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单词
释义

See also: and
U+5916, 外
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5916

[U+5915]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+5917]

Translingual

Stroke order
Stroke order

Han character

(Kangxi radical 36, +2, 5 strokes, cangjie input 弓戈卜 (NIY), four-corner 23200, composition夕卜(GHTVHK))

Derived characters

  • 𠰻, 𢫑, 𣳢, 𫟌, 迯, 𡎢, 䀤, 夞, 𡎥, 𡎦, 㔰

References

  • KangXi: page 246, character 2
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5750
  • Dae Jaweon: page 487, character 5
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 860, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+5916

Chinese

trad.
simp. #
alternative forms𡖄

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character
ShangWestern ZhouShuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone scriptBronze inscriptionsSmall seal scriptTranscribed ancient scripts

Phono-semantic compound (形聲形声, OC *ŋʷaːds) : semantic + phonetic (OC *ŋod).

Pronunciation

  • Mandarin
    (Standard)
    (Pinyin): wài (wai4)
    (Zhuyin): ㄨㄞˋ
    (Chengdu, SP): wai4 / wei4
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): вэ (ve, III) / ви (vi, III)
  • Cantonese
    (Guangzhou, Jyutping): ngoi6
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): ngoi5
  • Gan (Wiktionary): uai5
  • Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): ngoi
    (Meixian, Guangdong): ngoi4
  • Jin (Wiktionary): vai3
  • Min Bei (KCR): nguōi / ngṳē
  • Min Dong (BUC): nguôi / ngiê
  • Min Nan
    (Hokkien, POJ): gōa / giua / gōe / ngoǎi / goǎi
    (Teochew, Peng'im): ghua7
  • Wu (Wiktionary): nga (T3)
  • Xiang (Wiktionary): uai5 / ngai5 / uai4

  • Mandarin
    • (Standard Chinese)+
      • Hanyu Pinyin: wài
      • Zhuyin: ㄨㄞˋ
      • Tongyong Pinyin: wài
      • Wade–Giles: wai4
      • Yale: wài
      • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: way
      • Palladius: вай (vaj)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /waɪ̯⁵¹/
    • (Chengdu)
      • Sichuanese Pinyin: wai4 / wei4
      • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: uai / ui
      • Sinological IPA (key): /uai²¹³/, /uei²¹³/
Note: wei4 appears in some phrases.
    • (Dungan)
      • Cyrillic and Wiktionary: вэ (ve, III) / ви (vi, III)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /vɛ⁴⁴/, /vi⁴⁴/
      (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
  • Cantonese
    • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
      • Jyutping: ngoi6
      • Yale: ngoih
      • Cantonese Pinyin: ngoi6
      • Guangdong Romanization: ngoi6
      • Sinological IPA (key): /ŋɔːi̯²²/
    • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
      • Wiktionary: ngoi5
      • Sinological IPA (key): /ᵑɡᵘɔi³²/
  • Gan
    • (Nanchang)
      • Wiktionary: uai5
      • Sinological IPA (key): /uai¹¹/
  • Hakka
    • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
      • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngoi
      • Hakka Romanization System: ngoi
      • Hagfa Pinyim: ngoi4
      • Sinological IPA: /ŋoi̯⁵⁵/
    • (Meixian)
      • Guangdong: ngoi4
      • Sinological IPA: /ŋoɪ⁵³/
  • Jin
    • (Taiyuan)+
      • Wiktionary: vai3
      • Sinological IPA (old-style): /vai⁴⁵/
  • Min Bei
    • (Jian'ou)
      • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: nguōi / ngṳē
      • Sinological IPA (key): /ŋuɛ⁵⁵/, /ŋyɛ⁵⁵/
  • Min Dong
    • (Fuzhou)
      • Bàng-uâ-cê: nguôi / ngiê
      • Sinological IPA (key): /ŋui²⁴²/, /ŋiɛ²⁴²/
Note:
  • nguôi - literary;
  • ngiê - colloquial.
  • Min Nan
    • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gōa
      • Tâi-lô: guā
      • Phofsit Daibuun: goa
      • IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /ɡua³³/
      • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /ɡua²²/
      • IPA (Quanzhou): /ɡua⁴¹/
    • (Hokkien: Longyan)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: giua
      • Tâi-lô: giua
      • IPA (Longyan): /ɡiua³³⁴/
    • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gōe
      • Tâi-lô: guē
      • Phofsit Daibuun: goe
      • IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /ɡue³³/
      • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /ɡue²²/
      • IPA (Quanzhou): /ɡue⁴¹/
    • (Hokkien: Longyan)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ngoǎi
      • Tâi-lô: nguǎi
      • IPA (Longyan): /ŋuãi⁵³/
    • (Hokkien: Longyan)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: goǎi
      • Tâi-lô: guǎi
      • IPA (Longyan): /ɡuai⁵³/
Note:
  • gōa/giua - colloquial;
  • gōe/ngoǎi/goǎi - literary.
    • (Teochew)
      • Peng'im: ghua7
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: guā
      • Sinological IPA (key): /ɡua¹¹/
  • Wu
    • (Shanghainese)
      • Wiktionary: nga (T3)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /ŋa̱²³/
  • Xiang
    • (Changsha)
      • Wiktionary: uai5 / ngai5 / uai4
      • Sinological IPA (key): /uai²¹/, /ŋai²¹/, /uai⁴⁵/
Note: uai4 - literary.

  • Dialectal data
VarietyLocation
edit
MandarinBeijing/uai⁵¹/
Harbin/uai⁵³/
Tianjin/vai⁵³/
Jinan/vɛ²¹/
Qingdao/vɛ⁴²/
Zhengzhou/uai³¹²/
Xi'an/uai⁴⁴/
Xining/uɛ²¹³/
Yinchuan/vɛ¹³/
Lanzhou/vɛ¹³/
Ürümqi/vai²¹³/
Wuhan/uai³⁵/
Chengdu/uai¹³/
Guiyang/uai²¹³/
Kunming/uæ²¹²/
Nanjing/uae⁴⁴/
Hefei/ue̞⁵³/
/ue⁵³/
JinTaiyuan/vai⁴⁵/
Pingyao/uæ³⁵/
Hohhot/vɛ⁵⁵/
WuShanghai/ŋa²³/
Suzhou/ŋɑ³¹/
Hangzhou/ɦue̞¹³/
Wenzhou/va²²/
HuiShexian/uɛ²²/
/ŋa²²/
Tunxi/ŋa¹¹/
XiangChangsha/uai⁵⁵/
/uai¹¹/
Xiangtan/uai²¹/
GanNanchang/uai²¹/
HakkaMeixian/ŋoi⁵³/
Taoyuan/ŋoi⁵⁵/
CantoneseGuangzhou/ŋɔi²²/
Nanning/ŋɔi²²/
Hong Kong/ŋɔi²²/
MinXiamen (Min Nan)/gue²²/
/gua²²/
Fuzhou (Min Dong)/ŋuɔi²⁴²/
Jian'ou (Min Bei)/kuɛ⁴⁴/
Shantou (Min Nan)/gua³¹/
Haikou (Min Nan)/ŋɔi³³/
/hua²³/

  • Middle Chinese: /ŋuɑiH/
Rime
Character
Reading #1/1
Initial () (31)
Final () (26)
Tone (調)Departing (H)
Openness (開合)Closed
Division ()I
Fanqie五會切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/ŋuɑiH/
Pan
Wuyun
/ŋʷɑiH/
Shao
Rongfen
/ŋuɑiH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/ŋwajH/
Li
Rong
/ŋuɑiH/
Wang
Li
/ŋuɑiH/
Bernard
Karlgren
/ŋuɑiH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
wèi
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
ngoi6
  • Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ŋ]ʷˤa[t]-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ŋʷaːds/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading #1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
wài
Middle
Chinese
‹ ngwajH ›
Old
Chinese
/*[ŋ]ʷˁa[t]-s/
Englishoutside

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading #1/1
No.12606
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
1
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*ŋʷaːds/

Definitions

  1. out; outside; external
    Antonyms: (), (nèi)
       chuāng wài   outside a window
       wàibiǎo   outward appearance
  2. beyond; above; in addition to; other than; except
       wài   in addition (to this)
    十公里   shí gōnglǐ wài   10 km beyond (a place)
    • 解名盡處是孫山,賢郎更在孫山 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
      解名尽处是孙山,贤郎更在孙山 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
      From: Song dynasty, poet Fan Gongcheng (范公偁), 《過庭錄》
      Jièmíng jìnchù shì Sūnshān, xiánláng gèngzài Sūnshān wài. [Pinyin]
      I found my name the last of the enrolled;
      The good master went a step beyond me.
  3. other; foreign; alien (not of one's own family, clan, locality, school, country, etc.)
       wàiguó   foreign country
       wài xiào   other schools
  4. foreign country
       zhōngwài   China and foreign countries; in and outside of China
    貿易贸易   duì wài màoyì   foreign trade
    詞典词典   hàn-wài cídiǎn   Chinese dictionary in a foreign language
    • 平不書,此何以書? [Classical Chinese, trad.]
      平不书,此何以书? [Classical Chinese, simp.]
      From: Commentary of Gongyang, c. 206 BCE– 9 CE
      Wài píng bù shū, cǐ héyǐ shū? [Pinyin]
      Peace between foreign states were not recorded in the Annals. Why was this one exceptionally recorded?
  5. (literary) to alienate; to other; to exclude; to distance
       jiànwài   to make me feel like an outsider (literally, "to have me excluded [from the familiar circle]")
    • 內其國而諸夏,內諸夏而夷狄。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
      内其国而诸夏,内诸夏而夷狄。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
      From: Commentary of Gongyang, c. 206 BCE– 9 CE
      Nèi qí guó ér wài Zhūxià, nèi Zhūxià ér wài Yídí. [Pinyin]
      to deem one's own state "the in" and treat the other Xias as "the other", while allying oneself with the Xias and distancing oneself from the Barbarians.
  6. relatives of one's mother, sister or daughter
       wài   maternal grandmother
       wàisūn   daughter's son
    祖父   wàizǔfù   maternal grandfather
  7. additional
       wàijiā   plus
       wàidài   to include (something) as well
  8. unofficial
       wàishǐ   unofficial history
       wàihào   nickname
  9. (Hokkien, Teochew, after an amount but before the classifier) as much as
    二十二十 [Hokkien]   jī-cha̍p gōa hòe [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]   20-something years old

Synonyms

Compounds

Descendants

Sino-Xenic ():
  • Japanese: () (ge); (がい) (gai)
  • Korean: 외(外) (oe)
  • Vietnamese: ngoại ()

Others:

  • Vietnamese: ngoài (outside)

Japanese

Kanji

(grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. outside
  2. foreign
  3. other
  4. except

Readings

  • Go-on: (ge, Jōyō) (ge, historical)ぐゑ (gwe, ancient)
  • Kan-on: がい (gai, Jōyō)ぐわい (gwai, historical)
  • Tō-on: うい (ui)
  • Kun: そと (soto, , Jōyō); ほか (hoka, , Jōyō); はずす (hazusu, 外す, Jōyō); はずれる (hazureru, 外れる, Jōyō); (to)

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
そと
Grade: 2
kun’yomi

Appears from roughly the Muromachi period,[1] superseding earlier to reading (see below). Likely a compound of either (so, back, behind, ancient reading found in compounds) + (to, outside), or (so, back, behind, ancient reading found in compounds) + (to, place).[2]

Pronunciation

  • Kun’yomi
    • (Tokyo) [sóꜜtò] (Atamadaka – [1])[1][3]
    • IPA(key): [so̞to̞]

Noun

(そと) (soto) 

  1. (the) outside
    (はこ)(そと)
    hako no soto
    outside of the box
    (そと)(あめ)
    soto wa ame
    it is raining outside
    (literally, “outside is rain”)

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
ほか
Grade: 2
kun’yomi

Alternative forms

Pronunciation

  • Kun’yomi
    • (Tokyo) [hòká] (Heiban – [0])[1][3]
    • IPA(key): [ho̞ka̠]

Noun

(ほか) (hoka) 

  1. other (things); the rest

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
よそ
Grade: 2
irregular
For pronunciation and definitions of – see the following entry.
余所よそ
[noun] another place
[noun] a place outside one's family or group
[noun] an unrelated person, place, or thing
Alternative spellings
他所,
(This term, , is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Etymology 4

Kanji in this term

Grade: 2
kun’yomi

Pronunciation

  • Kun’yomi
    • IPA(key): [to̞]

Noun

() (to) 

  1. (the) outside
  2. toilet

Etymology 5

Kanji in this term
がい
Grade: 2
on’yomi

Middle Chinese

Pronunciation

  • On’yomi: Kan’on
    • IPA(key): [ɡa̠i]

Suffix

(がい) (-gai) ぐわい (gwai)?

  1. outside; external
  2. except for
Derived terms

Etymology 6

Kanji in this term

Grade: 2
on’yomi

From Middle Chinese (MC ŋuɑiH).

Pronunciation

  • On’yomi: Goon
    • (Tokyo) [géꜜ] (Atamadaka – [1])[1]
    • IPA(key): [ɡe̞]

Noun

() (ge) 

  1. (Buddhism) non-Buddhist teachings or texts
  2. (in compounds) external
Derived terms
  • ()() (geka): surgery (as a field of medicine)
  • ()(どう) (gedō): any non-Buddhist religion
  • ()(ほう) (gehō): any non-Buddhist religion; any non-Buddhist teaching

Usage notes

The printed form of this character often differs from its handwritten form; in the latter, the last stroke often does not pass through, as in the printed Chinese form.

References

  1. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. 1988, 国語大辞典(新装版) (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
  3. 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese (MC ŋuɑiH).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448ᅌᅬᆼ〮 (Yale: ngwóy)
Middle Korean
TextEumhun
Gloss (hun)Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527 (Yale: pàs)외〯 (Yale: wǒy)

Pronunciation

  • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [we̞(ː)] ~ [ø̞(ː)]
  • Phonetic hangul: [(ː)/(ː)]
    • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

Wikisource (eumhun 바깥 외 (bakkat oe))

  1. Hanja form? of (outside; surface). [affix]

Compounds

References

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典.

Vietnamese

Han character

: Hán Nôm readings: ngoại, ngoái, ngoải, ngoài, nguậy

  • This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings

  • Nôm: ngoái, ngoài, ngoại, ngòi, ngồi

Compounds

  • ngoại quốc (外國)

References

  • Thiều Chửu : Hán Việt Tự Điển Hà Nội 1942
  • Trần Văn Chánh: Từ Điển Hán Việt NXB Trẻ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999
  • Vũ Văn Kính: Đại Tự Điển Chữ Nôm, NXB Văn Nghệ, Ho Chi Minh Ville
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