堤

堤	U+5824, 堤 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5824

← 堣
[U+5823]

CJK Unified Ideographs

堥 →
[U+5825]

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

堤 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+9, 12 strokes, cangjie input 土日一人 (GAMO), four-corner 4618₁, composition ⿰土是)

References

KangXi: page 233, character 20

Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5259

Dae Jaweon: page 470, character 36

Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 463, character 1

Unihan data for U+5824

Chinese

simp. and trad.		堤
alternative forms		隄

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (是) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
鞮	*teː
隄	teː, deː
堤	teː, teːʔ, *dje
鍉	*teː
蝭	teːs, deː
醍	tʰeːʔ, deː
緹	tʰeːʔ, deː
提	deː, dje
瑅	*deː
題	deː, deːs
媞	deː, deːʔ, *djeʔ
褆	deː, deʔ, *djeʔ
禔	deː, tje, *dje
騠	*deː
趧	*deː
鯷	deː, deːs, *djes
踶	deːs, deʔ
徥	deʔ, djeʔ
匙	*dje
是	*djeʔ
諟	*djeʔ
翨	hljes, kles
睼	*tʰeːns
寔	*djɯɡ
湜	*dɯɡ
遈	*djɯɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *teː, *teːʔ, *dje) : semantic 土 (“soil”) + phonetic 是 (OC *djeʔ).

Pronunciation 1

Mandarin
(Pinyin): dī, tí
(Zhuyin): ㄉㄧ, ㄊㄧˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): tai⁴
Min Nan (POJ): thê

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: dī
  - Zhuyin: ㄉㄧ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: di
  - Wade–Giles: ti¹
  - Yale: dī
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: di
  - Palladius: ди (di)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ti⁵⁵/
- (Standard Chinese, standard in Taiwan; variant in Mainland)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: tí
  - Zhuyin: ㄊㄧˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: tí
  - Wade–Giles: tʻi²
  - Yale: tí
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tyi
  - Palladius: ти (ti)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰi³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: tai⁴
  - Yale: tàih
  - Cantonese Pinyin: tai⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: tei⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰɐi̯²¹/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thê
  - Tâi-lô: thê
  - Phofsit Daibuun: tee
  - IPA (Xiamen): /tʰe²⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /tʰe²⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /tʰe¹³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /tʰe²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /tʰe²³/

Middle Chinese: /tei/

Rime
Character	堤
Reading #	2/3
Initial (聲)	端 (5)
Final (韻)	齊 (39)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	IV
Fanqie	都奚切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/tei/
Pan Wuyun	/tei/
Shao Rongfen	/tɛi/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/tɛj/
Li Rong	/tei/
Wang Li	/tiei/
Bernard Karlgren	/tiei/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	dī
Expected Cantonese Reflex	dai¹

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*teː/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	堤
Reading #	1/3
No.	11614
Phonetic component	是
Rime group	支
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	低
Old Chinese	/*teː/

Definitions

堤

dyke; embankment
^† base of bottles

Usage notes

Xiandai Hanyu Guifan Cidian (《现代汉语规范词典》) proscribes the use of the pronunciation tí.

Synonyms

(dyke):

edit

堤岸 (dī'àn)
堤防 (dīfáng)

防 (fáng) (literary, or in compounds)
堤壩／堤坝 (dībà)

大壩／大坝 (dàbà)
水壩／水坝 (shuǐbà)

Compounds

上河堤 (Shànghédī)
下河堤 (Xiàhédī)
中河堤 (Zhōnghédī)
土堤
圩堤
埂堤
堤堰
堤封 (shífēng)
堤岸 (dī'àn)
堤防 (dīfáng)
新堤 (Xīndī)

新堤口 (Xīndīkǒu)
梓楠堤 (Zǐnándī)
汴堤
河堤 (hédī)
海堤 (hǎidī)
白公堤
白堤
自然堤
西堤 (Xīdī)
防沙堤

防波堤 (fángbōdī)
斗湖堤 (Dǒuhúdī)
范公堤
堤壩／堤坝 (dībà)
橫堤／横堤 (Héngdī)
決堤／决堤 (juédī)
築堤／筑堤 (zhùdī)
群蟻潰堤／群蚁溃堤
長堤／长堤
須菩堤／须菩堤

Pronunciation 2

Mandarin
(Pinyin): tǐ (ti³)
(Zhuyin): ㄊㄧˇ

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: tǐ
  - Zhuyin: ㄊㄧˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: tǐ
  - Wade–Giles: tʻi³
  - Yale: tǐ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tii
  - Palladius: ти (ti)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰi²¹⁴/

Middle Chinese: /tei^X/

Rime
Character	堤
Reading #	3/3
Initial (聲)	端 (5)
Final (韻)	齊 (39)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	IV
Fanqie	都禮切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/tei^X/
Pan Wuyun	/tei^X/
Shao Rongfen	/tɛi^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/tɛj^X/
Li Rong	/tei^X/
Wang Li	/tiei^X/
Bernard Karlgren	/tiei^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	dǐ
Expected Cantonese Reflex	dai²

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*teːʔ/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	堤
Reading #	2/3
No.	11616
Phonetic component	是
Rime group	支
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	邸
Old Chinese	/*teːʔ/
Notes	與坻通

Definitions

堤

^† Alternative form of 坁 (zhǐ, “to stop”).

Pronunciation 3

Mandarin
(Pinyin): shí, tí (shi², ti²)
(Zhuyin): ㄕˊ, ㄊㄧˊ

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese, Mainland)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: shí
  - Zhuyin: ㄕˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: shíh
  - Wade–Giles: shih²
  - Yale: shŕ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shyr
  - Palladius: ши (ši)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʂʐ̩³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese, Taiwan)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: tí
  - Zhuyin: ㄊㄧˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: tí
  - Wade–Giles: tʻi²
  - Yale: tí
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tyi
  - Palladius: ти (ti)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰi³⁵/

Middle Chinese: /d͡ʑiᴇ/

Rime
Character	堤
Reading #	1/3
Initial (聲)	常 (25)
Final (韻)	支 (11)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	是支切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/d͡ʑiᴇ/
Pan Wuyun	/d͡ʑiɛ/
Shao Rongfen	/d͡ʑjɛ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/d͡ʑiə̆/
Li Rong	/ʑie/
Wang Li	/ʑǐe/
Bernard Karlgren	/ʑie̯/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	chí
Expected Cantonese Reflex	si⁴

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*dje/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	堤
Reading #	3/3
No.	11643
Phonetic component	是
Rime group	支
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	提
Old Chinese	/*dje/

Definitions

堤

^† Only used in 堤封 (shífēng, “in total; approximately”).

Pronunciation 4

Mandarin
(Pinyin): wéi (wei²)
(Zhuyin): ㄨㄟˊ

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: wéi
  - Zhuyin: ㄨㄟˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: wéi
  - Wade–Giles: wei²
  - Yale: wéi
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: wei
  - Palladius: вэй (vɛj)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /weɪ̯³⁵/

Definitions

堤

^‡ Used in place names.

Japanese

Kanji

堤

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

Readings

Go-on: たい (tai)
Kan-on: てい (tei, Jōyō)
Kun: つつみ (tsutsumi, 堤, Jōyō)

Etymology

Kanji in this term
堤
つつみ Grade: S
kun’yomi

For pronunciation and definitions of 堤 – see the following entry.

【つつみ】

[noun] bank (e.g. of a river)

[proper noun] a surname

(This term, 堤, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 堤 (MC tei). Recorded as Middle Korean 뎨 (tyey) (Yale: tyey) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Hanja

Wikisource堤 (eumhun 둑 제 (duk je))

Hanja form^? of 제 (“dyke; embankment”).

Compounds

제방 (堤防, jebang)
언제 (堰堤, eonje)
김제 (金堤, Gimje)
제천 (堤川, Jecheon)
방조제 (防潮堤, bangjoje)
방파제 (防波堤, bangpaje)

References

국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

Pai-lang

Etymology

Borrowed from Old Chinese 大 (OC *daːds, *daːds), or else related to Burmese တယ် (tai, “very”), Tibetan ཆེ (che, “big”).

Adjective

堤 (*de)

big

Alternative forms

是 (*dzé^B)

References

Hill, Nathan W. (2017), “Songs of the Bailang: A New Transcription with Etymological Commentary”, in Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient‎, volume 103, pages 386—429

Vietnamese

Han character

堤: Hán Nôm readings: chỉ, đê

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