夏

See also: 复

夏	U+590F, 夏 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-590F

← 夎
[U+590E]

CJK Unified Ideographs

夐 →
[U+5910]

Translingual

Stroke order

Stroke order

Han character

夏 (Kangxi radical 35, 夊+7, 10 strokes, cangjie input 一山竹水 (MUHE), four-corner 1024₇, composition ⿱𦣻夂(GJK) or ⿱𦣻夊(HT))

Derived characters

𠌘, 嗄, 𡏘, 𡟺, 𡺷, 𭡲, 𭱣, 榎, 𤌤, 𤧶, 𥔹, 𦥍, 𧏡, 𥜂, 𮢩, 𧈄, 𩡘, 𮬆, 𥫏, 𢥭, 𣣺, 𡕵, 𥻴, 𪄂, 𭐲, 𡙣, 𭔆, 𦷜, 𥧜, 厦, 𭕥, 廈, 𤹉, 𢟜, 𡖃

References

KangXi: page 245, character 12
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5720
Dae Jaweon: page 485, character 29
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 869, character 10
Unihan data for U+590F

Chinese

trad.		夏
simp. ^#		夏
2nd round simp.		⿳丆冂夂
alternative forms		昰夓𠀼𠌘𠍺昰夓𠀼𠌘𠍺𡔰𡕭𡕻𡕾𡖃𣋗𤴞𧈄𩖳

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 夏
Shang		Western Zhou	Spring and Autumn	Warring States			Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)		Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions	Oracle bone script	Bronze inscriptions	Bronze inscriptions	Bronze inscriptions	Chu slip and silk script	Qin slip script	Ancient script	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (夏) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
榎	*kraːʔ
廈	sraːs, ɡraːʔ
嗄	sqʰraːs, qraːds
夏	ɡraːʔ, ɡraːs

In the oracle bone script, it was an ideogrammic compound (會意) : 日 (“sun”) + 頁 (“head; man”) – man under the scorching sun; summer.

Various variants were seen in the bronze inscriptions from the Spring and Autumn period. 止 (“foot”) was often added to the bottom of the man. Additionally, in the form shown above, the 日 was removed and 𦥑 (“two hands”) was added. The seal script inherits its form from this form, with 止 replaced with the related 夊.

Various forms were also seen from the Warring States period. The bamboo and silk script above shows a common form: 日 + 止 + 頁. The “ancient script” (古文) from Shuowen (labelled as the large seal script) has deviated significantly, with 止 becoming the related 足. The top part may be a corruption of 頁.

The current form is simplified from the seal script, with the removal of 𦥑 and the legs from 頁.

Etymology 1

“great; Xia Dynasty; China; Chinese”: Possibly related to 假 (OC *kraːʔ, *kraːs, “great”), 嘏 (OC *kraːʔ, “great”) and 廈 (OC *sraːs, *ɡraːʔ, “big house”) (Wang, 1980). Shi (2000) and Mair (2013) relate this word to Tibetan རྒྱ (rgya, “great; wide; width; size; expanse; China”).

“magnificent colours; variegated”: The sense “variegated” may be of a different origin. Compare Proto-Sino-Tibetan *Krā(H) (“variegated”) (Starostin), whence Tibetan བཀྲ (bkra, “variegated; bright; radiant; splendid”), Tibetan ཁྲ (khra, “many-coloured; variegated; mottled; striped”) and Burmese ကျား (kya:, “variegated; striped; chequered”). Possibly related to 騢 (OC *ɡraː, “horse with mixed red and white colour”).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): xià (xia⁴)
(Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄚˋ
Cantonese
(Guangzhou, Jyutping): haa⁶
(Taishan, Wiktionary): ha⁵
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): ha
(Meixian, Guangdong): ha⁴
Min Dong (BUC): hâ
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): hā / hēe
(Teochew, Peng'im): hê⁷
Wu (Wiktionary): hho (T3); hhia (T3)
Xiang (Wiktionary): xia⁴

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: xià
  - Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄚˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: sià
  - Wade–Giles: hsia⁴
  - Yale: syà
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiah
  - Palladius: ся (sja)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕjä⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: haa⁶
  - Yale: hah
  - Cantonese Pinyin: haa⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: ha⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /haː²²/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: ha⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ha³²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ha
  - Hakka Romanization System: ha
  - Hagfa Pinyim: ha⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /ha⁵⁵/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: ha⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /ha⁵³/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: hâ
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɑ²⁴²/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hā
  - Tâi-lô: hā
  - Phofsit Daibuun: ha
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /ha³³/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /ha⁴¹/
  - IPA (Xiamen): /ha²²/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hēe
  - Tâi-lô: hēe
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /hɛ²²/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: hê⁷
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hē
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /he¹¹/
Wu
- (Shanghainese)
  - Wiktionary: hho (T3); hhia (T3)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɦo²³/, /ɦia̱²³/

Note:

3hho - vernacular;
3hhia - literary.

Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: xia⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕia̠⁴⁵/

Middle Chinese: /ɦˠa^X/

Rime
Character	夏
Reading #	1/2
Initial (聲)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	麻 (98)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	II
Fanqie	胡雅切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɦˠa^X/
Pan Wuyun	/ɦᵚa^X/
Shao Rongfen	/ɣa^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɦaɨ^X/
Li Rong	/ɣa^X/
Wang Li	/ɣa^X/
Bernard Karlgren	/ɣa^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	xià
Expected Cantonese Reflex	haa⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɢ]ˤraʔ/
(Zhengzhang): /*ɡraːʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	夏
Reading #	1/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	xià
Middle Chinese	‹ hæ^X ›
Old Chinese	/*[ɢ]ˁraʔ/
English	great; pertaining to Chinese civilization
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	夏
Reading #	1/2
No.	13452
Phonetic component	夏
Rime group	魚
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	下
Old Chinese	/*ɡraːʔ/

Definitions

夏

(～朝) (historical) the Xia dynasty (2070 BCE – 1600 BCE)
^† (by extension) China; Chinese
^† great; grand; magnificent
^† magnificent colours; resplendent colours; variegated
- 羽畎夏翟 [Classical Chinese, trad. and simp.]
  From: The Book of Documents, circa 7^th – 4^th centuries BCE
  yǔquǎn xiàdí [Pinyin]
  variegated long-tailed pheasants from the ravines of Feather Mountain
^† Alternative form of 廈／厦 (shà, “big house”).
a surname

Synonyms

(the Xia dynasty):

edit

夏代 (Xiàdài)
夏朝 (Xiàcháo)

夏氏 (Xiàshì)
夏王朝 (Xià Wángcháo)

夏后 (Xiàhòu)
夏后氏 (Xiàhòushì)

Descendants

→ English: Hsia, Xia

Compounds

Derived terms from 夏

中夏
佛卡夏 (fókǎxià)
函夏
夏侯 (Xiàhóu)
夏威夷 (Xiàwēiyí)
夏官
夏屋
夏庭
夏普吐勒 (Xiàpǔtǔlè)
夏朝 (Xiàcháo)
夏桀 (Xiàjié)
夏正 (xiàzhēng)
夏津 (Xiàjīn)
夏禹

夏鼎
大夏 (dàxià)
子夏肥
方夏
旌夏
有夏
江夏 (Jiāngxià)
猾夏
西夏 (Xīxià)
夏后氏 (Xiàhòushì)
區夏／区夏
夏新莊／夏新庄 (Xiàxīnzhuāng)
夏時／夏时
夏曆／夏历 (xiàlì)

夏書／夏书
夏禮／夏礼
夏馬勒巴格／夏马勒巴格 (Xiàmǎlèbāgé)
子夏懸鶉／子夏悬鹑
寧夏／宁夏 (Níngxià)
廣夏細旃／广夏细旃
李劉馬夏／李刘马夏
烏夏巴什／乌夏巴什 (Wūxiàbāshí)
用夏變夷／用夏变夷
華夏／华夏 (Huáxià)
諴夏／𫍯夏
諸夏／诸夏 (Zhūxià)
那瑪夏／那玛夏 (Nàmǎxià)

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): xià (xia⁴)
(Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄚˋ
(Chengdu, SP): xia⁴
(Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): щя (xi͡a, II)
Cantonese
(Guangzhou, Jyutping): haa⁶
(Taishan, Wiktionary): ha⁵
Gan (Wiktionary): ha⁵
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): ha
(Meixian, Guangdong): ha⁴
Jin (Wiktionary): xia³
Min Bei (KCR): hā
Min Dong (BUC): hâ
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): hē / hā / hēe
(Teochew, Peng'im): hê⁷
Wu (Wiktionary): hho (T3); hhia (T3)
Xiang (Wiktionary): xia⁵

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: xià
  - Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄚˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: sià
  - Wade–Giles: hsia⁴
  - Yale: syà
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiah
  - Palladius: ся (sja)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕjä⁵¹/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: xia⁴
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: xia
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕia²¹³/
- (Dungan)
  - Cyrillic and Wiktionary: щя (xi͡a, II)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕia⁵¹/
  (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: haa⁶
  - Yale: hah
  - Cantonese Pinyin: haa⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: ha⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /haː²²/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: ha⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ha³²/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: ha⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ha¹¹/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ha
  - Hakka Romanization System: ha
  - Hagfa Pinyim: ha⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /ha⁵⁵/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: ha⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /ha⁵³/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: xia³
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /ɕia⁴⁵/
Min Bei
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: hā
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /xa⁵⁵/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: hâ
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɑ²⁴²/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hē
  - Tâi-lô: hē
  - Phofsit Daibuun: he
  - IPA (Xiamen): /he²²/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /he⁴¹/
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /he³³/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hā
  - Tâi-lô: hā
  - Phofsit Daibuun: ha
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /ha³³/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /ha⁴¹/
  - IPA (Xiamen): /ha²²/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hēe
  - Tâi-lô: hēe
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /hɛ²²/

Note:

hē/hēe - vernacular;
hā/hēe - literary.

- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: hê⁷
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hē
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /he¹¹/
Wu
- (Shanghainese)
  - Wiktionary: hho (T3); hhia (T3)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɦo²³/, /ɦia̱²³/

Note:

3hho - vernacular;
3hhia - literary.

Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: xia⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕia̠²¹/

Middle Chinese: /ɦˠa^H/

Rime
Character	夏
Reading #	2/2
Initial (聲)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	麻 (98)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	II
Fanqie	胡駕切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɦˠa^H/
Pan Wuyun	/ɦᵚa^H/
Shao Rongfen	/ɣa^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɦaɨ^H/
Li Rong	/ɣa^H/
Wang Li	/ɣa^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/ɣa^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	xià
Expected Cantonese Reflex	haa⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɡ]ˤraʔ/
(Zhengzhang): /*ɡraːs/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	夏
Reading #	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	xià
Middle Chinese	‹ hæ^H ›
Old Chinese	/[ɡ]ˁraʔ/ (~ [ɡ]ˁraʔ-s)
English	summer
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	夏
Reading #	2/2
No.	13454
Phonetic component	夏
Rime group	魚
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	暇
Old Chinese	/*ɡraːs/

Definitions

夏

summer (season)

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 夏天 (“summer”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		夏, 夏日, 夏時, 畏景
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		夏天, 夏季, 夏日
Mandarin	Beijing	夏天, 夏景天兒
	Taiwan	夏天
	Tianjin	夏天, 熱天, 夏景天兒
	Chengde	夏天
	Tangshan	夏天
	Cangzhou	夏天, 熱天, 伏天
	Xianxian (Xiaoying)	熱天
	Baoding	夏天
	Shijiazhuang	夏天
	Chifeng	夏天
	Hulunbuir (Hailar)	夏天
	Heihe	夏天
	Qiqihar	夏天
	Harbin	夏天
	Wuchang (Yingchengzi)	夏天
	Jiamusi	夏天
	Baicheng	夏天
	Changchun	夏天
	Tonghua	夏天
	Shenyang	夏天
	Dandong	夏天
	Jinzhou	夏天
	Dalian	夏天, 夏季天兒
	Yantai	夏天, 伏天
	Yantai (Muping)	伏天, 六月兒天
	Qingdao	夏天, 伏天
	Lijin	夏天
	Jinan	夏天
	Jining	夏天
	Luoyang	夏天, 熱天
	Wanrong	熱天, 熱月天, 熱月時候
	Shangqiu	夏天
	Yuanyang	夏天
	Zhengzhou	夏天
	Lingbao	夏天
	Xinyang	夏天
	Baihe	夏天, 熱天
	Hanzhong	夏天, 熱天
	Xi'an	夏天, 夏裡
	Dingbian	夏天, 夏裡
	Baoji	夏天, 熱天
	Yinchuan	夏天
	Yongning (Najiahu)	夏天, 熱天
	Tianshui	夏天
	Lanzhou	夏天, 夏月天
	Dunhuang	夏天
	Xining	夏天, 夏月天
	Hami	夏天
	Ürümqi	夏天
	Ürümqi (Xigou)	夏天
	Ürümqi (Changshanzi)	夏天
	Wuhan	夏天, 熱天, 夏季, 熱季
	Yichang	夏天, 熱天
	Xiangyang	夏天, 熱天
	Tianmen	夏天, 熱天
	Hong'an	夏天, 熱天道, 熱季
	Chengdu	夏天, 夏天家
	Nanchong	夏天
	Dazhou	夏天, 熱天
	Hanyuan	夏天, 熱天
	Xichang	夏天
	Zigong	夏天, 熱天
	Muli	夏天
	Chongqing	夏天兒, 熱天
Guiyang	夏天, 熱天
Zunyi	夏天, 夏天家
Bijie	熱天家
Liping	夏天
Zhaotong	夏天
Dali	熱天
Kunming	夏天
Mengzi	夏天
Guilin	夏天
Liuzhou	熱天, 夏天
Nanning (Wuming)	熱天, 夏天
Yizhou	熱天, 夏天
Luocheng (Dongmen)	熱天, 夏天
Tianlin (Langping)	夏天
Jishou	夏天, 熱天
Changde	夏天
Anqing	夏天, 熱天
Xuzhou	夏天, 熱天
Fuyang	夏天
Wuhu	夏天
Yangzhou	夏天
Lianyungang	夏天
Lianshui	夏天
Nanjing	夏天, 熱天
Hefei	夏天
Nantong	夏天
Singapore	夏天
Mae Salong (Lancang)	熱天, 雨水天
Cantonese	Guangzhou	熱天, 夏天
	Hong Kong	夏天, 熱天
	Taishan	熱天
	Taishan (Guanghai)	夏天
	Dongguan	夏天
	Guiping (Jiangkou)	熱天, 夏天
	Guiping (Madong)	熱天, 夏天
	Baise	熱天
	Mandalay (Taishan)	夏天
Gan	Nanchang	夏天, 熱天
	Pengze	熱天
	Lichuan	熱天
	Pingxiang	熱天
Hakka	Meixian	熱天, 夏天
	Xingning	熱天
	Huidong (Daling)	熱天
	Shaoguan (Qujiang)	熱天
	Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang)	天熱
	Changting	暍天
	Wuping	熱天頭
	Wuping (Pingyu)	熱天頭
	Liancheng	夏天
	Liancheng (Peitian)	夏天
	Ninghua	熱天
	Yudu	夏天, 熱天
	Ruijin	熱天
	Shicheng	熱天
	Shangyou (Shexi)	熱天
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	熱天
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	熱天
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	熱天
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	熱天
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	熱天
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	熱天
	Bobai (Shahe)	夏天
	Bobai (Longtan)	夏天
	Bobai (Lingping)	熱天
	Beiliu (Gonghe)	夏天
	Xingye (Gaofeng)	天熱天
	Guilin (Xiaojiang, Lingui)	夏天
	Pingle (Tong'an)	夏天
	Yangshuo (Jinbao)	夏天
	Pontianak (Meixian)	熱天
Huizhou	Jixi	夏場子
Huizhou	Shexian	夏天
Jin	Taiyuan	夏天, 夏景天
	Yangyuan	夏天, 夏裡
	Datong	夏天
	Datong (Xicetian, Yunzhou)	夏天, 夏哩
	Xinzhou	夏兒, 夏金天, 夏天, 夏景天
	Lishi	夏天
	Changzhi	夏天
	Linhe	夏天, 夏天上
	Jining	夏天
	Hohhot	夏天
	Erenhot	夏天
	Pingshan	夏天
	Zhangjiakou	夏天
	Handan	夏天
	Linzhou	夏天
	Suide	夏上
Min Bei	Jian'ou	夏天, 熱天, 熱天時
Min Dong	Fuzhou	熱天, 六月天, 六月大夏
Min Dong	Matsu	夏季, 夏季天
Min Nan	Xiamen	熱儂, 熱天, 六月天
	Quanzhou	熱儂, 熱天, 熱毒儂
	Zhangzhou	熱天
	Zhao'an	夏天, 熱天
	Taipei	夏天, 熱儂, 熱天
	New Taipei (Sanxia)	夏仔
	Kaohsiung	夏天, 熱儂, 熱天
	Yilan	夏天, 熱儂, 熱天
	Changhua (Lukang)	熱儂, 熱天
	Taichung	熱天
	Tainan	夏天, 熱儂, 熱天
	Hsinchu	夏天, 熱天儂
	Kinmen	夏天, 熱天
	Penghu (Magong)	夏天, 熱天, 熱儂
	Penang (Hokkien)	夏天
	Singapore (Hokkien)	熱天
	Manila (Hokkien)	熱儂
	Guiping (Xiaowen)	夏天, 熱天
	Guiping (Dongsheng)	夏天
	Guilin (Biyange)	夏天
	Chaozhou	熱天時
	Shantou	熱天
	Shantou (Chenghai)	熱天時, 熱天
	Haifeng	熱天時
	Haikou	熱天
	Qionghai	熱天
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	熱天
Northern Pinghua	Guilin (Wutong, Lingui)	夏天, 熱天
	Guilin (Liutang, Lingui)	夏天
	Lingchuan (Sanjie)	熱天, 夏天
	Lingchuan (Shuangzhou)	夏天
Waxiang	Guzhang (Gaofeng)	熱天
Wu	Shanghai	夏天, 熱天
	Shanghai (Chongming)	夏裡, 夏天, 夏場裡
	Suzhou	夏天, 熱天
	Danyang	夏天, 夏天頭
	Hangzhou	夏天
	Ningbo	夏天價
	Wenzhou	天色熱, 五六月, 六月天
	Jinhua	夏天, 熱天, 六月天
	Jinhua (Tangxi)	六月, 六月天
Xiang	Changsha	熱天, 熱天子, 夏天
Xiang	Loudi	熱天, 熱天子

Compounds

Derived terms from 夏

三夏
中夏
九夏
仲夏 (zhòngxià)
冬夏 (dōngxià)
初夏 (chūxià)
半夏 (bànxià)
夏五
夏五郭公
夏令 (xiàlìng)
夏天 (xiàtiān)
夏威夷州
夏娃 (Xiàwá)
夏季 (xiàjì)
夏季作物
夏布
夏播
夏日 (xiàrì)
夏日可畏
夏服
夏枯草 (xiàkūcǎo)
夏正 (xiàzhēng)
夏熟
夏畦
夏眠 (xiàmián)
夏至 (xiàzhì)
夏至草

夏苗
夏衣 (xiàyī)
夏雨雨人
孟夏 (Mèngxià)
季夏 (jìxià)
害夏
拉夏
晾夏
歇夏
消夏 (xiāoxià)
炎夏 (yánxià)
炎炎夏日 (yányánxiàrì)
盛夏 (shèngxià)
破夏
立夏 (Lìxià)
苦夏
郭公夏五
金夏沙 (Jīnxiàshā)
三冬兩夏／三冬两夏
冬扇夏爐／冬扇夏炉
冬暖夏涼／冬暖夏凉 (dōngnuǎnxiàliáng)
冬溫夏凊／冬温夏凊
冬蟲夏草／冬虫夏草 (dōngchóngxiàcǎo)
剪夏羅／剪夏罗
夏令時／夏令时 (xiàlìngshí)
夏令時間／夏令时间
夏令營／夏令营 (xiàlìngyíng)

夏候鳥／夏候鸟
夏季季風／夏季季风
夏時／夏时
夏時制／夏时制 (xiàshízhì)
夏曆／夏历 (xiàlì)
夏糧／夏粮
夏臘／夏腊
夏至線／夏至线 ( Xiàzhìxiàn)
夏至點／夏至点
夏蟲／夏虫 (xiàchóng)
夏蟲朝菌／夏虫朝菌
夏裝／夏装 (xiàzhuāng)
夏鑪冬扇／夏𬬻冬扇
春誦夏絃／春诵夏弦
春風夏雨／春风夏雨
歷夏經秋／历夏经秋
殘夏／残夏
涼夏／凉夏
無冬無夏／无冬无夏
約克夏／约克夏
約克夏豬／约克夏猪 (yuēkèxià zhū)
結夏／结夏
結夏安居／结夏安居
蘭開夏／兰开夏
賽夏族／赛夏族 (Sàixiàzú)
過夏／过夏
長夏／长夏

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): jiǎ (jia³)
(Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄚˇ
Cantonese (Jyutping): gaa²

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: jiǎ
  - Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄚˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jiǎ
  - Wade–Giles: chia³
  - Yale: jyǎ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jea
  - Palladius: цзя (czja)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕjä²¹⁴/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: gaa²
  - Yale: gá
  - Cantonese Pinyin: gaa²
  - Guangdong Romanization: ga²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kaː³⁵/

Definitions

夏

^† Alternative form of 檟／槚 (jiǎ).
Used in 陽夏／阳夏.

Compounds

夏楚

陽夏／阳夏

References

“夏”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A00837

Japanese

Kanji

夏

(grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

summer
Xia dynasty
China

Readings

Go-on: げ (ge, Jōyō ^†)
Kan-on: か (ka, Jōyō)
Kun: なつ (natsu, 夏, Jōyō)

Compounds

華夏(かか) (Kaka)
夏時(げし) (geshi)
夏朝(かちょう) (Kachō, “Xia Dynasty”)
夏炉冬扇(かろとうせん) (karotōsen, “summer fires, winter fans; useless things”)
夏至(げし) (geshi)
夏臘(げろう), 夏﨟(げろう) (gerō)
昨夏(さっか) (sakka, “last summer”)
春夏秋冬(しゅんかしゅうとう) (shunkashūtō)
初夏(しょか) (shoka, “beginning summer”)
消夏(しょうか), 銷夏(しょうか) (shōka)
盛夏(せいか) (seika)
冬扇夏炉(とうせんかろ) (tōsenkaro)
晩夏(ばんか) (banka, “ending summer”)
孟夏(もうか) (mōka)
立夏(りっか) (rikka, “first day of summer”)
冷夏(れいか) (reika)
解夏(げげ) (gege)
結(けつ)夏(げ) (ketsuge)
半夏(はんげ) (hange)

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
夏
なつ Grade: 2
kun’yomi

/natu/ → /nat͡su/

From Old Japanese.

Pronunciation

Kun’yomi

(Tokyo) なつ [nàtsúꜜ] (Odaka – [2])[1][2]
IPA^(key): [na̠t͡sɨᵝ]
Audio (file)

Noun

夏(なつ) • (natsu)

summer (season)
Synonym: 夏季, 夏期 (kaki)
Hyponyms: 初夏, 真夏

Derived terms

夏(ナツ)茜(アカネ) (natsuakane)
夏(なつ)井(い) (Natsui)
夏犬(なついぬ) (natsuinu)
夏(なつ)鶯(うぐいす) (natsu uguisu)
夏瓜(ナツウリ) (natsuuri)
夏帯(なつおび) (natsuobi)
夏草(なつくさ) (natsukusa)
夏(ナツ)茱萸(グミ), 夏(ナツ)胡頽子(グミ) (natsugumi)
夏越(なご)しの祓(はらえ) (Nagoshi no Harae), 夏越(なご)し (Nagoshi)
夏蝉(なつぜみ) (natsuzemi)
夏鳥(なつどり) (natsudori)
夏(なつ)場(ば) (natsuba, “summertime”)
夏深(なつふか)し (natsufukashi)
夏(なつ)祭(まつり), 夏祭(なつまつ)り (natsu-matsuri)
棗(ナツメ) (natsume, “jujube”)
夏(なつ)休(やすみ), 夏休(なつやす)み (natsuyasumi, “summer break”)
夏山(なつやま) (natsuyama)
夏(なつ)の大三角(だいさんかく) (Natsu no Daisankaku), 夏(なつ)の大三角形(だいさんかっけい) (Natsu no Daisankakkei)
常夏(とこなつ) (tokonatsu)
真(ま)夏(なつ) (manatsu, “midsummer”)
翌夏(よくなつ) (yokunatsu, “next summer”)

Proverbs

夏(なつ)歌(うた)う者(もの)は冬(ふゆ)泣(な)く (natsu utau mono wa fuyu naku)
夏(なつ)の小(こ)袖(そで) (natsu no kosode)
夏(なつ)も小(こ)袖(そで) (natsu mo kosode)

Proper noun

夏(なつ) • (Natsu)

a female given name
a surname

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
夏
げ Grade: 2
goon

From Middle Chinese 夏 (MC ɦˠa^H). The goon reading, so likely the initial borrowing.

Also used in the Man'yōshū (759 CE) as 借音 (shakuon) kana for ⟨ge₁⟩.

Pronunciation

Kun’yomi

(Tokyo) げ [géꜜ] (Atamadaka – [1])[1]
IPA^(key): [ɡe̞]

Noun

夏(げ) • (ge)

(Buddhism) summer according to the lunisolar calendar; the ninety days starting from the sixteenth day of the fourth month until the fifteenth day of the seventh month

Derived terms

夏(げ)解(あき), 夏明(げあ)き (geaki)
夏安居(げあんご) (geango)

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
夏
か Grade: 2
kan’on

From Middle Chinese 夏 (MC ɦˠa^X).

The kan'on reading, so likely a later borrowing.

Proper noun

夏(か) • (Ka)

the Xia dynasty (first dynasty of China)
Short for 大夏 (Daika): Xia, one of the Sixteen Kingdoms
Short for 西夏 (Seika): Western Xia, an empire during the Song dynasty
a surname
a male or female given name

References

2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 夏 (MC ɦˠa^H).

Historical readings
Recorded as Middle Korean ᅘᅡᆼ〮 (Yale: hhá) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448. Recorded as Middle Korean 하 (ha) (Yale: ha) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Pronunciation

(SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [ha̠(ː)]
Phonetic hangul: [하(ː)]
- Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

Wikisource夏 (eumhun 여름 하 (yeoreum ha))

Hanja form^? of 하 (“summer”).

Compounds

하복 (夏服, habok, “summer clothes”)
하계 (夏季, hagye, “summer season”)
금하 (今夏, geumha, “this summer”)
하절 (夏節, hajeol, “summer season”)
동충하초 (冬蟲夏草, dongchunghacho, “Cordyceps”)
춘하추동 (春夏秋冬, chunhachudong, “the four seasons”)

References

국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

Vietnamese

Han character

夏: Hán Việt readings: hạ
夏: Nôm readings: hè

chữ Hán form of hạ (“summer”).
Nôm form of hè (“summer”).

[DJR-1] 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[NHK-2] 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN