壞
See also: 壊 and 坏
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Translingual
| Traditional | 壞 |
|---|---|
| Shinjitai | 壊 |
| Simplified | 坏 |
Han character
壞 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+16, 19 strokes, cangjie input 土卜田女 (GYWV), four-corner 44132, composition ⿰土褱)
Derived characters
- 蘾
References
- KangXi: page 242, character 3
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5590
- Dae Jaweon: page 481, character 27
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 500, character 2
- Unihan data for U+58DE
Chinese
Glyph origin
Characters in the same phonetic series (褱) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
| Old Chinese | |
|---|---|
| 瓌 | *kuːl |
| 櫰 | *kuːl, *ɡruːl |
| 褱 | *ɡruːl, *ɡruːl |
| 懷 | *ɡruːl |
| 瀤 | *ɡruːl |
| 壞 | *ɡruːls |
| 蘾 | *ɡruːls |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡruːls) : semantic 土 (“earth”) + phonetic 褱 (OC *ɡruːl, *ɡruːl).
Etymology 1
| trad. | 壞 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp. | 坏* | |
| alternative forms | 坯 | |
Pronunciation
Definitions
壞
- bad
- 壞人／坏人 ― huàirén ― bad person
- 壞習慣／坏习惯 ― huài xíguàn ― bad habits
- rotten; spoiled
- 壞雞蛋／坏鸡蛋 ― huài jīdàn ― rotten egg
- 這蘋果壞了。／这苹果坏了。 ― Zhè píngguǒ huài le. ― This apple is rotten.
- 牛奶壞了。／牛奶坏了。 ― Niúnǎi huài le. ― The milk is spoiled.
- to spoil; to ruin
- 壞了大事／坏了大事 ― huài le dàshì ― to ruin an important thing
- 過期的牛奶喝了會壞肚子。 [MSC, trad.]
- Guòqī de niúnǎi hē le huì huài dùzi. [Pinyin]
- (please add an English translation of this example)
过期的牛奶喝了会坏肚子。 [MSC, simp.]
- to break; to stop working
- 鏡子摔壞了／镜子摔坏了 ― jìngzǐ shuāi huài le ― to have smashed a mirror
- 聽說掃地機器人很容易壞。 [MSC, trad.]
- Tīngshuō sǎodì jīqìrén hěn róngyì huài. [Pinyin]
- I've heard that robot vacuums breaks (stops working) very easily.
听说扫地机器人很容易坏。 [MSC, simp.]- 到而家都仲未壞，真係犀利。 [Cantonese, trad.]
- dou3 ji4 gaa1 dou1 zung6 mei6 waai6, zan1 hai6 sai1 lei6. [Jyutping]
- It's amazing, it hasn't broken.
到而家都仲未坏，真系犀利。 [Cantonese, simp.]
- (Classical Chinese) to collapse
- 諺曰：「蠹眾而木折，隙大而牆壞。」 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Book of Lord Shang, circa 3rd century BCE
- Yàn yuē: “Dù zhòng ér mù zhé, xì dà ér qiáng huài.” [Pinyin]
- The saying runs: 'Many woodworms and the wood snaps, a large fissure and the wall collapses.'
谚曰：“蠹众而木折，隙大而墙坏。” [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- (Classical Chinese) to demolish; to destroy
- 暴君代作，壞宮室以為汙池，民無所安息。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: Mencius, c. 4th century BCE
- Bàojūn dàizuò, huài gōngshì yǐ wéi wūchí, mín wú suǒ ānxī. [Pinyin]
- Oppressive sovereigns arose one after another, who pulled down houses to make ponds and lakes, so that the people knew not where they could rest in quiet.
暴君代作，坏宫室以为污池，民无所安息。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- bad idea; dirty trick
- extremely; very; highly
- 嚇壞了／吓坏了 ― xià huài le ― to be badly scared
Synonyms
- (bad):
Dialectal synonyms of 壞 (“bad; not good”) [map]
| Variety | Location | Words edit |
|---|---|---|
| Classical Chinese | 惡 | |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 壞 | |
| Mandarin | Beijing | 壞, 賴 |
| Taiwan | 壞 | |
| Jinan | 壞, 孬, 賴 | |
| Xi'an | 瞎, 壞 | |
| Wuhan | 壞, 拐 | |
| Chengdu | 壞 | |
| Yangzhou | 壞 | |
| Hefei | 壞 | |
| Malaysia | 壞 | |
| Singapore | 壞 | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 壞, 弊, 衰 |
| Hong Kong | 壞, 衰 | |
| Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 衰 | |
| Yangjiang | 壞 | |
| Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 衰 | |
| Singapore (Guangfu) | 衰 | |
| Gan | Nanchang | 壞 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 壞 |
| Wuhua (Meilin) | 衰 | |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 賴, 壞 |
| Min Bei | Jian'ou | 壞, 獰 |
| Min Dong | Fuzhou | 呆, 否 |
| Min Nan | Xiamen | 歹, 䆀 |
| Xiamen (Tong'an) | 歹 | |
| Quanzhou | 歹 | |
| Jinjiang | 歹 | |
| Nan'an | 歹 | |
| Shishi | 歹 | |
| Zhangzhou | 䆀 | |
| Zhao'an | 䆀, 孬 | |
| Tainan | 歹 | |
| Penang (Hokkien) | 䆀, 歹 | |
| Singapore (Hokkien) | 歹 | |
| Manila (Hokkien) | 歹 | |
| Datian | 歹 | |
| Chaozhou | 孬 | |
| Shantou | 孬 | |
| Jieyang | 孬, 歹 | |
| Singapore (Teochew) | 歹, 孬 | |
| Leizhou | 㾀 | |
| Wenchang | 㾀 | |
| Haikou | 㾀 | |
| Singapore (Hainanese) | 㾀 | |
| Wu | Shanghai | 壞, 恘 |
| Suzhou | 壞, 恘 | |
| Ningbo | 歪, 推扳, 嘸做 | |
| Wenzhou | 毛 | |
| Xiang | Changsha | 壞, 拐 |
| Shuangfeng | 壞, 拐 | |
Dialectal synonyms of 壞 (“rotten; spoilt”) [map]
| Variety | Location | Words edit |
|---|---|---|
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 壞 | |
| Mandarin | Taiwan | 壞 |
| Malaysia | 壞 | |
| Singapore | 壞 | |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 壞 |
| Singapore (Guangfu) | 壞 | |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 壞 |
| Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 壞 | |
| Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 壞 | |
| Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 壞 | |
| Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 壞 | |
| Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 壞 | |
| Min Nan | Taipei | 歹 GT |
| Penang (Hokkien) | 歹 | |
| Singapore (Hokkien) | 歹 | |
| Wu | Ningbo | 壞, 嘸做 |
| Note | GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified) | |
- (to spoil):
edit
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- (to ruin):
edit
Synonyms of 壞
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- (extremely):
edit
Synonyms of 壞
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Antonyms
- (bad): 好 (hǎo)
Compounds
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Etymology 2
| trad. | 壞 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp. | 坏* | |
| alternative forms | 獪／狯 乖 契 Siyi 蒯 | |
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Pronunciation
Definitions
壞
- (Cantonese) naughty; mischievous; rebellious; disobedient
Synonyms
Dialectal synonyms of 頑皮 (“naughty”) [map]
| Variety | Location | Words edit |
|---|---|---|
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 頑皮, 調皮, 淘氣 | |
| Mandarin | Beijing | 皮, 淘氣, 淘, 猴, 猴兒 |
| Taiwan | 皮, 調皮, 頑皮, 淘氣 | |
| Tianjin | 皮, 淘, 猴兒 | |
| Langfang | 調皮 | |
| Tangshan | 調皮 | |
| Cangzhou | 調皮 | |
| Baoding | 費 | |
| Shijiazhuang | 調皮 | |
| Daming | 費勁 | |
| Jinan | 調皮, 皮, 淘 | |
| Xi'an | 匪, 淘氣, 俏皮, 皮 | |
| Wuhan | 神, 調皮, 淘氣 | |
| Chengdu | 淘氣, 費, 千方兒 | |
| Kunming | 淘氣 | |
| Guilin | 跳皮 | |
| Liuzhou | 跳皮 | |
| Xuzhou | 皮臉 | |
| Yangzhou | 調皮, 皮 | |
| Hefei | 調皮, 皮, 頑皮 | |
| Nantong | 犯厭 | |
| Singapore | 頑皮 | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 跳皮, 百厭, 韌皮, 曳, 反斗, 星君, 扭計, 扭紋, 壞 |
| Hong Kong | 跳皮, 百厭, 韌皮, 曳, 反斗, 壞, 星君, 犯神 | |
| Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou) | 百厭 | |
| Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou) | 頑皮 | |
| Hong Kong (Ting Kok) | 百厭 | |
| Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) | 懆 | |
| Macau | 跳皮 | |
| Guangzhou (Panyu) | 曳, 跳皮, 百厭 | |
| Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) | 韌皮 | |
| Guangzhou (Conghua) | 跳皮 | |
| Guangzhou (Zengcheng) | 百厭 | |
| Foshan | 曳, 跳皮, 百厭 | |
| Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) | 曳 | |
| Foshan (Shunde) | 百厭 | |
| Foshan (Sanshui) | 跳皮, 百厭 | |
| Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) | 頑皮 | |
| Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 壞, 跳皮 | |
| Zhuhai (Qianshan) | 壞 | |
| Zhuhai (Doumen, Shangheng Tanka) | 百厭, 壞 | |
| Zhuhai (Doumen) | 百厭 | |
| Jiangmen (Baisha) | 百厭 | |
| Jiangmen (Xinhui) | 百厭 | |
| Taishan | 壞賞, 壞, 曳, 搞家, 譑蠻, 飛耍, 惡教, 匪類, 扭紋 | |
| Kaiping (Chikan) | 壞賞, 壞 | |
| Enping (Niujiang) | 壞鬼 | |
| Heshan (Yayao) | 韌皮 | |
| Dongguan | 曳, 百厭 | |
| Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) | 百厭, 跳皮 | |
| Yangjiang | 跳皮, 蠻皮 | |
| Nanning | 跳皮, 百厭, 牛骨, 頑皮 | |
| Wuzhou | 韌皮, 百厭, 百跳 | |
| Yulin | 頑, 牛骨 | |
| Hepu (Lianzhou) | 跳皮, 勿乖 | |
| Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 頑皮 | |
| Singapore (Guangfu) | 韌皮 | |
| Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) | 扭計, 曳, 百厭 | |
| Gan | Nanchang | 調皮, 頑皮 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 蠻皮, 蠻, 番綻, 綻頭, 綻皮, 綻, 懆, 跳皮 |
| Xingning | 蠻, 懆 | |
| Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua) | 頑皮 | |
| Huidong (Daling) | 調皮, 綻頭, 懆 | |
| Dongguan (Qingxi) | 頑皮 | |
| Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) | 跳皮 | |
| Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) | 跳皮 | |
| Shaoguan (Qujiang) | 綻, 懆 | |
| Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) | 賤 | |
| Conghua (Lütian) | 頑皮 | |
| Changting | 綻, 懆 | |
| Wuping | 綻, 懆 | |
| Wuping (Pingyu) | 綻 | |
| Liancheng | 綻, 懆 | |
| Ninghua | 浪綻, 懆 | |
| Ruijin | 綻, 孽 | |
| Shangyou (Shexi) | 綻, 頑皮 | |
| Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 番綻, 蠻皮, 綻頭, 孱頭, 牛, 賤, 調皮 | |
| Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 殘, 牛, 賤, 調皮 | |
| Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 番綻, 蠻綻, 綻, 綻頭, 孱頭, 牛, 賤, 調皮 | |
| Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 番綻, 綻頭, 牛, 賤, 調皮 | |
| Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 番綻, 綻頭, 綻剁頭, 牛, 賤, 調皮 | |
| Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 狡怪, 番, 賤頭, 牛, 牛頭, 牛獗, 賤 | |
| Hong Kong | 頑皮 | |
| Luchuan (Daqiao) | 跳皮 | |
| Senai (Huiyang) | 跳皮 | |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 頑皮 |
| Zhangjiakou | 調皮 | |
| Handan | 費 | |
| Min Bei | Jian'ou | 刁皮, 韌皮 |
| Min Dong | Fuzhou | 刁皮, 楞蟶 |
| Fuqing | 調皮 | |
| Min Nan | Xiamen | 孽, 孽潲, 孽唆, 跳鬼, 刁皮, 跳限, 跳塌, 賤, 歹死 |
| Quanzhou | 孽, 孽潲, 孽唆, 跳鬼, 賤, 歹死 | |
| Zhangzhou | 孽, 孽潲, 賤, 歹, 歹死 | |
| Kaohsiung | 賤 | |
| Yilan | 賤 | |
| Changhua (Lukang) | 狡怪 | |
| Taichung | 孽潲 | |
| Taichung (Wuqi) | 孽潲 | |
| Tainan | 作孽, 孽, 孽潲 | |
| Taitung | 孽潲 | |
| Hsinchu | 孽 | |
| Penghu (Magong) | 狡怪 | |
| Penang (Hokkien) | 孽, 怪孽, 歹死 | |
| Singapore (Hokkien) | 孽, 孽死, 孽潲, 賤, 歹死 | |
| Manila (Hokkien) | 歹死, 孽, 孽潲 | |
| Zhangping (Yongfu) | 調皮, 惡蠻, 蠻 | |
| Pingnan (Shangdu) | 頑皮 | |
| Chaozhou | 燦頭 | |
| Shantou | 野, 野死, 好耍, 頑皮 | |
| Bangkok (Teochew) | 跳皮 | |
| Johor Bahru (Teochew) | 孬 | |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 跳皮 |
| Northern Pinghua | Guilin (Dahe) | 頑皮, 跳皮 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 頑皮, 皮, 賴皮, 搨皮, 淘氣 |
| Shanghai (Chongming) | 厭, 調皮, 頑皮 | |
| Suzhou | 皮, 調皮, 厭 | |
| Wuxi | 厭, 皮 | |
| Danyang | 調皮, 皮 | |
| Hangzhou | 厭, 調皮 | |
| Ningbo | 皮 | |
| Wenzhou | 調皮, 皮, 皮蚩, 蠻, 惡 | |
| Jinhua | 調皮, 皮, 皮面 | |
| Xiang | Changsha | 跳皮, 跳夾 |
| Shuangfeng | 跳皮, 頑皮 | |
| Quanzhou | 頑皮 | |
Japanese
Shinjitai | 壊 |
Kyūjitai | 壞 |
Kanji
壞
(“Jinmeiyō” kanji used for names, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 壊)
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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Readings
- Go-on: え (e)←ゑ (we, historical)
- Kan-on: かい (kai)←くわい (kwai, historical)
- Kun: こわす (kowasu, 壞す); こわれる (kowareru, 壞れる); やぶる (yaburu, 壞る)
- Nanori: つち (tsuchi)
Korean
Etymology
From Middle Chinese 壞 (MC kˠuɛiH).
| Historical readings |
|---|
|
Pronunciation
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [kwe̞(ː)] ~ [kø̞(ː)]
- Phonetic hangul: [궤(ː)/괴(ː)]
- Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.
Hanja
Wikisource壞 (eumhun 무너질 괴 (muneojil goe))
- Hanja form? of 괴 (“to break; to collapse”).
Compounds
Compounds
- 붕괴 (崩壞, bunggoe)
- 파괴 (破壞, pagoe)
- 괴고 (壞苦, goego)
- 괴결 (壞決, goegyeol)
- 괴멸 (壞滅, goemyeol)
- 괴폐 (壞廢, goepye)
- 손괴 (損壞, son'goe)
- 괴락 (壞落, goerak)
- 괴색 (壞色, goesaek)
- 부괴 (腐壞, bugoe)
- 괴란 (壞亂, goeran)
- 반괴 (半壞, ban'goe)
- 괴저 (壞疽, goejeo)
- 괴사 (壞死, goesa)
- 괴손 (壞損, goeson)
- 도괴 (倒壞, dogoe)
- 잔괴 (殘壞, jan'goe)
- 훼괴 (毁壞, hwegoe)
- 괴변 (壞變, goebyeon)
- 자괴 (自壞, jagoe)
- 전괴 (全壞, jeon'goe)
References
- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.
Vietnamese
Han character
壞: Hán Nôm readings: hoại, hoải, hoai
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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