坑

坑

See also: 阬

坑 U+5751, 坑 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5751 ← 坐 [U+5750] CJK Unified Ideographs 坒 → [U+5752]

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

坑 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+4, 7 strokes, cangjie input 土卜竹弓 (GYHN), four-corner 4011₇, composition ⿰土亢)

Derived characters

• 𡷲

Further reading

• KangXi: page 226, character 1
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 4932
• Dae Jaweon: page 460, character 8
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 426, character 9
• Unihan data for U+5751

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Chinese

simp. and trad.		坑
alternative forms		阬 坈 ancient

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 坑
Warring States	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Qin slip script	Small seal script

Characters in the same phonetic series (亢) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
笐	*kaːŋ, *ɡaːŋs
亢	*kaːŋ, *kʰaːŋs
牨	*kaːŋ
苀	*kaːŋ, *ɡaːŋ
魧	*kaːŋ, *ɡaːŋ
迒	*kaːŋ, *ɡaːŋ
邟	*kʰaːŋ, *kʰaːŋs, *ɡaːŋ
忼	*kʰaːŋʔ, *qʰaːŋ
骯	*kʰaːŋʔ, *ɡaːŋʔ, *qaːŋ
抗	*kʰaːŋs, *ɡaːŋ
炕	*kʰaːŋs, *qʰaːŋ
伉	*kʰaːŋs
閌	*kʰaːŋs
犺	*kʰaːŋs
蚢	*kʰaːŋs, *ɡaːŋ, *ɡaːŋʔ
砊	*kʰaːŋs, *kʰraːŋ
阬	*kʰaːŋs, *kʰraːŋ
頏	*kʰaːŋs, *ɡaːŋ
航	*ɡaːŋ
杭	*ɡaːŋ
沆	*ɡaːŋ, *ɡaːŋʔ
肮	*ɡaːŋ
吭	*ɡaːŋ, *ɡaːŋʔ, *ɡaːŋs
秔	*kraːŋ
坑	*kʰraːŋ
劥	*kʰraːŋ

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): kēng (keng¹)

  (Zhuyin): ㄎㄥ

• Cantonese

  (Guangzhou, Jyutping): haang¹

  (Taishan, Wiktionary): hang¹

• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): hâng

  (Meixian, Guangdong): hang¹

• Min Bei (KCR): káng
• Min Dong (BUC): kăng
• Min Nan

  (Hokkien, POJ): kheng / khiⁿ / kheⁿ

  (Teochew, Peng'im): kên¹

• Wu (Wiktionary): khan (T1)

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: kēng
    • Zhuyin: ㄎㄥ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: keng
    • Wade–Giles: kʻêng¹
    • Yale: kēng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: keng
    • Palladius: кэн (kɛn)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰɤŋ⁵⁵/
      
  • (Standard Chinese, erhua-ed) (坑兒／坑儿)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: kēngr
    • Zhuyin: ㄎㄥㄦ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: kengr
    • Wade–Giles: kʻêngrh¹
    • Yale: kēngr
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kengl
    • Palladius: кэнр (kɛnr)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰɤ̃ɻ⁵⁵/

Note: kēngr - "pit; hollow".

• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: haang¹
    • Yale: hāang
    • Cantonese Pinyin: haang¹
    • Guangdong Romanization: hang¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /haːŋ⁵⁵/
  • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
    • Wiktionary: hang¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /haŋ³³/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hâng
    • Hakka Romanization System: hang´
    • Hagfa Pinyim: hang¹
    • Sinological IPA: /haŋ²⁴/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: hang¹
    • Sinological IPA: /haŋ⁴⁴/
• Min Bei
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: káng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰaŋ⁵⁴/
• Min Dong
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: kăng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰaŋ⁵⁵/
• Min Nan
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kheng
    • Tâi-lô: khing
    • Phofsit Daibuun: qefng
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kʰiɪŋ⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰiɪŋ³³/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khiⁿ
    • Tâi-lô: khinn
    • Phofsit Daibuun: qvy
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰĩ³³/
    • IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung, Xiamen): /kʰĩ⁴⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Kaohsiung, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kheⁿ
    • Tâi-lô: khenn
    • Phofsit Daibuun: qvef
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰẽ⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰɛ̃⁴⁴/

Note:

• kheng - literary;
• khiⁿ/kheⁿ - vernacular.

• • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: kên¹
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kheⁿ
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰẽ³³/
• Wu
  • (Shanghainese)
    • Wiktionary: khan (T1)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰã⁵³/

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• Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 坑
Mandarin	Beijing	/kʰəŋ⁵⁵/
	Harbin	/kʰəŋ⁴⁴/
	Tianjin	/kʰəŋ²¹/
	Jinan	/kʰəŋ²¹³/
	Qingdao	/kʰəŋ²¹³/
	Zhengzhou	/kʰəŋ²⁴/
	Xi'an	/kʰəŋ²¹/
	Xining	/kʰə̃⁴⁴/
	Yinchuan	/kʰəŋ⁴⁴/
	Lanzhou	/kʰə̃n³¹/
	Ürümqi	/kʰɤŋ⁴⁴/
	Wuhan	/kʰən⁵⁵/
	Chengdu	/kʰən⁵⁵/
	Guiyang	/kʰen⁵⁵/
	Kunming	/kʰə⁴⁴̃/
	Nanjing	/kʰən³¹/
	Hefei	/kʰən²¹/
Jin	Taiyuan	/kʰəŋ¹¹/
	Pingyao	/kʰəŋ¹³/
	Hohhot	/kʰə̃ŋ³¹/
Wu	Shanghai	/kʰɑ̃⁵³/
	Suzhou	/kʰã⁵⁵/
	Hangzhou	/kʰen³³/
	Wenzhou	/kʰiɛ³³/
Hui	Shexian	/kʰʌ̃³¹/ /kʰɛ³¹/
	Tunxi	/kʰɛ¹¹/
Xiang	Changsha	/kʰən³³/
	Xiangtan	/kʰən³³/
Gan	Nanchang	/kʰɑŋ⁴²/
Hakka	Meixian	/haŋ⁴⁴/
	Taoyuan	/hɑŋ²⁴/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/haŋ⁵³/
	Nanning	/haŋ⁵⁵/
	Hong Kong	/haŋ⁵⁵/
Min	Xiamen (Min Nan)	/kʰiŋ⁵⁵/ /kʰĩ⁵⁵/
	Fuzhou (Min Dong)	/kʰaŋ⁴⁴/
	Jian'ou (Min Bei)	/kʰaŋ⁵⁴/
	Shantou (Min Nan)	/kʰẽ³³/
	Haikou (Min Nan)	/xaŋ³⁵/ /xaŋ³¹/ 俗

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• Middle Chinese: /kʰˠæŋ/

Rime
Character	坑
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	溪 (29)
Final (韻)	庚 (109)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	II
Fanqie	客庚切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kʰˠæŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/kʰᵚaŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/kʰaŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kʰaɨjŋ/
Li Rong	/kʰɐŋ/
Wang Li	/kʰɐŋ/
Bernard Karlgren	/kʰɐŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	kēng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	hang1

• Old Chinese

  (Zhengzhang): /*kʰraːŋ/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	坑
Reading #	1/1
No.	7399
Phonetic component	亢
Rime group	陽
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	阬
Old Chinese	/*kʰraːŋ/
Notes	同阬見莊子

Definitions

坑

1. pit; hole (Classifier: 個／个 m c)

   泥坑  ―  níkēng  ―  mud pit

   隕石坑／陨石坑  ―  yǔnshí kēng  ―  meteorite crater

2. tunnel

   礦坑／矿坑  ―  kuàngkēng  ―  mining pit; mine shaft

3. (dialectal, including Cantonese) ditch; trench (Classifier: 條／条 c)
4. (dialectal, including Hakka, Hokkien) valley; gulley
5. (figurative) trap
6. (by extension, neologism, Internet slang) fandom; media franchise

   入坑  ―  rùkēng  ―  to get into a fandom

7. (literary) to bury alive

   焚書坑儒／焚书坑儒  ―  fénshūkēngrú  ―  to burn books and bury Confucian scholars alive

8. to entrap; to cheat

Synonyms

• (pit): (dialectal) 潭 (tán)
• (to entrap):

edit

坑害 (kēnghài) 陷 (xiàn) (literary, or in compounds)

陷害 (xiànhài)

構陷／构陷 (gòuxiàn)

Compounds

Derived terms from 坑

入坑 (rùkēng) 古坑 (Gǔkēng) 坑井 坑人 坑坑坎坎 坑子 坑害 (kēnghài) 坑木 (kēngmù) 坑渠

坑蒙 坑道 (kēngdào) 填坑 (tiánkēng) 屎坑 挖坑 (wākēng) 栗木坑 (Lìmùkēng) 深坑 (shēnkēng) 退坑 (tuìkēng) 陷坑 (xiànkēng)

坑洼 坑園／坑园 (Kēngyuán) 坑蒙拐騙／坑蒙拐骗 (kēngmēngguǎipiàn) 坑騙／坑骗 東坑／东坑 (Dōngkēng) 棄坑／弃坑 (qìkēng) 長坑／长坑 開坑／开坑 (kāikēng) 饢坑／馕坑 (nángkēng)

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Japanese

Kanji

坑

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

Readings

• Go-on: きょう (kyō)^{←きやう (kyau, historical)}
• Kan-on: こう (kō, Jōyō)^{←かう (kau, historical)}
• Kun: あな (ana, 坑)

Etymology

Kanji in this term
坑
こう Grade: S
on’yomi

Noun

坑(こう) • (kō) 

1. pit, usually of a mine

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Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 坑 (MC kʰˠæŋ).

Historical readings
Recorded as Middle Korean ᄏᆡᇰ (Yale: khoyng) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448. Recorded as Middle Korean ᄀᆡᇰ (koyng) (Yale: koyng) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Pronunciation

• (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [kɛŋ] ~ [ke̞ŋ]
• Phonetic hangul: [갱/겡]

Hanja

Wikisource坑 (eumhun 구덩이 갱 (gudeong'i gaeng))

1. Hanja form^? of 갱 (“pit”).

Compounds

Compounds

• 갱도 (坑道, gaengdo)
• 갱구 (坑口, gaenggu)
• 갱목 (坑木, gaengmok)
• 탄갱 (炭坑, tan'gaeng)
• 갱외 (坑外, gaeng'oe)
• 분서갱유 (焚書坑儒, bunseogaeng'yu)

References

• 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

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Vietnamese

Han character

坑: Hán Việt readings: khanh, khâng, khuâng
坑: Nôm readings: khanh, ganh

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.