土

See also: 士, 圡, 𡈽, and ±

土	U+571F, 土 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-571F

← 圞
[U+571E]

CJK Unified Ideographs

圠 →
[U+5720]

⼟	U+2F1F, ⼟ KANGXI RADICAL EARTH

← ⼞
[U+2F1E]

Kangxi Radicals

⼠ →
[U+2F20]

Translingual

Stroke order

Stroke order

Han character

土 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+0, 3 strokes, cangjie input 土 (G), four-corner 4010₀, composition ⿱十一)

Kangxi radical #32, ⼟.

Derived characters

Appendix:Chinese radical/土
𫡢, 吐, 𡚳, 𢎳, 𢓂, 𪫞, 扗, 汢, 肚, 杜, 𣧅, 灶, 牡, 𤣰, 社, 𨑒, 𥃾, 𥝟, 𬡃, 𫊥, 䝅, 𧺔, 𮛄, 𨑡, 𪶇, 釷(钍), 靯, 𩡶, 𩵚(𬶂), 𪐢, 𡉗, 𨙭, 𤬪, 壻, 䲧, 䵺
凷, 𫧀, 𫲵, 尘, 圧, 庄, 𢨫, 芏, 𬻁, 至, 𣂓, 𭎊, 𦉷, 𥤧, 𭯼, 㽵, 茔, 里, 𥫦, 𮓛, 𦯀, 䦌(𮤬), 𫕞, 𭎭, 𣵹, 𤥷, 𡴠, 𩫽, 烾, 𤍢, 𪔋, 墨, 皨, 䜃, 㦱, 𧗥, 㐋, 去, 𠮷, 𡕟, 寺, 𢖽, 𭟯, 𣏅, 灻, 𣏄, 赤, 走, 赱, 幸, 𥸮, 𫅢, 𮤇, 𪔄, 𪔌

References

KangXi: page 223, character 1
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 4867
Dae Jaweon: page 453, character 23
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 415, character 1
Unihan data for U+571F

Chinese

simp. and trad.		土
alternative forms		士圡𡈽

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 土
Shang	Western Zhou	Spring and Autumn	Warring States		Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script	Bronze inscriptions	Bronze inscriptions	Chu slip and silk script	Qin slip script	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (土) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
社	*ɦljaːʔ
肚	ʔl'aːʔ, l'aːʔ
土	l̥ʰaːʔ, l'aːʔ
吐	l̥ʰaːʔ, l̥ʰaːs
芏	*l̥ʰaːʔ
杜	*l'aːʔ
靯	*l'aːʔ
荰	*l'aːʔ

Pictogram (象形) : a lump of clay on a potter’s wheel.

Etymology 1

There is no obvious cognate and etymology, unless it may be related to Proto-Austroasiatic *tiʔ (Proto-Monic *tiiʔ (“soil; ground consisting of earth”), Semnam tɛʔ (“soil; earth”)). However, this would require the assumption of a shift from front vowel to Old Chinese *a (Schuessler, 2007).

Probably related to 社 (OC *ɦljaːʔ, “god of soil; altar to god of soil”).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): tǔ (tu³)
(Zhuyin): ㄊㄨˇ
(Chengdu, SP): tu³
(Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): тў (tw, II)
Cantonese
(Guangzhou, Jyutping): tou²
(Taishan, Wiktionary): hu²
Gan (Wiktionary): tu³
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): thú
(Meixian, Guangdong): tu³
Jin (Wiktionary): tu²
Min Bei (KCR): tǔ
Min Dong (BUC): tù
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): thó͘
(Teochew, Peng'im): tou² / dou⁶
Wu (Wiktionary): thu (T2)
Xiang (Wiktionary): tou³

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: tǔ
  - Zhuyin: ㄊㄨˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: tǔ
  - Wade–Giles: tʻu³
  - Yale: tǔ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tuu
  - Palladius: ту (tu)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰu²¹⁴/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: tu³
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: tu
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰu⁵³/
- (Dungan)
  - Cyrillic and Wiktionary: тў (tw, II)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰu⁵¹/
  (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: tou²
  - Yale: tóu
  - Cantonese Pinyin: tou²
  - Guangdong Romanization: tou²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰou̯³⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: hu²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hu⁵⁵/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: tu³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰu²¹³/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: thú
  - Hakka Romanization System: tu`
  - Hagfa Pinyim: tu³
  - Sinological IPA: /tʰu³¹/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: tu³
  - Sinological IPA: /tʰu³¹/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: tu²
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /tʰxu⁵³/
Min Bei
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: tǔ
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰu²¹/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: tù
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰu⁵³/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thó͘
  - Tâi-lô: thóo
  - Phofsit Daibuun: tor
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /tʰɔ⁴¹/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /tʰɔ⁵³/
  - IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /tʰɔ⁵⁵⁴/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: tou² / dou⁶
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: thóu / tŏu
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰou⁵²/, /tou³⁵/

Note: dou6 - “ground, dust”.

Wu
- (Shanghainese)
  - Wiktionary: thu (T2)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰv̩ʷ³⁴/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: tou³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰəu⁴¹/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 土
Mandarin	Beijing	/tʰu²¹⁴/
	Harbin	/tʰu²¹³/
	Tianjin	/tʰu¹³/
	Jinan	/tʰu⁵⁵/
	Qingdao	/tʰu⁵⁵/
	Zhengzhou	/tʰu⁵³/
	Xi'an	/tʰu⁵³/
	Xining	/tʰv̩⁵³/
	Yinchuan	/tʰu⁵³/
	Lanzhou	/tʰu⁴⁴²/
	Ürümqi	/tʰu⁵¹/
	Wuhan	/tʰəu⁴²/
	Chengdu	/tʰu⁵³/
	Guiyang	/tʰu⁴²/
	Kunming	/tʰu⁵³/
	Nanjing	/tʰu²¹²/
	Hefei	/tʰu²⁴/
Jin	Taiyuan	/tʰu⁵³/
	Pingyao	/tʰu⁵³/
	Hohhot	/tʰu⁵³/
Wu	Shanghai	/tʰu³⁵/
	Suzhou	/tʰəu⁵¹/
	Hangzhou	/tʰu⁵³/
	Wenzhou	/tʰøy³⁵/
Hui	Shexian	/tʰu³⁵/
Hui	Tunxi	/tʰəu³¹/
Xiang	Changsha	/tʰəu⁴¹/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/tʰəɯ⁴²/
Gan	Nanchang	/tʰu²¹³/
Hakka	Meixian	/tʰu³¹/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/tʰu³¹/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/tʰou³⁵/
	Nanning	/tʰu³⁵/
	Hong Kong	/tʰou³⁵/
Min	Xiamen (Min Nan)	/tʰɔ⁵³/
	Fuzhou (Min Dong)	/tʰu³²/
	Jian'ou (Min Bei)	/tʰu²¹/
	Shantou (Min Nan)	/tʰou⁵³/
	Haikou (Min Nan)	/hɔu³¹/ 訓途 /hɔu²¹³/ ～產

Middle Chinese: /tʰuo^X/

Rime
Character	土
Reading #	1/2
Initial (聲)	透 (6)
Final (韻)	模 (23)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	他魯切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/tʰuo^X/
Pan Wuyun	/tʰuo^X/
Shao Rongfen	/tʰo^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/tʰɔ^X/
Li Rong	/tʰo^X/
Wang Li	/tʰu^X/
Bernard Karlgren	/tʰuo^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	tǔ
Expected Cantonese Reflex	tou²

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*tʰˤaʔ/
(Zhengzhang): /*l̥ʰaːʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	土
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	tǔ
Middle Chinese	‹ thu^X ›
Old Chinese	/*tʰˁaʔ/
English	earth
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	土
Reading #	1/2
No.	12499
Phonetic component	土
Rime group	魚
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	土
Old Chinese	/*l̥ʰaːʔ/

Definitions

土

earth; soil
土堆 ― tǔduī ― mound; hillock
這兒的土夠肥的。／这儿的土够肥的。 ― Zhèr de tǔ gòu féi de. ― The soil here is quite fertile.
(dialectal) dust
land
國土／国土 ― guótǔ ― territory
寸土不讓／寸土不让 ― cùntǔbùràng ― to not give up a single inch of one's territory
- 溥天之下，莫非王土。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad. and simp.]
  From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11^th – 7^th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
  Pǔtiān zhī xià, mòfēi wángtǔ. [Pinyin]
  Under the wide heaven,
  All is the king's land.
(literary, or in compounds) crude opium
煙土／烟土 ― yāntǔ ― crude opium
(literary, or in compounds) hometown; native place
故土 ― gùtǔ ― native land; native place
(literary, or in compounds) local; native; indigenous
土著 ― tǔzhù ― aboriginal
土話／土话 ― tǔhuà ― local dialect
rustic; unsophisticated; uncouth; vulgar; tasteless; uncultured
我覺得東北話實在太土了。 [MSC, trad.]
我觉得东北话实在太土了。 [MSC, simp.]
Wǒ juéde dōngběihuà shízài tài tǔ le. [Pinyin]
I think that Northeastern Mandarin is too rustic.
(literary, or in compounds) indigenous; traditional and used by the common people
土法 ― tǔfǎ ― traditional method used by the common people; indigenous method
土槍／土枪 ― tǔ qiāng ― gun manufactured using indigenous methods
(～族) the Tu ethnic group; Monguor people; White Mongol
Short for 土耳其 (Tǔ'ěrqí, “Turkey”).
俄土戰爭／俄土战争 ― É Tǔ zhànzhēng ― Russo-Turkish War
a surname

Synonyms

(earth):

Dialectal synonyms of 土 (“earth; soil (dry)”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		土
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		土
Mandarin	Beijing	土
	Harbin	土
	Jinan	土, 土拉
	Wuhan	泥巴
	Chengdu	泥巴
	Guiyang	泥巴
	Guilin	土
	Liuzhou	泥, 泥巴
	Yangzhou	泥, 爛泥
	Hefei	土
Cantonese	Guangzhou	泥
	Hong Kong	泥
	Dongguan	泥
	Yangjiang	泥
	Beihai	泥
	Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô)	土
	Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà)	土
	Fangchenggang (Fangcheng)	土, 泥
	Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu)	泥
	Móng Cái	土, 泥
Gan	Nanchang	泥巴, 土
Hakka	Meixian	泥
	Xingning	泥
	Huidong (Daling)	泥
	Shaoguan (Qujiang)	泥
	Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang)	泥
	Changting	泥
	Wuping	泥
	Wuping (Pingyu)	泥
	Liancheng	泥
	Ruijin	泥, 那泥
	Shicheng	泥
	Shangyou (Shexi)	泥
Huizhou	Jixi	糊泥
Jin	Taiyuan	土
Jin	Xinzhou	土
Min Bei	Jian'ou	泥
	Songxi	泥
	Zhenghe	泥
	Jianyang	泥
	Wuyishan	泥
Min Dong	Fuzhou	塗
	Changle	塗
	Lianjiang	塗
	Fuqing	塗
	Pingtan	塗
	Yongtai	塗
	Minqing	塗
	Gutian	塗
	Pingnan	塗
	Luoyuan	塗
	Fu'an	塗
	Ningde	塗
	Xiapu	塗
	Zherong	塗
	Shouning	塗
	Zhouning	塗
	Fuding	塗
Min Nan	Xiamen	塗
	Xiamen (Tong'an)	塗
	Quanzhou	塗
	Jinjiang	塗
	Nan'an	塗
	Shishi	塗
	Hui'an	塗
	Anxi	塗
	Yongchun	塗
	Dehua	塗
	Zhangzhou	塗
	Zhangzhou (Longhai)	塗
	Zhangzhou (Changtai)	塗
	Hua'an	塗
	Nanjing	塗
	Pinghe	塗
	Zhangpu	塗
	Yunxiao	塗
	Zhao'an	塗
	Dongshan	塗
	Kinmen	塗
	Manila (Hokkien)	塗
	Longyan	塗
	Zhangping	塗
	Datian	塗
	Chaozhou	塗
	Shantou	塗
	Shantou (Chenghai)	塗
	Jieyang	塗
	Leizhou	塗
	Wenchang	塗
	Haikou	塗
Puxian Min	Putian	塗
Puxian Min	Xianyou	塗
Min Zhong	Yong'an	泥
	Sanyuan	泥
	Shaxian	泥
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	泥
Wu	Shanghai	爛泥, 爛糊泥
	Shanghai (Chongming)	爛泥
	Suzhou	爛泥, 硬爛泥
	Danyang	爛泥
	Hangzhou	爛污泥
	Ningbo	淖泥, 爛泥
	Wenzhou	爛污泥, 爛污泥兒, 爛泥, 泥
	Jinhua	糊泥, 泥
Xiang	Changsha	泥巴
	Xiangxiang	土
	Shuangfeng	土

(dust):

Dialectal synonyms of [[#Chinese|]] (“dust”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		塵, 埃, 塵埃, 坌, 塕, 坱
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		灰塵, 灰土, 塵土, 塵埃
Mandarin	Beijing	塵土, 土, 灰
	Taiwan	灰塵, 塵埃, 塵土
	Tianjin	塵土
	Chengde	𡋯土
	Tangshan	灰塵, 灰, 塵土, 塵
	Cangzhou	灰, 塵土, 土
	Baoding	堂土
	Shijiazhuang	塵土
	Chifeng	灰, 土
	Hulunbuir (Hailar)	灰土, 灰, 塵土
	Heihe	灰塵, 灰, 塵土, 土
	Qiqihar	灰塵, 灰土
	Harbin	灰塵, 灰, 塵土, 土
	Jiamusi	灰塵, 灰, 塵土, 土
	Baicheng	灰塵, 灰, 灰土, 塵搭灰
	Changchun	灰塵, 灰, 塵土
	Tonghua	灰, 土
	Shenyang	灰塵, 灰, 塵土, 土
	Dandong	灰塵, 灰, 塵土, 土
	Jinzhou	灰塵, 塵土, 𡋯土
	Dalian	灰, 塵
	Yantai	灰, 𡋯土
	Yantai (Muping)	灰
	Qingdao	灰, 𡋯土, 土
	Lijin	灰, 𡋯土
	Zhucheng	灰
	Jinan	𡋯土, 土, 灰
	Jining	𡋯土
	Luoyang	灰塵, 塵土
	Wanrong	土
	Shangqiu	灰塵, 灰, 塵土
	Yuanyang	灰塵, 灰, 塵土
	Zhengzhou	灰塵, 灰
	Lingbao	灰
	Xinyang	灰
	Baihe	灰, 塵土
	Hanzhong	灰塵, 灰, 塵土, 土
	Xi'an	塵土, 土, 灰, 灰塵, 灰纖
	Baoji	灰塵, 灰, 塵土, 土
	Yinchuan	灰塵, 塵灰, 灰
	Tianshui	灰, 𡋯土
	Lanzhou	灰, 灰土, 塵土, 土
	Dunhuang	灰塵, 塵土
	Xining	塵土, 灰塵
	Hami	灰塵
	Ürümqi	灰, 灰灰
	Wuhan	灰, 灰塵
	Yichang	灰塵, 灰
	Xiangyang	灰
	Tianmen	灰塵, 灰, 土
	Hong'an	灰塵, 灰
	Chengdu	灰塵, 灰, 灰灰
	Nanchong	灰塵, 灰, 灰灰
	Dazhou	灰塵
	Hanyuan	灰塵, 灰
	Xichang	灰塵, 灰, 灰灰
	Zigong	灰, 揚塵
	Chongqing	灰
	Guiyang	灰灰, 灰, 灰塵
	Zunyi	灰
	Bijie	灰塵, 灰灰
	Liping	灰
	Zhaotong	塵灰
	Dali	灰
Kunming	塵灰, 灰, 土, 灰灰
Mengzi	灰
Guilin	灰塵
Guilin (Lingui)	灰塵
Liuzhou	灰塵, 灰, 塳塵
Liuzhou (Luorong)	灰塵
Nanning (Wuming)	灰塵, 煙塵
Jishou	灰塵
Changde	灰塵
Anqing	堂灰, 屯灰, 灰
Xuzhou	灰, 𡋯土, 土
Fuyang	灰塵, 灰
Wuhu	灰
Yangzhou	灰塵, 灰
Lianyungang	堂灰, 灰
Lianshui	堂灰, 灰
Nanjing	灰塵, 灰, 堂灰
Hefei	灰
Nantong	沙灰
Singapore	灰塵, 塵土
Dagudi (Maliba)	灰
Reshuitang (Longling)	灰
Mae Salong (Lancang)	灰
Mae Sai (Tengchong)	灰
Cantonese	Guangzhou	塵, 灰塵, 煙塵, 泥塵, 沙塵, 塳塵
	Hong Kong	塵, 灰塵, 灰, 塵埃, 沙塵
	Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou)	灰塵, 泥塵
	Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou)	灰塵, 煙塵
	Hong Kong (Ting Kok)	泥塵
	Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau)	泥塵
	Macau	灰塵
	Guangzhou (Panyu)	煙塵
	Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu)	灰塵
	Guangzhou (Conghua)	塵
	Guangzhou (Zengcheng)	灰塵
	Foshan	灰塵
	Foshan (Shunde)	灰塵
	Foshan (Sanshui)	灰塵
	Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming)	灰塵
	Zhongshan (Shiqi)	灰塵
	Zhuhai (Qianshan)	灰塵
	Zhuhai (Doumen, Shangheng Tanka)	灰塵
	Zhuhai (Doumen)	灰塵
	Jiangmen (Baisha)	灰塵
	Jiangmen (Xinhui)	灰塵
	Taishan	灰塵
	Kaiping (Chikan)	灰塵
	Enping (Niujiang)	灰塵
	Heshan (Yayao)	灰塵
	Dongguan	灰塵
	Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an)	灰塵
	Qingyuan	灰塵
	Fogang	灰塵
	Yingde (Hanguang)	灰塵
	Yangshan	灰塵
	Lianshan (Butian)	灰塵
	Lianzhou (Qingshui Sihui)	灰塵
	Shaoguan	灰塵
	Shaoguan (Qujiang)	塵灰, 灰塵
	Renhua	塵灰
	Lechang	塵灰
	Zhaoqing (Gaoyao)	灰塵
	Sihui	灰塵
	Guangning	灰塵
	Deqing	灰塵
	Huaiji	灰塵
	Fengkai (Nanfeng)	泥塵
	Yunfu	塳塵
	Xinxing	灰塵, 塵埃
	Luoding	灰塵
	Yunan (Pingtai)	灰塵
	Yangjiang	煙塵
	Xinyi	灰塵
	Lianjiang	灰塵, 煙塵
	Nanning	灰塵, 煙塵
	Wuzhou	灰塵, 煙塵
	Yulin	煙塵
	Hepu (Lianzhou)	灰塵, 煙塵
	Hepu (Shatian)	煙塵, 塵土, 灰塵
	Guiping	灰塵, 蚊塵
	Guiping (Mule)	蚊塵
	Pingnan	蚊塵
	Mengshan (Xihe)	塳塵
	Guigang (Gangcheng)	灰塵
	Guigang (Nanjiang)	灰塵
	Guigang (Pingdong)	灰塵
	Beiliu (Tangliao)	灰塵
	Baise	灰塵
Bobai	灰塵
Lingshan	灰塵
Pubei	煙塵
Qinzhou	灰塵
Beihai	灰塵
Beihai (Nankang)	泥塵
Beihai (Yingpan)	煙塵
Ningming	灰塵
Hengxian	蚊塵
Danzhou	煙塵
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	塵灰, 灰塵
Bangkok (Guangfu)	灰塵
Gan	Nanchang	灰
	Lichuan	灰
	Pingxiang	灰, 灰塵
Hakka	Meixian	塵灰, 泥塵
	Xingning	塵灰
	Dabu (Xihe)	灰塵
	Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua)	塵灰, 煙塵, 泥塵, 沙塵
	Huidong (Daling)	塵灰
	Dongguan (Qingxi)	泥塵
	Shenzhen (Shatoujiao)	灰塵
	Zhongshan (Wuguishan)	灰塵, 泥塵
	Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui)	灰塵
	Wuhua (Shuizhai)	灰塵
	Wuhua (Huacheng)	塵, 塵灰, 灰塵
	Wuhua (Changbu)	泥塵
	Wuhua (Mianyang)	塵灰
	Heyuan (Bendihua)	塵灰
	Wengyuan	塵灰
	Shaoguan (Qujiang)	塵灰
	Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang)	塳
	Liannan	塵灰
	Conghua (Lütian)	塵灰
	Jiexi	塵灰
	Zhao'an (Xiuzhuan)	揚塵
	Changting	塵灰, 灰塵
	Yongding	塵灰
	Yongding (Xiayang)	塵灰
	Yongding (Gaobei)	灰塵
	Yongding (Hukeng)	灰塵
	Wuping	塵灰
	Wuping (Yanqian)	塵灰
	Wuping (Pingyu)	塵灰
	Liancheng	塵灰
	Liancheng (Peitian)	塵灰
	Liancheng (Juxi)	塵灰
	Liancheng (Zhongbao)	塵灰
	Liancheng (Laiyuan)	灰塵
	Ninghua	塵灰, 灰塵
	Qingliu	塵灰
	Yudu	灰
	Ningdu	塵灰
	Ruijin	塵灰
	Shicheng	塵灰
	Shangyou (Shexi)	塵灰
	Tonggu (Sandu)	塵灰
	Ganzhou (Panlong)	灰塵
	Dayu	灰塵
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	塵灰
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	塵灰
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	塵灰
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	塵灰, 塕塵
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	塵灰
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	泥粉
	Hong Kong	泥塵
	Yangxi (Tangkou)	煙塵
	Yangchun (Sanjia)	灰塵
	Xinyi (Sihe)	塳塵
	Xinyi (Qianpai)	塳塵
	Gaozhou (Xindong)	煙塵
	Maoming (Shalang, Dianbai)	泥塵, 灰塵
	Huazhou (Xin'an)	煙塵
	Lianjiang (Shijiao)	灰塵
	Lianjiang (Qingping)	塵煙
	Mengshan (Xihe)	塳塵
	Luchuan	泥煙
	Luchuan (Daqiao)	塵煙
	Beiliu (Tang'an)	灰塵
Mashan (Pianlian)	灰塵
Sabah (Longchuan)	塵灰, 泥塵
Kuala Lumpur (Dabu)	灰塵
Senai (Huiyang)	灰塵
Singkawang	塵灰
Bangkok (Meixian)	塵灰
Bangkok (Fengshun)	塵灰
Bangkok (Jiexi)	塵灰, 泥粉
Huizhou	Jixi	灰
Huizhou	Shexian	灰塵, 灰
Jin	Taiyuan	塵土, 土
	Yangyuan	灰, 塵土
	Datong	灰塵, 塵土
	Xinzhou	塵土, 灰塵
	Lishi	灰塵, 塵土
	Linfen	塵土
	Changzhi	塵灰, 灰
	Linhe	灰塵, 灰, 土
	Jining	灰塵
	Hohhot	灰塵, 灰, 塵土, 土
	Erenhot	灰塵
	Pingshan	塵土, 土
	Zhangjiakou	灰土, 灰
	Handan	灰塵
	Linzhou	灰塵, 灰
	Suide	灰塵, 灰, 土
Min Bei	Jian'ou	灰塵, 塵灰
	Jian'ou (Dikou)	塵
	Zhenghe (Zhenqian)	塵, 煙腸苦
	Pucheng (Shibei)	灰塵
Min Dong	Fuzhou	塕塵, 塗粉
	Changle	塕塵
	Fuqing	塕塵
	Yongtai	塗粉
	Gutian	塕塵
	Fu'an	煙霧
	Ningde	塕塵
	Shouning	塗粉
	Zhouning	塕塵
	Fuding	塕埃
	Matsu	塕塵
Min Nan	Xiamen	塗粉, 塕埃, 風飛沙
	Quanzhou	塗粉
	Jinjiang	塗粉
	Yongchun	塗粉
	Zhangzhou	塗粉
	Zhangzhou (Changtai)	塗粉
	Pinghe	塗粉
	Zhangpu	塗粉
	Zhao'an	塗粉
	Taipei (Wanhua)	塗沙粉
	New Taipei (Tamsui)	塗沙粉仔
	Kaohsiung	塗沙粉
	Kaohsiung (Cijin)	塗沙粉仔
	Kaohsiung (Dalinpu, Siaogang)	塗粉仔
	Yilan	風飛沙
	Yilan (Toucheng)	塗粉
	Changhua (Lukang)	沙粉
	Taichung	塗沙
	Taichung (Wuqi)	風飛沙
	Tainan	塗粉, 塗沙粉, 塕埃, 風飛沙
	Tainan (Anping)	塗粉
	Taitung	風飛沙
	Hsinchu	風飛沙
	Penghu (Magong)	塗沙粉
	Penghu (Xiyu)	塗沙粉
	Penang (Hokkien)	塗粉
	Singapore (Hokkien)	塗粉
	Zhangping (Yongfu)	灰, 塗粉, 塕埃
	Datian	塗粉, 塕塵
	Pingnan (Shangdu)	灰
	Chaozhou	塗粉, 塕塵
	Shantou	塵, 塕塵, 灰塵
	Jieyang	塗粉, 塕塵
	Bangkok (Teochew)	塕塵
	Johor Bahru (Teochew)	塕塵
	Leizhou	塕塵, 塗沙粉
	Wenchang	塗灰
	Haikou	塗灰
Puxian Min	Putian	塗粉, 塕塵
Puxian Min	Xianyou	煙塵
Min Zhong	Yong'an	塕塵
	Sanyuan	塕塵
	Shaxian	塕塵
Zhongshan Min	Shaxi (Longdu)	煙塵
Zhongshan Min	Sanxiang	塕塵, 煙塵, 灰塵
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	坌塵, 煙塵, 灰塵
Southern Pinghua	Binyang (Xinqiao)	蚊塵
Northern Pinghua	Guilin (Dahe)	灰塵
	Guilin (Chaoyang)	灰塵
	Guilin (Zhuyuan)	灰塵
	Lingchuan (Tanxia)	灰塵
Shehua	Fu'an	煙霧
	Fuding	泥粉
	Luoyuan	煙塵
	Sanming	擸𢶍
	Shunchang	擸𢶍粉
	Guixi (Zhangping)	灰塵
	Cangnan	泥粉
	Jingning	火煤塵
	Lishui	火灰粉
	Longyou	灰粉
	Chaozhou	煙塵
	Fengshun	塕塵
Waxiang	Guzhang (Gaofeng)	灰
Wu	Shanghai	灰塵, 塳塵
	Shanghai (Chongming)	灰塵, 塳塵
	Suzhou	灰塵, 塳塵
	Danyang	灰塵, 灰
	Hangzhou	灰塵, 塳塵
	Ningbo	塳塵, 塳灰, 灰塵
	Wenzhou	坌塵, 坌塕, 塳塵
	Jinhua	塕, 塳塵
Xiang	Changsha	灰
	Loudi	灰, 灰塵
	Shuangfeng	灰
	Quanzhou	灰塵

(land): 土地 (tǔdì)
(hometown):

edit

Synonyms of 土

故土 (gùtǔ)
老家 (lǎojiā)
老屋 (lǎowū) (Hakka)
故里 (gùlǐ)

家鄉／家乡 (jiāxiāng)
故國／故国 (gùguó) (literary)
故園／故园 (gùyuán) (literary)
故鄉／故乡 (gùxiāng)

鄉下／乡下 (xiāngxia)
鄉土／乡土 (xiāngtǔ)
鄉梓／乡梓 (xiāngzǐ) (literary)
鄉關／乡关 (xiāngguān) (literary)

Antonyms

(indigenous): 洋 (yáng)

Compounds

Derived terms from 土

三合土 (sānhétǔ)
三和土
冥土
土人 (tǔrén)
土俗
土偶
土包子 (tǔbāozi)
土匪 (tǔfěi)
土名
土器 (tǔqì)
土地 (tǔdì)
土地改革 (tǔdì gǎigé)
土坎 (tǔkǎn)
土坡
土坯 (tǔpī)
土埂 (tǔgěng)
土城 (Tǔchéng)
土城垸 (Tǔchéngyuàn)
土壤 (tǔrǎng)
土家族 (Tǔjiāzú)
土屄 (tǔbī)
土崩瓦解 (tǔbēngwǎjiě)
土巴佬
土布
土建
土得掉渣
土性
土房
土改 (tǔgǎi)
土政策
土方 (tǔfāng)
土族 (Tǔzú)
土星 (Tǔxīng)
土木 (tǔmù)
土木堡
土木工程 (tǔmù gōngchéng)
土木形骸
土模
土法 (tǔfǎ)
土澳 (Tǔ'ào)
土牢
土物 (tǔwù)
土疙瘩
土皇帝 (tǔhuángdì)
土石方
土笛
土老帽

土耳其 (Tǔ'ěrqí)
土耳其人 (Tǔ'ěrqírén)
土耳其文 (tǔ'ěrqíwén)
土肥 (tǔféi)
土色
土著 (tǔzhù)
土葬 (tǔzàng)
土豆 (tǔdòu)
土豆泥 (tǔdòuní)
土豪 (tǔháo)
土造 (tǔzào)
土道
土霸王
土音 (tǔyīn)
恩施土家族苗族自治州 (Ēnshī Tǔjiāzú Miáozú Zìzhìzhōu)
故土 (gùtǔ)
日土 (Rìtǔ)
有土栽培
本土 (běntǔ)
水土 (shuǐtǔ)
水土不伏
水土不服 (shuǐtǔbùfú)
水土保持 (shuǐtǔ bǎochí)
水土流失 (shuǐtǔ liúshī)
沃土 (wòtǔ)
泥土 (nítǔ)
混凝土 (hùnníngtǔ)
老土 (lǎotǔ)
脾土 (pî-thó͘) (Min Nan)
赤土 (Chìtǔ)
陶土 (táotǔ)
黏土 (niántǔ)
后土 (hòutǔ)
五峰土家族自治縣／五峰土家族自治县 (Wǔfēng Tǔjiāzú Zìzhìxiàn)
北美土撥鼠／北美土拨鼠 (Běiměi tǔbōshǔ)
土國／土国
土地廟／土地庙 (tǔdìmiào)
土坎兒／土坎儿
土坡兒／土坡儿
土塊／土块
土壘／土垒
土壩／土坝
土專家／土专家 (tǔzhuānjiā)
土崗／土岗 (tǔgǎng)
土庫曼／土库曼 (Tǔkùmàn)
土庫曼斯坦／土库曼斯坦 (Tǔkùmànsītǎn)

土撥鼠／土拨鼠 (tǔbōshǔ)
土撥鼠日／土拨鼠日 (Tǔbōshǔ Rì)
土方兒／土方儿
土木之變／土木之变
土氣／土气 (tǔqì)
土洋結合／土洋结合
土溫／土温 (tǔwēn)
土牆／土墙 (tǔqiáng)
土牛木馬／土牛木马
土特產／土特产 (tǔtèchǎn)
土生土長／土生土长 (tǔshēngtǔzhǎng)
土產／土产 (tǔchǎn)
土糞／土粪
土紙／土纸
土老帽兒／土老帽儿
土老財／土老财
土耳其語／土耳其语 (tǔ'ěrqíyǔ)
土腥氣／土腥气 (tǔxīngqì)
土裡土氣／土里土气 (tǔlitǔqì)
土話／土话 (tǔhuà)
土語／土语 (tǔyǔ)
土豆兒／土豆儿 (tǔdòur)
土財主／土财主
土貨／土货 (tǔhuò)
土質／土质 (tǔzhì)
土門／土门 (Tǔmén)
土關埡／土关垭 (Tǔguānyà)
土階茅茨／土阶茅茨
土雞／土鸡 (tǔjī)
土雞國／土鸡国
土雞蛋／土鸡蛋
土頭土腦／土头土脑 (tǔtóutǔnǎo)
土鱉／土鳖 (tǔbiē)
土黃／土黄 (tǔhuáng)
塵土／尘土 (chéntǔ)
塵歸塵，土歸土／尘归尘，土归土 (chénguīchén, tǔguītǔ)
挖土機／挖土机 (wātǔjī)
掘土機／掘土机 (juétǔjī)
推土機／推土机 (tuītǔjī)
故土難離／故土难离 (gùtǔnánlí)
樂土／乐土 (lètǔ)
淨土／净土 (jìngtǔ)
無土栽培／无土栽培
紅土／红土 (hóngtǔ)
鏟土機／铲土机 (chǎntǔjī)
黃土崗／黄土岗 (Huángtǔgǎng)

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): dù (du⁴)
(Zhuyin): ㄉㄨˋ

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: dù
  - Zhuyin: ㄉㄨˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: dù
  - Wade–Giles: tu⁴
  - Yale: dù
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: duh
  - Palladius: ду (du)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tu⁵¹/

Middle Chinese: /duo^X/

Rime
Character	土
Reading #	2/2
Initial (聲)	定 (7)
Final (韻)	模 (23)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	徒古切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/duo^X/
Pan Wuyun	/duo^X/
Shao Rongfen	/do^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/dɔ^X/
Li Rong	/do^X/
Wang Li	/du^X/
Bernard Karlgren	/dʱuo^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	dù
Expected Cantonese Reflex	dou⁶

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*l'aːʔ/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	土
Reading #	2/2
No.	12503
Phonetic component	土
Rime group	魚
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	杜
Old Chinese	/*l'aːʔ/

Definitions

土

^† Alternative form of 杜 (dù, “root”).
- 迨天之未陰雨、徹彼桑土、綢繆牖戶。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
  迨天之未阴雨、彻彼桑土、绸缪牖户。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11^th – 7^th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
  Dài tiān zhī wèi yīnyǔ, chè bǐ sāngdù, chóumóu yǒuhù. [Pinyin]
  Before the sky was dark with rain,
  I gathered the roots of the mulberry tree,
  And bound round and round my window and door.
^† An ancient river

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): chǎ (cha³)
(Zhuyin): ㄔㄚˇ

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: chǎ
  - Zhuyin: ㄔㄚˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: chǎ
  - Wade–Giles: chʻa³
  - Yale: chǎ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chaa
  - Palladius: ча (ča)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂʰä²¹⁴/

Definitions

土

^† Only used in 土苴 (chǎzhǎ).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): tú (tu²)
(Zhuyin): ㄊㄨˊ

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: tú
  - Zhuyin: ㄊㄨˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: tú
  - Wade–Giles: tʻu²
  - Yale: tú
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: twu
  - Palladius: ту (tu)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰu³⁵/

Definitions

土

Only used in 土門／土门 (Túmén).

Etymology 5

For pronunciation and definitions of 土 – see 士 (“unmarried male; bachelor; man; etc.”). (This character, 土, is a variant form of 士.)

References

“土”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A00740
Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A00831-001
“Entry #192”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (in Chinese and Min Nan), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2011.

Japanese

Kanji

土

(grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings

Go-on: つ (tsu)
Kan-on: と (to, Jōyō)
Kan’yō-on: ど (do, Jōyō)
Kun: つち (tsuchi, 土, Jōyō)
Nanori: ひじ (hiji)

Compounds

土(ど)柱(ちゅう) (dochū)
土曜日(どようび) (doyōbi)
苦土(くど) (kudo)
土地(とち) (tochi)
陶(とう)土(ど) (tōdo)
土産(みやげ) (miyage)
土竜(もぐら) (mogura)

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
土
つち Grade: 1
kun’yomi

Alternative spelling
地

From Old Japanese.[1][2]

Pronunciation

Kun’yomi

(Tokyo) つち [tsùchíꜜ] (Odaka – [2])[2][3]
IPA^(key): [t͡sɨ̥ᵝt͡ɕi]

Noun

土(つち) • (tsuchi)

earth, soil, mud
the ground

Derived terms

土(つち)狼(おおかみ) (tsuchiōkami)
土豚(つちぶた) (tsuchibuta)
真(ま)土(つち) (matsuchi)

Idioms

土(つち)を踏(ふ)む (tsuchi o fumu, “tread on the ground → enter a foreign country”)

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
土
と Grade: 1
kan’on

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Proper noun

土(と) • (To)

Short for 土耳古 (Toruko): Turkey

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
土
ど Grade: 1
kan’yōon

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

Kan’yōyomi

IPA^(key): [do̞]

Noun

土(ど) • (do)

Short for 土曜日 (doyōbi): Saturday

References

1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 土 (MC tʰuo^X).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448	통〯 (Yale: thwǒ)
Middle Korean
Text	Eumhun
Text	*Gloss (hun)*	Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527	ᄒᆞᆰ (Yale: hòlk)	토〮 (Yale: thwó)

Pronunciation

(SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [tʰo̞]
Phonetic hangul: [토]

Hanja

Wikisource土 (eumhun 흙 토 (heuk to))

Hanja form^? of 토 (“earth; soil”). [affix]
Hanja form^? of 토 (“Short for 토요일(土曜日) (toyoil, “Saturday”).”).

Compounds

국토 (國土, gukto, “national territory”)
본토 (本土, bonto)
영토 (領土, yeongto, “territory”)
척토 (瘠土, cheokto, “barren soil”)
토기 (土器, togi, “earthenware”)
토대 (土臺, todae)
토성 (土星, Toseong, “Saturn”)
토양 (土壤, toyang)
토요일 (土曜日, Toyoil)
토종 (土種, tojong, “native species”)
토지 (土地, toji)
풍토 (風土, pungto)
향토 (鄕土, hyangto, “local; rural”)
황토 (黃土, hwangto)

References

국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

Vietnamese

Han character

土: Hán Việt readings: thổ (他(tha)魯(lỗ)切(thiết))[1][2][3]
土: Nôm readings: thổ[1][2][4], độ[2], thuở[2]

chữ Hán form of thổ (“earth; soil; land”).

Compounds

土地 (thổ địa)
土語 (thổ ngữ)

References

Nguyễn (2014).
Nguyễn et al. (2009).
Trần (2004).
Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).

[KDJ-1] 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan

[DJR-2] 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[NHK-3] 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN

[tdcndg-4] Nguyễn (2014).

[tdcntd-5] Nguyễn et al. (2009).

[gdhn-6] Trần (2004).

[taberd-7] Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).