墓

墓	U+5893, 墓 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5893

← 墒
[U+5892]

CJK Unified Ideographs

墔 →
[U+5894]

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

墓 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+10, 13 (Mainland China, Japan), 14 (Hong Kong) strokes, cangjie input 廿日大土 (TAKG), four-corner 4410₄, composition ⿱莫土)

Derived characters

𭂥, 𫮲, 𮁒

References

KangXi: page 238, character 12
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5431
Dae Jaweon: page 476, character 19
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 470, character 9
Unihan data for U+5893

Chinese

trad.		墓
simp. ^#		墓
2nd round simp.		圶

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 墓
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script

Characters in the same phonetic series (莫) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
蟆	*mraː
鬕	*mraːɡs
饃	*maːl
模	*maː
摸	maː, maːɡ
嫫	*maː
謨	*maː
膜	maː, maːɡ
摹	*maː
暮	*maːɡs
慕	*maːɡs
募	*maːɡs
墓	*maːɡs
慔	*maːɡs
莫	*maːɡ
寞	*maːɡ
漠	*maːɡ
幕	*maːɡ
鏌	*maːɡ
瘼	*maːɡ
鄚	*maːɡ
瞙	*maːɡ
嗼	maːɡ, mraːɡ
塻	*maːɡ
貘	*mraːɡ
驀	*mraːɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *maːɡs) : phonetic 莫 (OC *maːɡ) + semantic 土.

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): mù (mu⁴)
(Zhuyin): ㄇㄨˋ
(Chengdu, SP): mo⁴
Cantonese (Jyutping): mou⁶
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): mu
(Meixian, Guangdong): mu⁴
Jin (Wiktionary): mu³
Min Dong (BUC): muó
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): bō͘ / bōng / mò͘
(Teochew, Peng'im): mo⁶
Wu (Wiktionary): mu (T3)

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: mù
  - Zhuyin: ㄇㄨˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: mù
  - Wade–Giles: mu⁴
  - Yale: mù
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: muh
  - Palladius: му (mu)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /mu⁵¹/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: mo⁴
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: mo
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /mo²¹³/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: mou⁶
  - Yale: mouh
  - Cantonese Pinyin: mou⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: mou⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /mou̯²²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: mu
  - Hakka Romanization System: mu
  - Hagfa Pinyim: mu⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /mu⁵⁵/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: mu⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /mu⁵³/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: mu³
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /mu⁴⁵/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: muó
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /muɔ²¹³/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, Hui'an, Taipei, Lukang, Sanxia, Kinmen, Magong, Hsinchu, Philippines)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bō͘
  - Tâi-lô: bōo
  - Phofsit Daibuun: bo
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Kinmen): /bɔ²²/
  - IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Philippines): /bɔ⁴¹/
  - IPA (Lukang): /bɔ³¹/
  - IPA (Hui'an): /bɔ²¹/
  - IPA (Taipei): /bɔ³³/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Changtai, Zhangpu, Kaohsiung, Tainan, Yilan, Hsinchu, Taichung)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bōng
  - Tâi-lô: bōng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: bong
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Changtai): /bɔŋ²²/
  - IPA (Zhangpu, Kaohsiung, Tainan, Yilan): /bɔŋ³³/
- (Hokkien: Longyan)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: mò͘
  - Tâi-lô: mòo
  - Phofsit Daibuun: mox
  - IPA (Longyan): /mõ²¹³/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: mo⁶
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: mŏ
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /mo³⁵/
Wu
- (Shanghainese)
  - Wiktionary: mu (T3)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /mv̩ʷ²³/

Middle Chinese: /muo^H/

Rime
Character	墓
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	明 (4)
Final (韻)	模 (23)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	莫故切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/muo^H/
Pan Wuyun	/muo^H/
Shao Rongfen	/mo^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/mɔ^H/
Li Rong	/mo^H/
Wang Li	/mu^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/muo^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	mù
Expected Cantonese Reflex	mou⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*C.mˤak-s/
(Zhengzhang): /*maːɡs/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	墓
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	mù
Middle Chinese	‹ mu^H ›
Old Chinese	/*C.mˁak-s/
English	grave (n.)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	墓
Reading #	1/1
No.	9250
Phonetic component	莫
Rime group	暮
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	暮
Old Chinese	/*maːɡs/

Definitions

墓

grave; tomb
a surname: Mu

Synonyms

(grave):

Dialectal synonyms of 墳 (“grave”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		墳墓, 墳
Mandarin	Beijing	墳
	Harbin	墳
	Yantai (Muping)	墳
	Jinan	墳
	Luoyang	墳, 墳地, 塋地, 墳墓
	Wanrong	墳, 墓
	Xi'an	墳, 墓
	Yinchuan	墳塋
	Ürümqi	墳
	Wuhan	墳
	Chengdu	墳, 墳墓
	Chongqing	墳, 墳墓
	Guiyang	墳, 墳墓 large
	Guilin	墳
	Liuzhou	墳, 山
	Xuzhou	墳墓, 墳
	Yangzhou	墳, 墳攤, 墳攤堆子
	Nanjing	墳
	Hefei	墳堰
	Changle (Qinjiang)	墳
	Singapore	墓, 墳墓
	Dagudi (Maliba)	墳堆
	Reshuitang (Longling)	墳堆
	Mae Salong (Lancang)	墳堆
	Mae Sai (Tengchong)	墳
Cantonese	Guangzhou	山墳, 山, 墳
	Hong Kong	山墳, 墳, 墓, 墳墓
	Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou)	墳頭
	Hong Kong (Ting Kok)	墳頭
	Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau)	墳頭
	Macau	墳墓
	Taishan (Guanghai)	墳墓
	Dongguan	墓
	Yangjiang	山, 墳山
	Maoming (Xinpo)	墳山
	Nanning	墳山
	Wuzhou	墳山
	Yulin	墳山
	Hepu (Lianzhou)	墳山, 山
	Hepu (Shatian)	山
	Beihai	墳, 山
	Beihai (Nankang)	墳
	Beihai (Yingpan)	山, 墳山
	Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô)	墳墓, 墳頭, 墳山
	Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà)	墳墓, 墳山
	Fangchenggang (Fangcheng)	墳墓
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	山墳, 義山
	Singapore (Guangfu)	墳墓
	Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu)	山墳
	Móng Cái	墳墓
	Mandalay (Taishan)	墳山, 墳墓
Gan	Nanchang	墳
Gan	Lichuan	墳, 墳塋 large
Hakka	Meixian	地, 墓
	Xingning	泥壠 first burial, 地 second burial
	Huidong (Daling)	地
	Dongguan (Qingxi)	墳頭
	Wuhua (Huacheng)	地, 地墳
	Heyuan (Bendihua)	地
	Wengyuan	地墳
	Shaoguan (Qujiang)	地
	Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang)	地 second burial
	Liannan	墳
	Jiexi	地
	Zhao'an (Xiuzhuan)	地
	Changting	地
	Wuping	地
	Wuping (Yanqian)	地, 死佬
	Wuping (Pingyu)	地
	Liancheng	地
	Ninghua	地
	Yudu	地
	Ruijin	地, 風水
	Shicheng	地
	Shangyou (Shexi)	地
	Tonggu (Sandu)	墳, 地
	Ganzhou (Panlong)	地
	Dayu	地
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	風水
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	風水
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	風水
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	風水
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	風水
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	地, 風水
	Hong Kong	墳頭
	Yangxi (Tangkou)	山
	Yangchun (Sanjia)	山, 山頭
	Xinyi (Sihe)	山地
	Xinyi (Qianpai)	墳山
	Gaozhou (Xindong)	墳地
	Maoming (Shalang, Dianbai)	墳山
	Huazhou (Xin'an)	墳地
	Lianjiang (Shijiao)	墳, 墳地
	Lianjiang (Qingping)	墳, 地 without a body buried
	Mengshan (Xihe)	墳地
	Luchuan	山
	Senai (Huiyang)	墳, 風水, 義山
	Senai (Hepo)	墳墓, 地 dated
	Singkawang	地, 地門堂
	Pontianak (Meixian)	地
Jin	Taiyuan	墳, 墓
Min Bei	Jian'ou	塚
	Jian'ou (Dikou)	塚
	Songxi	塚
	Zhenghe	塚
	Zhenghe (Zhenqian)	塚
	Jianyang	塚
	Wuyishan	塚
	Pucheng (Shibei)	塚
Min Dong	Fuzhou	墓
	Changle	墓
	Lianjiang	墓
	Fuqing	墓
	Pingtan	墓
	Yongtai	墓
	Minqing	墓
	Gutian	地, 墓
	Pingnan	墓
	Luoyuan	墓
	Fu'an	墓
	Ningde	墓
	Xiapu	墓
	Zherong	墓
	Shouning	墓
	Zhouning	墓
	Fuding	墓
Min Nan	Xiamen	墓, 墓仔, 風水
	Xiamen (Tong'an)	墓
	Quanzhou	墓, 風水
	Jinjiang	墓
	Nan'an	墓
	Shishi	墓
	Hui'an	墓
	Anxi	墓
	Yongchun	墓
	Dehua	墓
	Zhangzhou	墓, 墓仔, 風水
	Zhangzhou (Longhai)	墓
	Zhangzhou (Changtai)	墓
	Hua'an	墓
	Nanjing	墓
	Pinghe	墓仔
	Zhangpu	墓
	Yunxiao	墓
	Zhao'an	墓
	Dongshan	墓
	Tainan	墓, 風水
	Kinmen	墓
	Penang (Hokkien)	墓
	Singapore (Hokkien)	墓, 墓地, 公司山 dated
	Manila (Hokkien)	墓, 風水
	Longyan	墓
	Zhangping	墓
	Datian	墓
	Chaozhou	墳
	Lufeng	風水
	Haifeng	風水
	Bangkok (Teochew)	墳, 義山
	Chiang Mai (Teochew)	墳
	Hat Yai (Teochew)	墳
	Johor Bahru (Teochew)	墳, 義山
	Singapore (Teochew)	墳
	Leizhou	墓
	Haikou	墓
Puxian Min	Putian	墓
Puxian Min	Xianyou	墓
Min Zhong	Yong'an	墳
	Sanyuan	墳
	Shaxian	墳
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	墳墓, 山
Shehua	Fu'an	墓
	Fuding	墓
	Luoyuan	墳
	Sanming	墳
	Shunchang	墳
	Hua'an	墳
	Guixi (Zhangping)	墳
	Cangnan	墳
	Jingning	墳
	Lishui	墳
	Longyou	墳
	Chaozhou	墳
	Fengshun	墳
Wu	Shanghai	墳, 墳墓, 墓
	Shanghai (Chongming)	墳
	Suzhou	墳
	Danyang	墳墓
	Hangzhou	墳
	Ningbo	墳, 墓
	Wenzhou	墳
	Yiwu	墳頭
Xiang	Changsha	墳
	Loudi	墳, 墓
	Shuangfeng	墳, 墓
	Jiangyong	祖

Compounds

Derived terms from 墓

丘墓
修墓
公墓 (gōngmù)
冢墓
墓券
墓地 (mùdì)
墓坑 (mùkēng)
墓室 (mùshì)
墓木
墓木已拱 (mùmùyǐgǒng)
墓田
墓碑 (mùbēi)
墓碣
墓祭 (mùjì)
墓穴 (mùxué)
墓群 (mùqún)

墓葬 (mùzàng)
墓表
墓道 (mùdào)
墟墓
封墓
徒不上墓
掘墓人 (juémùrén)
易墓
省墓
祖墓 (zǔmù)
覆墓
誓墓
陵墓 (língmù)
鞭墓
墓園／墓园 (mùyuán)

墓生兒子／墓生儿子
墓記／墓记
墓誌／墓志 (mùzhì)
墓誌銘／墓志铭 (mùzhìmíng)
墓門／墓门
墳墓／坟墓 (fénmù)
壟墓／垄墓
廬墓／庐墓
掃墓／扫墓 (sǎomù)
掃墓節／扫墓节
痟狗舂墓壙／痟狗舂墓圹 (siáu káu cheng bōng-khòng) (Min Nan)
盜墓／盗墓 (dàomù)
自掘墳墓／自掘坟墓 (zìjuéfénmù)
諛墓／谀墓
鎮墓獸／镇墓兽

References

“墓”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Kanji

墓

(grade 5 “Kyōiku” kanji)

grave; graveyard

Readings

Go-on: も (mo)
Kan-on: ぼ (bo, Jōyō)
Kun: はか (haka, 墓, Jōyō)
Nanori: つか (tsuka)

Compounds

墓(ぼ)碣(けつ) (boketsu): a tombstone, a headstone
墓(ぼ)誌(し)銘(めい) (boshimei): an extra inscription at the end of a tombstone inscription, such as a short poem
墓(ぼ)表(ひょう) (bohyō): the text on a tombstone, giving the deceased's name, dates of birth and death, and other details
墓(ぼ)地(ち) (bochi): a cemetery, a graveyard
支(し)石(せき)墓(ぼ) (shisekibo): a dolmen

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
墓
はか Grade: 5
kun’yomi

From Old Japanese. Found in the Man'yōshū, completed some time around 759 CE.

Ultimate derivation unknown. One possibility is that the final ka may be 処 (ka, suffix denoting place), as in the term 住み処 (sumika, “dwelling, home, abode”, literally “living place”).

Pronunciation

Kun’yomi

(Tokyo) はか [hàkáꜜ] (Odaka – [2])[1]
IPA^(key): [ha̠ka̠]

Noun

墓(はか) • (haka)

a grave, a tomb

Derived terms

墓(はか)穴(あな) (hakaana): an open grave, the hole where someone is buried
墓(はか)場(ば) (hakaba): a graveyard, a cemetery
墓(はか)掘(ほ)り (hakahori): a gravedigger
墓(はか)屋(や) (hakaya): a graveyard or cemetery caretaker

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
墓
ぼ Grade: 5
on’yomi

From Middle Chinese 墓 (muoᴴ, “grave, tomb”). Compare modern Min Nan readings bō͘, bōng.

Pronunciation

On’yomi: Kan’on

IPA^(key): [bo̞]

Noun

墓(ぼ) • (bo)

a grave, a tomb

Usage notes

Seldom used in isolation. More commonly encountered in compounds.

Derived terms

墓(ぼ)域(いき) (boiki): a graveyard, a cemetery
墓(ぼ)地(ち) (bochi): a graveyard, a cemetery
墓(ぼ)穴(けつ) (boketsu): an open grave, the hole where someone is buried

References

2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan

Korean

Etymology 1

Irregularly shifted from Middle Chinese 墓 (MC muo^H), perhaps due to confusion with the hanja 廟 (myo, “temple”).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448	몽〮 (Yale: mwó)
Middle Korean
Text	Eumhun
Text	*Gloss (hun)*	Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527	무덤〮 (Yale: mwùtém)	묘〯 (Yale: mywǒ)
Sinjeung Yuhap, 1576	분묘 (Yale: pwunmywo)	묘 (Yale: mywo)

Pronunciation

(SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [mjo(ː)]
Phonetic hangul: [묘(ː)]
- Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

Wikisource墓 (eumhun 무덤 묘 (mudeom myo))

Hanja form^? of 묘 (“grave; tomb”). [noun]
Hanja form^? of 묘 (“grave; tomb”). [affix]

Compounds

묘비 (墓碑, myobi)
묘소 (墓所, myoso)
묘역 (墓域, myoyeok)
묘지 (墓地, myoji)
분묘 (墳墓, bunmyo)
성묘 (省墓, seongmyo)

Etymology 2

Presumably the original form.

Pronunciation

(Yukjin) IPA^(key): [mó]

Hanja

墓 (eumhun 무덤 모 (mudeom mo))

(Yukjin, Koryo-mar) Hanja form^? of 모 (“grave; tomb”). [noun]

Usage notes

Yukjin speakers still use the orthodox pronunciation in compounds, e.g. 묘디(墓地) (myodi) for 묘지(墓地) (myoji).
This form appears to have historically been more common throughout the peninsula, as even southern dialects still sporadically have the derived term 못자리 (motjari, “gravesite”).

References

곽충구 (Kwak Chung-gu) (2018), “漢(한)字(자)語(어)(方(방)言(언)) 속의 特(특)異(이) 漢(한)字(자)音(음)—동북방언을 중심으로— [Unusual character readings in (dialectal) Sino-Korean vocabulary: focusing on the Northeastern dialect]”, in Gugeohak, volume 88, pages 3—32

Vietnamese

Han character

墓: Hán Nôm readings: mộ, mô, mồ

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

[DJR-1] 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN