在
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Translingual
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Han character
在 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+3, 6 strokes, cangjie input 大中土 (KLG), four-corner 40214, composition ⿸𠂇⿰丨土)
Derived characters
- 恠, 𣑊, 茬, 𣄒, 𥩴
References
- KangXi: not present, would follow page 224, character 18
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 4881
- Dae Jaweon: page 455, character 14
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 418, character 7
- Unihan data for U+5728
Further reading
在 on Wikidata.Wikidata
Chinese
Glyph origin
| Historical forms of the character 在 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shang | Western Zhou | Spring and Autumn | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) | Libian (compiled in Qing) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Bronze inscriptions | Qin slip script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts | Clerical script |
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Characters in the same phonetic series (才) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
| Old Chinese | |
|---|---|
| 茬 | *zraː, *zraːʔ, *ʔsrɯ, *zrɯ |
| 材 | *zlɯː |
| 才 | *zlɯː, *zlɯːs |
| 財 | *zlɯː |
| 鼒 | *zlɯː, *ʔslɯ |
| 在 | *zlɯːʔ, *zlɯːs |
| 豺 | *zrɯː |
Phonetic compound (OC *zlɯːʔ, *zlɯːs): phonetic 才 (OC *zlɯː, *zlɯːs) + phonetic 士 (OC *zrɯʔ).
Now phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *zlɯːʔ, *zlɯːs) : phonetic 才 (OC *zlɯː, *zlɯːs) + semantic 土 (“earth”).
在 was often visually identical to 才 (OC *zlɯː, *zlɯːs, “sprout”) in the oracle bone script and some of the bronze inscriptions. It may be either a phonetic loan or a figurative derivative.
Etymology 1
| simp. and trad. | 在 | |
|---|---|---|
| alternative forms | 扗 才 ancient 抂 𡉄 𡉈 扗 才 ancient 抂 𡉄 𡉈 𡉠 𥩴 | |
Probably related to 栽 (OC *ʔslɯː, “to plant”) (Schuessler, 2007).
This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term.
Pronunciation
Definitions
在
- to exist; to be alive
- 在嗎？／在吗？ ― Zài ma? ― Are you here?
- 父在，觀其志；父沒，觀其行。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Fù zài, guān qí zhì; fù mò, guān qí xíng. [Pinyin]
- While a man's father is alive, look at the bent of his will; when his father is dead, look at his conduct.
父在，观其志；父没，观其行。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- to be at; to be in; to be located
- 他在哪裡？／他在哪里？ ― Tā zài nǎlǐ? ― Where is he?
- 旅館在新購物中心附近。 [MSC, trad.]
- Lǚguǎn zài xīn gòuwù zhōngxīn fùjìn. [Pinyin]
- The hotel is located near the new shopping center.
旅馆在新购物中心附近。 [MSC, simp.]- 我在只塊。／我在只块。 [Teochew] ― ua2 do6 zi2 go3. [Peng'im] ― I am here.
- be ...-ing; in the middle of doing something (indicating an action in progress)
- 我在看電視。／我在看电视。 ― Wǒ zài kàn diànshì. ― I'm watching TV.
- 他在吃米飯。／他在吃米饭。 ― Tā zài chī mǐfàn. ― He's eating rice.
- 我在食飯。／我在食饭。 [Teochew] ― ua2 do6 ziah8 beng7. [Peng'im] ― I am eating.
- (located) in; at
- 我住在中國。／我住在中国。 ― Wǒ zhù zài Zhōngguó. ― I live in China.
- 我們在當地報紙上登了一則廣告。 [MSC, trad.]
- Wǒmen zài dāngdì bàozhǐ shàng dēng le yī zé guǎnggào. [Pinyin]
- We put an ad in the local paper.
我们在当地报纸上登了一则广告。 [MSC, simp.]- 每天下午他在家裡工作。 [MSC, trad.]
- Měitiān xiàwǔ tā zài jiālǐ gōngzuò. [Pinyin]
- Every afternoon he works at home.
每天下午他在家里工作。 [MSC, simp.]
- during; in
- 你打算在假期裡做什麼？ [MSC, trad.]
- Nǐ dǎsuàn zài jiàqī lǐ zuò shénme? [Pinyin]
- What do you plan to do during the holidays?
你打算在假期里做什么？ [MSC, simp.]- 他的日記在他生前未曾發表過。 [MSC, trad.]
- Tā de rìjì zài tā shēngqián wèicéng fābiǎo guò. [Pinyin]
- His diary was not published during his lifetime.
他的日记在他生前未曾发表过。 [MSC, simp.]
- to lie in; to rest with
- 事在人為／事在人为 ― shìzàirénwéi ― human effort can achieve everything;
- 成功貴在堅持。／成功贵在坚持。 ― Chénggōng guì zài jiānchí. ― Perseverance is vital to success.
- 去不去在你自己。 ― Qù bù qù zài nǐ zìjǐ. ― It's up to you whether to go or not.
- to be at the post
- 在職／在职 ― zàizhí ― to be on the job; to be at one's post
- 在野 ― zàiyě ― to be out of office
- Misspelling of 再 (zài).
- a surname
Synonyms
- (to exist):
edit
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- (in):
Dialectal synonyms of 在 (“at, in”) [map]
| Variety | Location | Words edit |
|---|---|---|
| Classical Chinese | 於 | |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 在 | |
| Mandarin | Beijing | 在, 挨, 跟 |
| Taiwan | 在 | |
| Harbin | 在 | |
| Jinan | 在, 從 | |
| Wanrong | 在 | |
| Xi'an | 在 | |
| Ürümqi | 在 | |
| Wuhan | 在 | |
| Chengdu | 在 | |
| Guiyang | 在 | |
| Guilin | 在 | |
| Liuzhou | 在 | |
| Yangzhou | 在 | |
| Nanjing | 在 | |
| Hefei | 在 | |
| Malaysia | 在 | |
| Singapore | 在 | |
| Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) | 在 | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 喺, 響 |
| Hong Kong | 喺, 響 | |
| Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou) | 喺, 在 | |
| Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou) | 喺, 響 | |
| Hong Kong (Ting Kok) | 在 | |
| Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) | 在 | |
| Macau | 喺 | |
| Guangzhou (Panyu) | 喺, 響 | |
| Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) | 響, 喺 | |
| Guangzhou (Conghua) | 在 | |
| Guangzhou (Zengcheng) | 在 | |
| Foshan | 喺, 響 | |
| Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) | 喺, 響 | |
| Foshan (Shunde) | 喺 | |
| Foshan (Sanshui) | 喺 | |
| Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) | 喺, 響 | |
| Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 在 | |
| Zhuhai (Qianshan) | 在 | |
| Zhuhai (Doumen, Shangheng Tanka) | 響, 揀 | |
| Zhuhai (Doumen) | 揀 | |
| Jiangmen (Baisha) | 喺 | |
| Jiangmen (Xinhui) | 喺 | |
| Taishan | 到, 響 | |
| Kaiping (Chikan) | 到, 響 | |
| Enping (Niujiang) | 到, 響 | |
| Heshan (Yayao) | 響 | |
| Dongguan | 響, 在, 喺 | |
| Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) | 在 | |
| Yangjiang | 在 | |
| Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 喺, 響 | |
| Singapore (Guangfu) | 喺 | |
| Gan | Nanchang | 在 |
| Lichuan | 在 | |
| Pingxiang | 在 | |
| Hakka | Meixian | 嗨 |
| Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua) | 在 | |
| Dongguan (Qingxi) | 在 | |
| Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) | 在 | |
| Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) | 在 | |
| Conghua (Lütian) | 在 | |
| Yudu | 在 | |
| Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 在 | |
| Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 在 | |
| Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 在 | |
| Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 在 | |
| Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 在 | |
| Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 在 | |
| Hong Kong | 在 | |
| Senai (Huiyang) | 在 | |
| Kuching (Hepo) | 在 | |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 在 |
| Xinzhou | 在 | |
| Min Bei | Jian'ou | 到 |
| Min Dong | Fuzhou | 著, 在, 洽 |
| Fuqing | 著, 洽 | |
| Singapore (Fuqing) | 著 | |
| Min Nan | Xiamen | 佇, 踮, 蹛 |
| Quanzhou | 佇, 踮, 蹛 | |
| Zhangzhou | 佇, 咧, 蹛 | |
| Zhao'an | 佇, 蹛 | |
| Taipei | 佇 | |
| New Taipei (Sanxia) | 佇 | |
| Kaohsiung | 佇 | |
| Yilan | 佇 | |
| Changhua (Lukang) | 佇 | |
| Taichung | 佇 | |
| Tainan | 佇, 踮, 蹛 | |
| Hsinchu | 佇 | |
| Kinmen | 佇 | |
| Penghu (Magong) | 佇 | |
| Penang (Hokkien) | 佇, 蹛 | |
| Singapore (Hokkien) | 佇, 壏 | |
| Manila (Hokkien) | 佇, 踮 | |
| Chaozhou | 在 | |
| Shantou | 在 | |
| Shantou (Chenghai) | 在 | |
| Shantou (Chaoyang) | 在 | |
| Jieyang | 在, 壏, 放 | |
| Haifeng | 著 | |
| Johor Bahru (Teochew) | 在 | |
| Singapore (Teochew) | 在, 壏 | |
| Wenchang | 佇 | |
| Singapore (Hainanese) | 佇 | |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 在 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 辣, 辣辣, 辣海, 辣該 |
| Suzhou | 勒 | |
| Danyang | 在 | |
| Ningbo | 來, 來勒, 來的, 來東, 來當, 來該 | |
| Wenzhou | 是 | |
| Xiang | Changsha | 在 |
| Loudi | 在 | |
| Shuangfeng | 在 | |
- (during):
Dialectal synonyms of 正在 (“in the process of; currently”) [map]
| Variety | Location | Words edit |
|---|---|---|
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 正在, 刻正 | |
| Mandarin | Beijing | 正在, 在 |
| Taiwan | 正在, 在 | |
| Guilin | 在 | |
| Malaysia | 正在, 在 | |
| Singapore | 正在, 在 | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 喺度, 喺處, 響度, 響處 |
| Hong Kong | 喺度, 喺處, 響度, 響處 | |
| Singapore (Guangfu) | 喺度 | |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 當, 在該, 當在 |
| Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 當, 在該 | |
| Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 當, 在該 | |
| Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 當, 在該 | |
| Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 當, 在該 | |
| Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 正在, 在遐 | |
| Min Dong | Fuzhou | 著𡅏, 𡅏 |
| Fuqing | 著𡅏 | |
| Singapore (Fuqing) | 著𡅏 | |
| Min Nan | Xiamen | 佇咧, 咧, 當咧, 拄咧, 拄佇咧 |
| Quanzhou | 佇咧, 咧, 當咧, 拄咧, 拄佇咧 | |
| Zhangzhou | 咧, 當咧, 拄咧, 當時 | |
| Tainan | 佇咧, 咧, 當咧 | |
| Penang (Hokkien) | 佇 | |
| Singapore (Hokkien) | 佇, 佇咧 | |
| Manila (Hokkien) | 佇咧, 咧 | |
| Shantou | 在 | |
| Shantou (Chaoyang) | 在 | |
| Singapore (Teochew) | 在 | |
| Wu | Shanghai | 辣, 辣辣, 辣海 |
| Ningbo | 來, 來的, 來該, 來當, 來東, 來勒 | |
| Wenzhou | 是, 是搭 | |
Compounds
Derived terms from 在
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Descendants
Sino-Xenic (在):
- → Vietnamese: tại (在)
Etymology 2
| simp. and trad. | 在 | |
|---|---|---|
Pronunciation
Definitions
在
- (Hokkien) Alternative form of 佇／伫 (“at, in”).
References
- “在”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database), 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
- Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A00743
Japanese
Kanji
在
(grade 5 “Kyōiku” kanji)
Readings
- Go-on: ざい (zai, Jōyō)
- Kan-on: さい (sai)
- Kun: ある (aru, 在る, Jōyō); あり (ari, 在り); あり (ari, 在); ます (masu, 在す); います (imasu, 在す)
- Nanori: あきら (akira); ひさし (hisashi); あき (aki); あり (ari); ありふく (arifuku); ある (aru); たもつ (tamotsu); ちえぼく (chieboku); みつる (mitsuru)
Compounds
Compounds
- 在位 (zaii)
- 在家 (zaike)
- 在庫 (zaiko)
- 在校 (zaikō)
- 在住 (zaijū)
- 在職 (zaishoku)
- 在世 (zaise)
- 在籍 (zaiseki)
- 在宅 (zaitaku)
- 在任 (zainin)
- 在来 (zairai)
- 在留 (zairyū)
- 存在 (sonzai)
- 在日 (zainichi)
- 現在 (genzai)
- 現在地 (genzaichi)
Etymology 1
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 在 |
| ざい Grade: 5 |
| goon |
From Middle Chinese 在 (MC d͡zʌiX, d͡zʌiH). Attested in compounds since at least the 900s.[1]
Pronunciation
- (Tokyo) ざい [záꜜì] (Atamadaka – [1])[2] — pitch is specific to use as a standalone noun
- IPA(key): [d͡za̠i]
Affix
在 • (zai)
- [from at least 900s] (as used in compounds) at, in, located
Noun
在 • (zai)
- [from 1569] Clipping of 在郷 (zaigō): countryside or outskirts
Etymology 2
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 在 |
| あ(り) Grade: 5 |
| kun’yomi |
| Alternative spelling |
|---|
| 有 (common) |
Alternative spelling for 有り (ari), the Classical and Old Japanese copula.
Definitions
| For pronunciation and definitions of 在 – see the following entry. | ||
| ||
| (This term, 在, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) |
References
- “在”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”) (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000, →ISBN
- 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
Korean
Hanja
在 (eumhun 있을 재 (isseul jae))
- Hanja form? of 재 (“exist”).
Compounds
- 존재 (存在, jonjae, “existence”)
Old Korean
Alternative forms
- 𠂇 (kwukyel abbreviation)
Verb
在 (*KYE-)
- to exist, to be at
- Synonym: 有叱 (*Is-)
- A common auxiliary verb or (more probably) verbal suffix, usually thought to denote the completive aspect, i.e. describing an action which has been completed and remains in such a state. An alternative but minority hypothesis holds that it honored the subject of the verb to a moderate degree, whereas 賜 (*-si) was more highly honorific.
Usage notes
- In both senses, it appears to have been wholly supplanted by the Middle Korean stage by 有叱 (*Is-) > Middle Korean 잇다〮 (ìstá), which is already more common for the independent verbal sense in the early first millennium and is first attested as an auxiliary in 1262. The word is not found in Middle Korean outside the two derived terms given below.
Reconstruction notes
- Conventionally read as *KYE- because Middle Korean Idu script manuals, which commonly preserve Old Korean readings, read this character as 견 (kyen), which is clearly an inflected form with the realis gerund ㄴ (-n).
- Although Old Korean writing does not mark pitch, the Middle Korean reflexes show rising pitch, which are the result of a merger of a low-pitch and high-pitch syllable. This means that the Old Korean verb stem was not in fact monosyllabic *kye- but really consisted of two syllables. However, this original pronunciation cannot be reconstructed.
Descendants
- ⇒ Middle Korean: 겨〯시다〮 (kyěsìtá, “to exist, to be at”, honorific)
- Korean: 계시다 (gyesida)
- ⇒ Middle Korean: 겨〯집 (kyěcìp, “woman”, literally “stay-at-home”)
- Korean: 계집 (gyejip)
References
- 이승재 (2001), “古代 吏讀의 尊敬法 '在[겨]'에 대하여 [On the deferential marker -kye- in Old Korean idu]”, in Eomun yeon-gu, volume 29, issue 4, pages 53—70
- 남풍현 (2004), “시상의 조동사 '在/𠂇/겨'의 발달' [The development of the aspectual auxiliary kye-]”, in Gugeo gukmunhak, volume 138, pages 5—34
Vietnamese
Han character
在: Hán Việt readings: tại
在: Nôm readings: tại
- in