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U+5929, 天
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5929

[U+5928]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+592A]

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

(Kangxi radical 37, +1, 4 strokes, cangjie input 一大 (MK), four-corner 10430, composition一大)

Derived characters

  • 迗, 𣏿, 祆, 䀖, 䚶, 𠇄, 𠕹, 矢, 关, 吴, 昊, 奏, 癸, 龑(䶮), 𡗶, 吞, 㤁, 昋, 沗, 蚕, 奣, 䨿, 䪞, 鴌, 𠔬, 䵡, 䗞, 䘉
  • 𠍴, 㴁, 𣷹, 㵄, 蝅, 蠺

Descendants

  • (Hiragana character derived from Man'yōgana)
  • (Katakana character derived from Man'yōgana)

References

  • KangXi: page 248, character 4
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5833
  • Dae Jaweon: page 500, character 2
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 522, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+5929

Chinese

simp. and trad.
alternative forms
 
𠀘
𠀡
𠑺

𠕹
𠀘
𠀡
𠑺

𠕹


𦴞
𩇗
𩇞
Taoist
𠀑
𬻃
The sky over Guangdong.
The Hall of Prayer for Good Harvests in Beijing's Temple of Heaven.

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character
ShangWestern ZhouSpring and AutumnWarring StatesShuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptionsOracle bone scriptBronze inscriptionsOracle bone scriptBronze inscriptionsBronze inscriptionsChu slip and silk scriptQin slip scriptSmall seal scriptTranscribed ancient scripts

A top line representing the level above a man with outstretched arms ( ()). Ancient representations of the character depicted a man with a large head, an anthropomorphic representation of heaven.

Original meaning of the word is “sky”. Such concept is difficult to depict with a pictogram, hence the current form. Perhaps influenced by the glyph, the character was frequently glossed in Old Chinese documents with (“crown of the head”), and such had led to incorrect hypotheses which regarded (tiān) as a derivation of or , “top (of the head/hill)”.

Etymology

This character was previously reconstructed to have a /*tʰ/-initial in Old Chinese, but this hypothesis has been largely discounted in recent reconstructions, in light of evidence from early Chinese accounts of dialectal pronunciations, transcription of other languages, as well as cognate/derived characters within Chinese, which has all pointed to a voiceless resonant initial /*l̥-/ in Old Chinese. According to chapter 1 of Shiming, by c. 200 CE, this initial had already produced dialectal variation in the pronunciation: People in central-western China pronounced it with the back of the tongue, like (MC henX), while people in eastern China pronounced it with the tip of the tongue, like (MC tʰɑnX). An old northwestern dialect variant survives as (MC hen, “God of the Zoroastrians”), and the word 天竺 (MC tʰen ʈɨuk̚, “India”) was used to transcribe Old Persian *Hind-uka ("India").

Further etymology is unknown. During the time when this term was reconstructed with a /*tʰ-/ initial, it was frequently compared with tengri, the name for God in early Turkic and Mongolic peoples' languages. This now appears unlikely. The only certain external cognate is the Central Bai (a language closely related to Chinese) word heinl (sky, heaven) /xẽ⁵⁵/. Chen (1998) proposes cognation with 祁連 (OC *g'ieg-lian) and 赫連 (OC *khak-lian), transcriptions of a Xiongnu word for "sky", which he also relates to 昊天 (OC *g'ôg-hlin).

Pronunciation

  • Mandarin
    (Standard)
    (Pinyin): tiān (tian1)
    (Zhuyin): ㄊㄧㄢ
    (Chengdu, SP): tian1
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): тян (ti͡an, I)
  • Cantonese
    (Guangzhou, Jyutping): tin1
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): hen1
  • Gan (Wiktionary): tien1
  • Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): thiên
    (Meixian, Guangdong): tiên1
  • Jin (Wiktionary): tie1
  • Min Bei (KCR): tíng
  • Min Dong (BUC): tiĕng
  • Min Nan
    (Hokkien, POJ): thiⁿ / thian
    (Teochew, Peng'im): tin1 / tiêng1 / tiang1
  • Wu (Wiktionary): thi (T1)
  • Xiang (Wiktionary): tienn1

  • Mandarin
    • (Standard Chinese)+
      • Hanyu Pinyin: tiān
      • Zhuyin: ㄊㄧㄢ
      • Tongyong Pinyin: tian
      • Wade–Giles: tʻien1
      • Yale: tyān
      • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tian
      • Palladius: тянь (tjanʹ)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /tʰjɛn⁵⁵/
    • (Standard Chinese, erhua-ed) (天兒天儿)+
      • Hanyu Pinyin: tiānr
      • Zhuyin: ㄊㄧㄢㄦ
      • Tongyong Pinyin: tianr
      • Wade–Giles: tʻianrh1
      • Yale: tyānr
      • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tial
      • Palladius: тяnр (tjanr)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /tʰjɑɻ⁵⁵/
    • (Chengdu)
      • Sichuanese Pinyin: tian1
      • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: tian
      • Sinological IPA (key): /tʰiɛn⁵⁵/
    • (Dungan)
      • Cyrillic and Wiktionary: тян (ti͡an, I)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /tʰiæ̃²⁴/
      (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
  • Cantonese
    • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
      • Jyutping: tin1
      • Yale: tīn
      • Cantonese Pinyin: tin1
      • Guangdong Romanization: tin1
      • Sinological IPA (key): /tʰiːn⁵⁵/
    • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
      • Wiktionary: hen1
      • Sinological IPA (key): /hen³³/
  • Gan
    • (Nanchang)
      • Wiktionary: tien1
      • Sinological IPA (key): /tʰiɛn⁴²/
  • Hakka
    • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
      • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: thiên
      • Hakka Romanization System: tien´
      • Hagfa Pinyim: tian1
      • Sinological IPA: /tʰi̯en²⁴/
    • (Meixian)
      • Guangdong: tiên1
      • Sinological IPA: /tʰiɛn⁴⁴/
  • Jin
    • (Taiyuan)+
      • Wiktionary: tie1
      • Sinological IPA (old-style): /tʰxie¹¹/
  • Min Bei
    • (Jian'ou)
      • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: tíng
      • Sinological IPA (key): /tʰiŋ⁵⁴/
  • Min Dong
    • (Fuzhou)
      • Bàng-uâ-cê: tiĕng
      • Sinological IPA (key): /tʰieŋ⁵⁵/
  • Min Nan
    • (Hokkien)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thiⁿ / thian
      • Tâi-lô: thinn / thian
      • Phofsit Daibuun: tvy, tiefn
      • IPA (Xiamen): /tʰĩ⁴⁴/, /tʰiɛn⁴⁴/
      • IPA (Quanzhou): /tʰĩ³³/, /tʰiɛn³³/
      • IPA (Zhangzhou): /tʰĩ⁴⁴/, /tʰiɛn⁴⁴/
      • IPA (Taipei): /tʰĩ⁴⁴/, /tʰiɛn⁴⁴/
      • IPA (Kaohsiung): /tʰĩ⁴⁴/, /tʰiɛn⁴⁴/
Note:
  • thiⁿ - vernacular;
  • thian - literary.
    • (Teochew)
      • Peng'im: tin1 / tiêng1 / tiang1
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: thiⁿ / thieng / thiang
      • Sinological IPA (key): /tʰĩ³³/, /tʰieŋ³³/, /tʰiaŋ³³/
Note:
  • tin1 - vernacular;
  • tiêng1/tiang1 - literary (tiêng1 - Chaozhou).
  • Wu
    • (Shanghainese)
      • Wiktionary: thi (T1)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /tʰi⁵³/
  • Xiang
    • (Changsha)
      • Wiktionary: tienn1
      • Sinological IPA (key): /tʰiẽ³³/

  • Middle Chinese: /tʰen/
Rime
Character
Reading #1/1
Initial () (6)
Final () (85)
Tone (調)Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)Open
Division ()IV
Fanqie他前切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/tʰen/
Pan
Wuyun
/tʰen/
Shao
Rongfen
/tʰɛn/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/tʰɛn/
Li
Rong
/tʰen/
Wang
Li
/tʰien/
Bernard
Karlgren
/tʰien/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
tiān
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
tin1
  • Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*l̥ˤi[n]/, /*l̥ˤi[n]/
    (Zhengzhang): /*qʰl'iːn/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading #1/22/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
tiānxiān
Middle
Chinese
‹ then ›‹ xen ›
Old
Chinese
/*l̥ˁi[n]//*l̥ˁi[n]/ (W dialect: l̥ˁ- > Hàn-time *xˁ- > MC x-)
Englishheavenheaven

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading #1/1
No.12387
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
1
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*qʰl'iːn/

Definitions

  1. sky; heavens; heavenly; celestial
       tiānkōng   sky
    黑了。   Tiān hēi le.   It's getting dark. (lit. The sky is becoming black)
  2. (mythology or religion) heaven as the abode of the gods or the blessed departed; heavenly.
       shàngtiān   to go up to the sky; to go to heaven
       tiān   Heaven's will
  3. (mythology or religion) Heaven as an impersonal deity, often translated as God.
       tiānzhǔ   God
       lǎotiān   god
    我的啊!   Wǒ de tiān a!   Oh my God!
    助自助者。   Tiān zhù zì zhù zhě.   God helps those who help themselves.
  4. top; overhead
       tiānqiáo   footbridge
       tiānchuāng   sunroof
  5. weather; climate
       tiān   weather
    如果晴,我們就去散步。 [MSC, trad.]
    如果晴,我们就去散步。 [MSC, simp.]
    Rúguǒ tiān qíng, wǒmen jiù qù sànbù. [Pinyin]
    If the weather clears, we'll go for a walk.
  6. day (24 hours)
       jīntiān   today
       míngtiān   tomorrow
       sān tiān   three days
  7. day (as opposed to night)
       báitiān   daytime
  8. season
    、夏、秋、冬 [MSC, trad. and simp.]
    chūntiān, xiàtiān, qiūtiān, dōngtiān [Pinyin]
    spring, summer, autumn, winter
  9. nature
       tiānzāi   natural disaster
  10. natural; innate
       tiānshēng   innate
       tiānxìng   nature, personality
       tiāncái   genius

Synonyms

Compounds

Descendants

Sino-Xenic ():
  • Japanese: (てん) (ten)
  • Korean: 천(天) (cheon)
  • Vietnamese: thiên ()

References

  • ”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database), 香港中文大學香港中文大学 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014
  • Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A00849

Japanese

Kanji

(grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. heavens, sky

Readings

  • Go-on: てん (ten, Jōyō)
  • Kan-on: てん (ten, Jōyō)
  • Kun: あま (ama, , Jōyō ); あめ (ame, , Jōyō)
  • Nanori: かみ (kami); そら (sora); (ta); たか (taka); たかし (takashi); なま (nama); (te); あき (aki); あも (amo)

Compounds

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
あま
Grade: 1
kun’yomi

From Old Japanese. A bound form only appearing in compounds.[1][2] Compare the formation of (ma, bound form in compounds) and (me, standalone form), (ta, bound form in compounds) and (te, standalone form).

Pronunciation

  • Kun’yomi
    • IPA(key): [a̠ma̠]

Noun

(あま) (ama) 

  1. (archaic) the sky, the heavens
  2. the area above a kitchen stove:
    1. where the smoke collects in an old kitchen using a wood-burning stove
    2. a shelf or shelves above the stove
  3. (archaic) heaven
Derived terms

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
あめ
Grade: 1
kun’yomi

⟨ame2 → */aməj//ame/

From Old Japanese as a sound shift from ama above.[1] Likely derived by fusion of ama + (i, emphatic nominative particle), similar to the derivation of other words such as (kami, from kamu + i), (me, from ma + i), etc.

Pronunciation

  • Kun’yomi
    • (Tokyo) [áꜜmè] (Atamadaka – [1])[2][3]
    • IPA(key): [a̠me̞]

Noun

(あめ) (ame) 

  1. (archaic) the sky, the heavens
  2. (archaic) heaven
  3. (archaic) the roof of a palace
Derived terms
Idioms

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
てん
Grade: 1
on’yomi

From Middle Chinese (MC tʰen, “sky; heavens”). Compare modern Mandarin reading tiān.

Pronunciation

  • On’yomi: Goon
    • (Tokyo) [téꜜǹ] (Atamadaka – [1])[2][3]
    • IPA(key): [tẽ̞ɴ]

Noun

(てん) (ten) 

  1. the sky, the heavens
  2. heaven
  3. (Buddhist god) a deva or devi
    Hyponym: 天女 (tennyo)
    (てん)(どう)
    tendō
    the world of heavenly gods; the world of devas
    (てん)()
    tenbu
    devas; the class of heavenly gods
    (だい)(こく)(てん)
    Daikokuten
    Mahakala
    (literally, “the Great Black Deva”)
    (べん)(ざい)(てん)
    Benzaiten
    Saraswati
    (literally, “the Eloquent Devi”)
  4. (figurative) the gods, providence, fate
    (てん)(あた)
    ten no atae
    gift from the gods
  5. (printing, of a page) the top margin
    Hypernym: マージン
    Antonym:
Derived terms
Idioms

Affix

(てん) (ten) 

  1. the sky, the heavens
  2. heaven
  3. Short for 天ぷら (tenpura).

References

  1. 1988, 国語大辞典(新装版) (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
  2. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  3. 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese (MC tʰen).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 (Yale: thyèn)
Middle Korean
TextEumhun
Gloss (hun)Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527하ᄂᆞᆯ〮 (Yale: hànól) (Yale: thyèn)

Pronunciation

  • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [t͡ɕʰʌ̹n]
  • Phonetic hangul: []

Hanja

Wikisource (eumhun 하늘 천 (haneul cheon))

  1. Hanja form? of (sky; heaven).

Compounds

References

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典.

Vietnamese

Han character

: Hán Việt readings: thiên[1][2][3]
: Nôm readings: thiên[1][2][3], thiêng[1]

  1. chữ Hán form of thiên (sky; heaven).

Compounds

References

  1. Nguyễn (2014).
  2. Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. Trần (2004).
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