 𭓖, 𭓙, 𡶻, 茡, 𣉬, 𡦙, 𥊐
References
- KangXi: page 277, character 18
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 6942
- Dae Jaweon: page 545, character 7
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1010, character 2
- Unihan data for U+5B57
Chinese
simp. and trad. | 字 |
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Glyph origin
Historical forms of the character 字 | |||||
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Shang | Western Zhou | Spring and Autumn | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
Bronze inscriptions | Bronze inscriptions | Bronze inscriptions | Qin slip script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
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Old Chinese | |
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孜 | *ʔslɯ |
仔 | *ʔslɯ, *ʔslɯʔ |
孖 | *ʔslɯ, *zlɯs |
子 | *ʔslɯʔ |
虸 | *ʔslɯʔ |
耔 | *ʔslɯʔ |
秄 | *ʔslɯʔ |
杍 | *ʔslɯʔ |
籽 | *ʔslɯʔ |
字 | *zlɯs |
茡 | *zlɯs |
芓 | *zlɯs |
牸 | *zlɯs |
李 | *rɯʔ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲/形声, OC *zlɯs) : semantic 宀 (“roof”) + phonetic 子 (OC *ʔslɯʔ, “child”).
Etymology
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *tsa ~ za (“child; to give birth; to take care; to be kind”). Related to:
- 子 (OC *ʔslɯʔ, “child, son”) (also its phonetic component)
- 慈 (OC *zɯ, “to be kind, loving”)
- 滋 (OC *ʔsɯ, “to nourish, to grow”)
- 詞 (OC *ljɯ, “word, term”)
- 辭 (OC *ljɯ, “word, from testimony”)
Original sense (1): “to become pregnant, to give birth to, to nurture, to love” has essentially become obsolete. The sense (2) “letter, character” is either from a different root or a derivation from the sense “to produce, to generate”.
Cognate with Tibetan ཚ་བོ (tsha bo, “nephew”), Tibetan ཚ་རུས (tsha rus, “descendant”), Tibetan བཙའ (btsa', “to give birth to; to guard”), Tibetan མཛའ (mdza', “kind, peaceful, friendly”) (Quan, 1996), Burmese စာ (ca, “writing, letter”).
Pronunciation
Definitions
字
- letter; symbol; character, especially a Chinese character (Classifier: 個/个 m c; 隻/只 c)
- 這個字怎麼唸?/这个字怎么念? ― Zhège zì zěnme niàn? ― How do you read this character?
- 字母 ― zìmǔ ― letter
- 字串 ― zìchuàn ― character string
- word; term; wording; diction
- 這字拼錯了。/这字拼错了。 ― Zhè zì pīn cuò le. ― This word is wrongly spelt; you've left out a letter.
- (computing) word
- handwriting; writing
- 他的字很差。 ― Tā de zì hěn chà. ― His handwriting is very bad.
- (historical) courtesy name; Chinese-style name (a name traditionally given to Chinese males at the age of 20 and females at the age of 15)
- (historical) to style; to give someone a courtesy name
- (calligraphy) style of handwriting; printing type
- (calligraphy) (a calligrapher's) calligraphy work
- written letter; message; correspondence
- receipt; contract; slip
- pronunciation of a character; pronunciation
- (colloquial) side of a coin with written characters; tails
- Antonym: 鏝/镘 (màn)
- (Cantonese, Min, Malaysia, Singapore) five minutes (derived from the locations of 1 to 12 on a clock face) (Classifier: 個/个 m c)
- 三個字/三个字 [Cantonese] ― saam1 go3 zi6 [Jyutping] ― fifteen minutes [i.e. when the minute hand points to 3]
- 七點兩字/七点两字 [Hokkien] ― chhit tiám nn̄g jī [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― ten past seven
- 一個字/一个字 [Teochew] ― zêg8 gai5 ri7 [Peng'im] ― five minutes [i.e. when the minute hand points to 1]
- 而家係一點十一個字。 [Guangzhou Cantonese, trad.]
- ji4 gaa1 hai6 jat1 dim2 sap6 jat1 go3 zi6. [Jyutping]
- It's five to two now. (Literally: It's one o'clock [and] eleven five-minutes.)
而家系一点十一个字。 [Guangzhou Cantonese, simp.]- 爭三個字到六點 [Guangzhou Cantonese, trad.]
- zaang1 saam1 go3 zi6 dou3 luk6 dim2 [Jyutping]
- a quarter to six (Literally: Missing three five-minutes to six o'clock)
争三个字到六点 [Guangzhou Cantonese, simp.]
- † to give birth to; to deliver a baby; to bring into the world
- † to be pregnant; to be carrying a baby
- † (historical, of a girl) to be betrothed; to be allowed to marry
- 待字閨中/待字闺中 ― dàizìguīzhōng ― to stay in the boudoir waiting to be betrothed
- † to bring up; to raise; to rear (a child)
- 其僚無子,使字敬叔。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4th century BCE
- Qí liáo wú zǐ, shǐ zì Jìngshū. [Pinyin]
- Her companion had no child, but she was employed to bring up Jingshu.
其僚无子,使字敬叔。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- (obsolete or Guzhang Waxiang) to love; to cherish; to care very much for
- 子弗祗服厥父事,大傷厥考心;于父不能字厥子,乃疾厥子。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Book of Documents, circa 4th – 3rd century BCE
- Zǐ fú zhī fú jué fù shì, dà shāng jué kǎo xīn; yú fù bùnéng zì jué zǐ, nǎi jí jué zǐ. [Pinyin]
- The son who does not reverently discharge his duty to his father, but greatly wounds his father's heart, and the father who can (no longer) love his son, but hates him.
子弗祗服厥父事,大伤厥考心;于父不能字厥子,乃疾厥子。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]- 楚雖大,非吾族也,其肯字我乎? [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4th century BCE
- Chǔ suī dà, fēi wú zú yě, qí kěn zì wǒ hū? [Pinyin]
- Although Chu is great, they are not akin to us; how will they be willing to love us?
楚虽大,非吾族也,其肯字我乎? [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- (Luxi Waxiang) to envy; to be jealous of; to admire
- † to educate; to teach; to instruct
- † to govern; to administer
- a surname
Synonyms
Variety | Location | Words edit |
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Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 字 | |
Mandarin | Beijing | 字兒 |
Taiwan | 字 | |
Yantai (Muping) | 字 | |
Wanrong | 字 | |
Xi'an | 字 | |
Lanzhou | 字兒 | |
Singapore | 字 | |
Cantonese | Guangzhou | 字 |
Hong Kong | 字 | |
Singapore (Guangfu) | 字 | |
Gan | Lichuan | 字 |
Hakka | Meixian | 字 |
Min Bei | Jian'ou | 字 |
Min Dong | Fuzhou | 字 |
Min Nan | Xiamen | 字 |
Singapore (Hokkien) | 字 | |
Chaozhou | 字 | |
Singapore (Teochew) | 字 | |
Leizhou | 字 | |
Haikou | 字 | |
Wu | Shanghai | 字 |
Ningbo | 字 | |
Wenzhou | 字 |
Variety | Location | Words edit |
---|---|---|
Mandarin | Beijing | 字兒 |
Jinan | 字兒 | |
Xi'an | 字兒 | |
Lanzhou | 字兒 | |
Xining | 字兒 | |
Ürümqi | 字兒 | |
Wuhan | 麻 | |
Xuzhou | 字兒 | |
Cantonese | Hong Kong | 字 |
Gan | Nanchang | 字 |
Lichuan | 碼兒, 字兒 | |
Pingxiang | 麻子, 字仔 | |
Jin | Taiyuan | 字兒 |
Xinzhou | 字兒 | |
Shenmu | 字兒 | |
Min Dong | Fuzhou | 字 |
Wu | Ningbo | 字 |
Wenzhou | 字 | |
Xiang | Changsha | 麻子 |
Variety | Location | Words edit |
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Classical Chinese | 好, 喜好, 愛好, 字 | |
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 喜歡, 喜愛, 喜好, 愛好 | |
Mandarin | Beijing | 喜歡, 好希, 稀罕, 愛 |
Taiwan | 喜歡, 愛 | |
Jinan | 喜歡 | |
Xi'an | 喜歡, 愛 | |
Wuhan | 喜歡, 愛 | |
Chengdu | 喜歡, 歡喜, 愛 | |
Chongqing | 喜歡, 歡喜 | |
Guilin | 喜歡 | |
Yangzhou | 歡喜 | |
Hefei | 喜歡 | |
Malaysia | 喜歡 | |
Singapore | 喜歡 | |
Cantonese | Guangzhou | 中意, 歡喜 |
Hong Kong | 中意, 好 | |
Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou) | 中意 | |
Macau | 中意 | |
Guangzhou (Panyu) | 中意 | |
Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) | 中意 | |
Guangzhou (Conghua) | 中意 | |
Guangzhou (Zengcheng) | 中意 | |
Foshan | 中意 | |
Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) | 中意 | |
Foshan (Shunde) | 中意 | |
Foshan (Sanshui) | 中意 | |
Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) | 中意 | |
Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 歡喜, 中意 | |
Zhuhai (Qianshan) | 中意 | |
Zhuhai (Doumen, Shangheng Tanka) | 中意 | |
Zhuhai (Doumen) | 中意 | |
Jiangmen (Baisha) | 中意 | |
Jiangmen (Xinhui) | 中意 | |
Taishan | 中意 | |
Kaiping (Chikan) | 爽心, 中意 | |
Enping (Niujiang) | 中意 | |
Heshan (Yayao) | 中意 | |
Dongguan | 中意 | |
Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) | 中意 | |
Yangjiang | 中意, 歡喜 | |
Beihai | 中意 | |
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) | 中意 | |
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) | 中意, 喜歡 | |
Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) | 中意 | |
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 中意, 蘇格 | |
Singapore (Guangfu) | 中意 | |
Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) | 中意 | |
Móng Cái | 中意 | |
Gan | Nanchang | 歡喜 |
Hakka | Meixian | 中意, 好 |
Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua) | 中意 | |
Dongguan (Qingxi) | 中意 | |
Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) | 中意 | |
Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) | 中意 | |
Conghua (Lütian) | 歡喜 | |
Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 中意, 好 | |
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 中意, 好 | |
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 中意, 好 | |
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 中意, 合意, 好 | |
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 中意, 好 | |
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 佮意, 愛 | |
Senai (Huiyang) | 中意 | |
Kuching (Hepo) | 蘇格 | |
Jin | Taiyuan | 喜歡, 待見 |
Min Bei | Jian'ou | 愛, 喜歡 |
Min Dong | Fuzhou | 歡喜, 中意, 愛 |
Min Nan | Xiamen | 歡喜, 意愛, 愛, 佮意, 舒合 |
Xiamen (Tong'an) | 佮意 | |
Quanzhou | 歡喜, 意愛, 愛, 佮意 | |
Shishi | 佮意 | |
Zhangzhou | 歡喜, 愛, 佮意 | |
Tainan | 佮意, 意愛, 愛 | |
Penang (Hokkien) | 舒合, 愛 | |
Singapore (Hokkien) | 舒合, 愛 | |
Manila (Hokkien) | 愛, 佮意 | |
Chaozhou | 歡喜, 愛, 喜歡 | |
Shantou | 歡喜 | |
Shantou (Chaoyang) | 好, 尚, 喜歡 | |
Jieyang | 歡喜, 愛, 好, 尚, 喜歡 | |
Johor Bahru (Teochew) | 喜歡 | |
Singapore (Teochew) | 舒合 | |
Wenchang | 歡喜 | |
Zhongshan Min | Shaxi (Longdu) | 中意 |
Waxiang | Guzhang (Gaofeng) | 字 |
Wu | Shanghai | 歡喜 |
Suzhou | 歡喜 | |
Ningbo | 歡喜, 看相, 中意 dated | |
Wenzhou | 喜歡 | |
Xiang | Changsha | 喜歡 |
Shuangfeng | 喜歡 |
Compounds
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Descendants
- → Japanese: 字 (ji)
- → Korean: 자(字) (ja)
- → Vietnamese: tự (字)
Others:
- → Proto-Tai: *ɟɤ:ᴮ (“name”)
- Lao: ຊື່ (sư̄, “name”)
- Thai: ชื่อ (chʉ̂ʉ, “name”)
- Zhuang: coh (“name”)
- → Vietnamese: chữ (“script; letter; writing; word”), chửa (“to be pregnant”)
References
- “字”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database), 香港中文大學/香港中文大学 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
Japanese
Kanji
(grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)
Readings
- Go-on: じ (ji, Jōyō)
- Kan-on: し (shi)
- Kun: あざ (aza, 字, Jōyō); あざな (azana, 字); うむ (umu); ます (masu)
Etymology 1
Kanji in this term |
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字 |
じ Grade: 1 |
on’yomi |
Borrowed from Middle Chinese 字 with the southern pronunciation (kango, go-on).
Pronunciation
- On’yomi: Goon
- (Tokyo) じ [jíꜜ] (Atamadaka – [1])[1][2]
- IPA(key): [(d͡)ʑi]
Noun
字 • (ji)
- letter, character
- この字は何と読みますか?
- Kono ji wa nan to yomimasu ka?
- How do you pronounce this character?
- この字は何と読みますか?
- handwriting, penmanship
- 彼女は字が上手い(汚い)。
- Kanojo wa ji ga umai (kitanai).
- She has good (bad) handwriting.
- 彼女は字が上手い(汚い)。
Derived terms
- 永字 (eiji)
- 十字 (jūji, “cross”)
- 字解 (jikai)
- 字義 (jigi, “the meaning of a word”)
- 字源 (jigen, “the construction of a character”)
- 字体 (jitai, “font or lettering”)
- 字典 (jiten, “character dictionary”)
- 字母 (jibo, “letter (of the alphabet)”)
- 漢字 (kanji, “Chinese characters”)
- 漢字返し (kanjigaeshi, “kanji repeater”)
- 文字 (moji, “letter, character, or ideograph”)
- 字引 (jibiki, “dictionary”)
- 数字 (sūji, “numeral or number”)
- 字訳 (jiyaku)
- 二字 (niji, “two characters”)
- 大字 (daiji, “a large character”)
Counter
字 • (-ji)
- letters, characters
- 40字以内で書いてください。
- Yonjū-ji inai de kaite kudasai.
- Please write it down in 40 characters or fewer.
- 40字以内で書いてください。
Etymology 2
Kanji in this term |
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字 |
あざ Grade: 1 |
kun’yomi |
Shortened form of あざな (azana, “a section of a village”) of ancient Japanese origin (wago).
Pronunciation
- Kun’yomi
- (Tokyo) あざ [áꜜzà] (Atamadaka – [1])[1][2]
- IPA(key): [a̠za̠]
Noun
字 • (aza)
- a section of a village
Derived terms
- 大字 (ōaza)
- 小字 (koaza)
Etymology 3
Kanji in this term |
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字 |
あざな Grade: 1 |
kun’yomi |
Of ancient Japanese origin (wago).
Pronunciation
- Kun’yomi
- (Tokyo) あざな [àzáná] (Heiban – [0])[1][2]
- IPA(key): [a̠za̠na̠]
Noun
字 • (azana)
- courtesy name
- たく郡(河北省)の人。字は玄徳。
- Taku-gun (Kahoku-shō) no hito. Azana wa Gentoku.
- Of Zhuo Commandery. Courtesy name Xuande.
- たく郡(河北省)の人。字は玄徳。
- nickname
- a section of a village
References
- 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
Korean
Etymology
From Middle Chinese 字 (MC d͡zɨH).
Historical readings |
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Pronunciation
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [t͡ɕa̠]
- Phonetic hangul: [자]
Hanja
Wikisource字 (eumhun 글자 자 (geulja ja))
- Hanja form? of 자 (“letter; character”).
Compounds
- 글자 (글字, geulja)
- 적자 (赤字, jeokja)
- 한자 (漢字, hanja)
- 숫자 (數字, sutja)
- 동자 (同字, dongja)
- 속자 (俗字, sokja)
- 본자 (本字, bonja)
- 고자 (古字, goja)
- 약자 (略字, yakja)
- 파자 (破字, paja)
- 자구 (字句, jagu)
- 자음 (字音, ja'eum)
- 자형 (字形, jahyeong)
- 흑자 (黑字, heukja)
- 자의 (字義, jaui)
- 서자 (書字, seoja)
- 자학 (字學, jahak)
- 채자 (採字, chaeja)
- 오자 (誤字, oja)
- 자훈 (字訓, jahun)
- 자원 (字源, jawon)
- 자서 (字書, jaseo)
- 국자 (國字, gukja)
- 점자 (點字, jeomja)
- 자림 (字林, jarim)
- 정자 (正字, jeongja)
- 자모 (字母, jamo)
- 자휘 (字彙, jahwi)
- 팔자 (八字, palja)
- 자막 (字幕, jamak)
- 활자 (活字, hwalja)
- 자간 (字間, jagan)
- 와자 (訛字, waja)
- 각자 (刻字, gakja)
- 자보 (字譜, jabo)
- 자면 (字面, jamyeon)
- 음자 (音字, eumja)
- 자체 (字體, jache)
- 주자 (鑄字, juja)
- 자수 (字數, jasu)
- 차자 (借字, chaja)
- 만자 (卍字, manja)
- 문자 (文字, munja)
- 자해 (字解, jahae)
- 천자문 (千字文, cheonjamun)
- 간체자 (簡體字, gancheja)
- 번체자 (繁體字, beoncheja)
- 항렬자 (行列字, hangnyeolja)
- 십자수 (十字繡, sipjasu)
- 십자가 (十字架, sipjaga)
- 십자군 (十字軍, sipjagun)
- 적십자 (赤十字, jeoksipja)
References
- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典.
Vietnamese
Han character
字: Hán Nôm readings: tự, chữ
- character, letter
- word
Compounds
- 字儒 (chữ Nho)
- 字喃 (chữ Nôm)
References
- Thiều Chửu : Hán Việt Tự Điển, Hà Nội, 1942
- Trần Văn Chánh: Từ Điển Hán Việt NXB Trẻ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999
- Vũ Văn Kính: Đại Tự Điển Chữ Nôm, NXB Văn Nghệ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999