塚

See also: 冢

塚	U+585A, 塚 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-585A

← 塙
[U+5859]

CJK Unified Ideographs

塛 →
[U+585B]

塚	U+FA10, 塚 CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-FA10

← 﨏
[U+FA0F]

CJK Compatibility Ideographs

﨑 →
[U+FA11]

塚	U+FA7C, 塚 CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-FA7C

← 嗢
[U+FA7B]

CJK Compatibility Ideographs

墳 →
[U+FA7D]

Translingual

Japanese	塚
Simplified	冢
Traditional	塚

Alternative forms

There are two Unicode z-variants, at code points U+585A and U+FA10. The latter form (U+FA10) has the next to last stroke of 豖 connected to the top horizontal stroke (similar to 衣).
The Japanese form of the character is written with 豕 instead of 豖 as its bottom right component. However both 塚 (Japanese) and 塚 (traditional Chinese) forms are encoded under the same codepoint.

Han character

塚 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+10 in Chinese, 土+9 in Japanese, 13 strokes in Chinese, 12 strokes in Japanese, cangjie input 土月一人 (GBMO), four-corner 4713₂, composition ⿰土冢(GHTK) or ⿰土⿱冖豕(J))

References

KangXi: page 236, character 2
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5345
Dae Jaweon: page 473, character 18
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 476, character 7
Unihan data for U+585A
Unihan data for U+FA10
Unihan data for U+FA7C

Usage notes

The Kangxi dictionary lists 塚 as the unorthodox form (俗字) of 冢. The usage of 塚 persists in Japan with one stroke removed. 冢 is the prescribed form in simplified Chinese, but 塚 is also used occasionally. Both 塚 and 冢 are used in traditional Chinese, with the former being more common.

Chinese

trad.		塚/冢
simp.		冢
alternative forms		塜

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (豖) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
冢	*toŋʔ
塚	*toŋʔ
涿	*rtoːɡ
琢	*rtoːɡ
啄	rtoːɡ, toːɡ
諑	*rtoːɡ
剢	*toːɡ
瘃	*toɡ
豖	*tʰoɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *toŋʔ) : semantic 土 (“earth”) + phonetic 冢 (OC *toŋʔ) – an earthen mound, a tomb of earth.

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): zhǒng (zhong³)
(Zhuyin): ㄓㄨㄥˇ
Cantonese (Jyutping): cung²
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): chhúng
(Meixian, Guangdong): cung³
Min Bei (KCR): dě̤ng
Min Dong (BUC): tūng
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): thióng
(Teochew, Peng'im): tong²

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: zhǒng
  - Zhuyin: ㄓㄨㄥˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jhǒng
  - Wade–Giles: chung³
  - Yale: jǔng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: joong
  - Palladius: чжун (čžun)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂʊŋ²¹⁴/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: cung²
  - Yale: chúng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: tsung²
  - Guangdong Romanization: cung²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰʊŋ³⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhúng
  - Hakka Romanization System: cung`
  - Hagfa Pinyim: cung³
  - Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰuŋ³¹/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: cung³
  - Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰʊŋ³¹/
Min Bei
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: dě̤ng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tœyŋ²¹/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: tūng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰuŋ³³/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thióng
  - Tâi-lô: thióng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: tiorng
  - IPA (Xiamen): /tʰiɔŋ⁵³/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /tʰiɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /tʰiɔŋ⁵³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /tʰiɔŋ⁵³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /tʰiɔŋ⁴¹/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: tong²
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: thóng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰoŋ⁵²/

Middle Chinese: /ʈɨoŋ^X/

Rime
Character	塚
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	知 (9)
Final (韻)	鍾 (7)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	知隴切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ʈɨoŋ^X/
Pan Wuyun	/ʈioŋ^X/
Shao Rongfen	/ȶioŋ^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ʈuawŋ^X/
Li Rong	/ȶioŋ^X/
Wang Li	/ȶĭwoŋ^X/
Bernard Karlgren	/ȶi̯woŋ^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	zhǒng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	zung²

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*toŋʔ/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	塚
Reading #	1/1
No.	1617
Phonetic component	豖
Rime group	東
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	冢
Old Chinese	/*toŋʔ/
Notes	冢轉註俗字

Definitions

塚

tomb; burial mound

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 墳 (“grave”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		墳墓, 墳
Mandarin	Beijing	墳
	Harbin	墳
	Yantai (Muping)	墳
	Jinan	墳
	Luoyang	墳, 墳地, 塋地, 墳墓
	Wanrong	墳, 墓
	Xi'an	墳, 墓
	Yinchuan	墳塋
	Ürümqi	墳
	Wuhan	墳
	Chengdu	墳, 墳墓
	Chongqing	墳, 墳墓
	Guiyang	墳, 墳墓 large
	Guilin	墳
	Liuzhou	墳, 山
	Xuzhou	墳墓, 墳
	Yangzhou	墳, 墳攤, 墳攤堆子
	Nanjing	墳
	Hefei	墳堰
	Changle (Qinjiang)	墳
	Singapore	墓, 墳墓
	Dagudi (Maliba)	墳堆
	Reshuitang (Longling)	墳堆
	Mae Salong (Lancang)	墳堆
	Mae Sai (Tengchong)	墳
Cantonese	Guangzhou	山墳, 山, 墳
	Hong Kong	山墳, 墳, 墓, 墳墓
	Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou)	墳頭
	Hong Kong (Ting Kok)	墳頭
	Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau)	墳頭
	Macau	墳墓
	Taishan (Guanghai)	墳墓
	Dongguan	墓
	Yangjiang	山, 墳山
	Maoming (Xinpo)	墳山
	Nanning	墳山
	Wuzhou	墳山
	Yulin	墳山
	Hepu (Lianzhou)	墳山, 山
	Hepu (Shatian)	山
	Beihai	墳, 山
	Beihai (Nankang)	墳
	Beihai (Yingpan)	山, 墳山
	Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô)	墳墓, 墳頭, 墳山
	Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà)	墳墓, 墳山
	Fangchenggang (Fangcheng)	墳墓
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	山墳, 義山
	Singapore (Guangfu)	墳墓
	Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu)	山墳
	Móng Cái	墳墓
	Mandalay (Taishan)	墳山, 墳墓
Gan	Nanchang	墳
Gan	Lichuan	墳, 墳塋 large
Hakka	Meixian	地, 墓
	Xingning	泥壠 first burial, 地 second burial
	Huidong (Daling)	地
	Dongguan (Qingxi)	墳頭
	Wuhua (Huacheng)	地, 地墳
	Heyuan (Bendihua)	地
	Wengyuan	地墳
	Shaoguan (Qujiang)	地
	Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang)	地 second burial
	Liannan	墳
	Jiexi	地
	Zhao'an (Xiuzhuan)	地
	Changting	地
	Wuping	地
	Wuping (Yanqian)	地, 死佬
	Wuping (Pingyu)	地
	Liancheng	地
	Ninghua	地
	Yudu	地
	Ruijin	地, 風水
	Shicheng	地
	Shangyou (Shexi)	地
	Tonggu (Sandu)	墳, 地
	Ganzhou (Panlong)	地
	Dayu	地
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	風水
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	風水
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	風水
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	風水
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	風水
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	地, 風水
	Hong Kong	墳頭
	Yangxi (Tangkou)	山
	Yangchun (Sanjia)	山, 山頭
	Xinyi (Sihe)	山地
	Xinyi (Qianpai)	墳山
	Gaozhou (Xindong)	墳地
	Maoming (Shalang, Dianbai)	墳山
	Huazhou (Xin'an)	墳地
	Lianjiang (Shijiao)	墳, 墳地
	Lianjiang (Qingping)	墳, 地 without a body buried
	Mengshan (Xihe)	墳地
	Luchuan	山
	Senai (Huiyang)	墳, 風水, 義山
	Senai (Hepo)	墳墓, 地 dated
	Singkawang	地, 地門堂
	Pontianak (Meixian)	地
Jin	Taiyuan	墳, 墓
Min Bei	Jian'ou	塚
	Jian'ou (Dikou)	塚
	Songxi	塚
	Zhenghe	塚
	Zhenghe (Zhenqian)	塚
	Jianyang	塚
	Wuyishan	塚
	Pucheng (Shibei)	塚
Min Dong	Fuzhou	墓
	Changle	墓
	Lianjiang	墓
	Fuqing	墓
	Pingtan	墓
	Yongtai	墓
	Minqing	墓
	Gutian	地, 墓
	Pingnan	墓
	Luoyuan	墓
	Fu'an	墓
	Ningde	墓
	Xiapu	墓
	Zherong	墓
	Shouning	墓
	Zhouning	墓
	Fuding	墓
Min Nan	Xiamen	墓, 墓仔, 風水
	Xiamen (Tong'an)	墓
	Quanzhou	墓, 風水
	Jinjiang	墓
	Nan'an	墓
	Shishi	墓
	Hui'an	墓
	Anxi	墓
	Yongchun	墓
	Dehua	墓
	Zhangzhou	墓, 墓仔, 風水
	Zhangzhou (Longhai)	墓
	Zhangzhou (Changtai)	墓
	Hua'an	墓
	Nanjing	墓
	Pinghe	墓仔
	Zhangpu	墓
	Yunxiao	墓
	Zhao'an	墓
	Dongshan	墓
	Tainan	墓, 風水
	Kinmen	墓
	Penang (Hokkien)	墓
	Singapore (Hokkien)	墓, 墓地, 公司山 dated
	Manila (Hokkien)	墓, 風水
	Longyan	墓
	Zhangping	墓
	Datian	墓
	Chaozhou	墳
	Lufeng	風水
	Haifeng	風水
	Bangkok (Teochew)	墳, 義山
	Chiang Mai (Teochew)	墳
	Hat Yai (Teochew)	墳
	Johor Bahru (Teochew)	墳, 義山
	Singapore (Teochew)	墳
	Leizhou	墓
	Haikou	墓
Puxian Min	Putian	墓
Puxian Min	Xianyou	墓
Min Zhong	Yong'an	墳
	Sanyuan	墳
	Shaxian	墳
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	墳墓, 山
Shehua	Fu'an	墓
	Fuding	墓
	Luoyuan	墳
	Sanming	墳
	Shunchang	墳
	Hua'an	墳
	Guixi (Zhangping)	墳
	Cangnan	墳
	Jingning	墳
	Lishui	墳
	Longyou	墳
	Chaozhou	墳
	Fengshun	墳
Wu	Shanghai	墳, 墳墓, 墓
	Shanghai (Chongming)	墳
	Suzhou	墳
	Danyang	墳墓
	Hangzhou	墳
	Ningbo	墳, 墓
	Wenzhou	墳
	Yiwu	墳頭
Xiang	Changsha	墳
	Loudi	墳, 墓
	Shuangfeng	墳, 墓
	Jiangyong	祖

Compounds

亂塚／乱冢
垌塚／垌冢 (Tóngzhǒng)
塚中枯骨／冢中枯骨 (zhǒngzhōngkūgǔ)
塚仔埔／冢仔埔
塚埔／冢埔

塚山／冢山
墨池筆塚／墨池笔冢
墳塚／坟冢 (fénzhǒng)
孤墳野塚／孤坟野冢
疑塚／疑冢

義塚／义冢 (yìzhǒng)
荒塚／荒冢
衣冠塚／衣冠冢 (yīguānzhǒng)
貝塚／贝冢 (Bèizhǒng)

Japanese

Shinjitai	塚
Kyūjitai [1]	塚 `塚` or 塚+`︀`^?
	塚󠄁 塚+`󠄁`^? (Adobe-Japan1)
	塚󠄅 塚+`󠄅`^? (Hanyo-Denshi) (Moji_Joho)
The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment. See here for details.

Alternative forms

冢

Kanji

塚

(common “Jōyō” kanji, shinjitai kanji, kyūjitai form 塚)

mound, hillock, tumulus (implies a manmade origin)

Readings

Go-on: ちゅう (chū)
Kan-on: ちょう (chō)
Kun: つか (tsuka, 塚, Jōyō)
Nanori: つか (tsuka)

Etymology

Kanji in this term
塚
つか Grade: S
kun’yomi

Alternative spelling
塚 (kyūjitai)

Cognate with Old Japanese verb 築く (tsuku, “to build up using earth and/or stone”).[2]

The /a/ ending may indicate that tsuka developed as the nominalization of the 未然形 (mizenkei, “irrealis form”) of the verb, suggesting an original meaning of "that which is being built up into an earthworks (but isn't finished yet)". The irrealis is also the root form for constructing the passive form of all Japanese verbs, so the original meaning might instead have been just the passive sense of "that which is built up into an earthworks".

Pronunciation

Kun’yomi

(Tokyo) つか [tsùkáꜜ] (Odaka – [2])[3][4]
IPA^(key): [t͡sɨ̥ᵝka̠]

Noun

塚(つか) • (tsuka)

a mound or hillock, generally manmade
a grave, a tumulus or burial mound

Synonyms

(grave, small burial mound): 墓(はか) (haka)
(tumulus, large burial mound): 古墳(こふん) (kofun)

Derived terms

蟻(あり)塚(づか), 垤(ありづか) (arizuka): anthill
一(いち)里(り)塚(づか) (ichirizuka): a milestone
鶯(うぐいす)塚(づか) (Uguisuzuka): the kabuki play, Mukashigatari Uguisuzuka
鰻(うなぎ)塚(づか) (unagizuka)
貝(かい)塚(づか) (kaizuka): a shell mound or midden
狐(きつね)塚(づか) (kitsunezuka): foxhole

References

“塚”, in 漢字ぺディア (Kanjipedia)‎ (in Japanese), 日本漢字能力検定協会, 2015—2023
1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja

塚 • (chong) (hangeul 총, revised chong, McCune–Reischauer ch'ong)

cemetery
tomb, burial mound

Vietnamese

Han character

塚: Hán Nôm readings: trủng

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[1] “塚”, in 漢字ぺディア (Kanjipedia)‎ (in Japanese), 日本漢字能力検定協会, 2015—2023

[KDJ-2] 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan

[DJR-3] 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[NHK-4] 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN