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单词 國
释义

國

See also: 国

國 U+570B, 國
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-570B
← 圊
[U+570A]		CJK Unified Ideographs圌 →
[U+570C]

Translingual

Stroke order
Stroke order
Stroke order
(Taiwan)
Japanese国
Simplified国
Traditional國

Alternative forms

  • 囗 (This character is used unofficially as a shorthand for 國 and 圍.)
  • 𡆸 (Also a variant of 日.)
  • 𡆻, 𡇎, 𡇏, 𡇕, 𡈑, 𢦾, 𢧌, 𤦒, 𤦂

Han character

國 (Kangxi radical 31, 囗+8, 11 strokes, cangjie input 田戈口一 (WIRM), four-corner 60153, composition ⿴囗或)

Derived characters

  • 𬿓, 𪤑, 𫱣, 嘓, 幗, 𢐚, 慖, 摑, 漍, 槶, 𤎍, 𤔩, 𤡓, 𪼓, 膕, 𥊞, 𥕏, 𦄰, 蟈, 𧤯, 𧰒, 𫏜, 𨉹, 𨫵, 𩠲, 𩪐, 𪅦
  • 𢧷, 𣂽, 爴, 𭍲, 𭺙, 𤮋, 𭍷, 𫛐, 蔮, 簂, 𢠝
  • 国 (Japanese shinjitai and Simplified Chinese)

References

  • KangXi: page 219, character 16
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 4798
  • Dae Jaweon: page 447, character 9
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 720, character 9
  • Unihan data for U+570B

Chinese

trad.國
simp.国
alternative forms
 
囯
圀
囶
𡆿
囻
囯
圀
囶
𡆿
囻
𡇅
䆐
戜
𤦂
琙
囗
𡆸
𡆻
𡇎
𡇏
𡇕
𡈑
𢦾
𢧌
𤦒
𤦂
或
𢈿
𡈁

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 國
Western ZhouWarring StatesShuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptionsChu slip and silk scriptSmall seal scriptTranscribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (或) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
幗*kʷɯːɡs, *kʷrɯːɡ
慖*kʷɯːɡs, *kʷrɯːɡ
簂*kʷɯːɡs
蔮*kʷɯːɡs
國*kʷɯːɡ
或*ɡʷɯːɡ
惑*ɡʷɯːɡ
蜮*ɡʷɯːɡ, *ɢʷrɯɡ
閾*qʰʷrɯɡ
緎*qʰʷrɯɡ, *ɡʷrɯɡ
淢*qʰʷrɯɡ, *ɡʷrɯɡ
域*ɢʷrɯɡ
罭*ɢʷrɯɡ
棫*ɡʷrɯɡ
琙*ɡʷrɯɡ
魊*ɡʷrɯɡ
馘*kʷrɯːɡ
聝*kʷrɯːɡ
膕*kʷrɯːɡ
摑*kʷrɯːɡ
漍*kʷrɯːɡ
嘓*kʷrɯːɡ
蟈*kʷrɯːɡ
掝*qʰʷrɯːɡ
彧*qʷrɯɡ
稶*qʷɯɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʷɯːɡ) : semantic 囗 (“closure”) + phonetic 或 (OC *ɡʷɯːɡ).

Etymology

The k-prefix derivation of 域 (OC *ɢʷrɯɡ, “boundary; territory”). Cognate with 閾 (OC *qʰʷrɯɡ, “threshold”) and 囿 (OC *ɢʷɯs, *ɡʷɯ, “park; garden”).

No obvious outside cognate exists. It may be related to Burmese ကွက် (kwak, “to be marked with a square or circular pattern; to be confined to a certain area”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation

  • Mandarin
    (Standard)
    (Pinyin): guó (guo2)
    (Zhuyin): ㄍㄨㄛˊ
    (Chengdu, SP): gue2
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): гуә (guə, I) / гуй (guy, I)
  • Cantonese
    (Guangzhou, Jyutping): gwok3
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): gok2
  • Gan (Wiktionary): guet6
  • Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): koet
    (Meixian, Guangdong): guêd5
  • Jin (Wiktionary): gueh4
  • Min Bei (KCR): gŏ
  • Min Dong (BUC): guók
  • Min Nan
    (Hokkien, POJ): kok
    (Teochew, Peng'im): gog4
  • Wu (Wiktionary): koq (T4)
  • Xiang (Wiktionary): gue6
  • Mandarin
    • (Standard Chinese)+
      • Hanyu Pinyin: guó
      • Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄛˊ
      • Tongyong Pinyin: guó
      • Wade–Giles: kuo2
      • Yale: gwó
      • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gwo
      • Palladius: го (go)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /kwɔ³⁵/
    • (Chengdu)
      • Sichuanese Pinyin: gue2
      • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: gue
      • Sinological IPA (key): /kuɛ²¹/
    • (Dungan)
      • Cyrillic and Wiktionary: гуә (guə, I) / гуй (guy, I)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /kuə²⁴/, /kuei²⁴/
      (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
  • Cantonese
    • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
      • Jyutping: gwok3
      • Yale: gwok
      • Cantonese Pinyin: gwok8
      • Guangdong Romanization: guog3
      • Sinological IPA (key): /kʷɔːk̚³/
    • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
      • Wiktionary: gok2
      • Sinological IPA (key): /kɔk̚⁵⁵/
  • Gan
    • (Nanchang)
      • Wiktionary: guet6
      • Sinological IPA (key): /kuɛt̚⁵/
  • Hakka
    • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
      • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: koet
      • Hakka Romanization System: gued`
      • Hagfa Pinyim: gued5
      • Sinological IPA: /ku̯et̚²/
    • (Meixian)
      • Guangdong: guêd5
      • Sinological IPA: /kuɛt̚¹/
  • Jin
    • (Taiyuan)+
      • Wiktionary: gueh4
      • Sinological IPA (old-style): /kuəʔ²/
  • Min Bei
    • (Jian'ou)
      • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: gŏ
      • Sinological IPA (key): /ko²⁴/
  • Min Dong
    • (Fuzhou)
      • Bàng-uâ-cê: guók
      • Sinological IPA (key): /kuɔʔ²⁴/
  • Min Nan
    • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kok
      • Tâi-lô: kok
      • Phofsit Daibuun: kog
      • IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /kɔk̚⁵/
      • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kɔk̚³²/
    • (Teochew)
      • Peng'im: gog4
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kok
      • Sinological IPA (key): /kok̚²/
  • Wu
    • (Shanghainese)
      • Wiktionary: koq (T4)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /kʊʔ⁵⁵/
  • Xiang
    • (Changsha)
      • Wiktionary: gue6
      • Sinological IPA (key): /kuɤ̞²⁴/
  • Dialectal data
VarietyLocation
edit
國
MandarinBeijing/kuo³⁵/
Harbin/kuo²¹³/
Tianjin/kuo⁴⁵/
Jinan/kuə⁵⁵/
Qingdao/kuə⁵⁵/
Zhengzhou/kuo²⁴/
/kuɛ²⁴/
Xi'an/kuei²¹/
Xining/kuɨ⁴⁴/
Yinchuan/kuə¹³/
Lanzhou/kuə¹³/
Ürümqi/kuɤ²¹³/
Wuhan/kuɤ²¹³/
Chengdu/kue³¹/
Guiyang/kuɛ²¹/
Kunming/ko³¹/
Nanjing/kueʔ⁵/
Hefei/kuɐʔ⁵/
JinTaiyuan/kuəʔ²/
Pingyao/kuʌʔ¹³/
Hohhot/kuaʔ⁴³/
WuShanghai/koʔ⁵/
Suzhou/kuəʔ⁵/
Hangzhou/koʔ⁵/
Wenzhou/kai²¹³/
HuiShexian/kuʔ²¹/
Tunxi/kuə⁵/
XiangChangsha/kuə²⁴/
Xiangtan/ko²⁴/
GanNanchang/kuɛʔ⁵/
HakkaMeixian/kuet̚¹/
Taoyuan/kuet̚²²/
CantoneseGuangzhou/kwɔk̚³/
Nanning/kɔk̚³³/
Hong Kong/kwɔk̚³/
MinXiamen (Min Nan)/kɔk̚³²/
Fuzhou (Min Dong)/kuɔʔ²³/
Jian'ou (Min Bei)/ko²⁴/
Shantou (Min Nan)/kok̚²/
Haikou (Min Nan)/kok̚⁵/
  • Middle Chinese: /kwək̚/
Rime
Character國
Reading #1/1
Initial (聲)見 (28)
Final (韻)登 (132)
Tone (調)Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)Closed
Division (等)I
Fanqie古或切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		/kwək̚/
Pan
Wuyun		/kʷək̚/
Shao
Rongfen		/kuək̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		/kwək̚/
Li
Rong		/kuək̚/
Wang
Li		/kuək̚/
Bernard
Karlgren		/kwək̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		guo
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		gwak1
  • Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[C.q]ʷˤək/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kʷɯːɡ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character國
Reading #1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		guó
Middle
Chinese		‹ kwok ›
Old
Chinese		/*[C.q]ʷˁək/
Englishstate (n.)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character國
Reading #1/1
No.5547
Phonetic
component		或
Rime
group		職
Rime
subdivision		0
Corresponding
MC rime		國
Old
Chinese		/*kʷɯːɡ/

Definitions

國

  1. country; nation; nation-state; kingdom (Classifier: 個／个)
    建國／建国  ―  jiànguó  ―  to establish a country
    利國利民／利国利民  ―  lì guó lì mín  ―  to benefit the country and the people
    國營／国营  ―  guóyíng  ―  state-operated; state-run
    • 子曰：「道千乘之國，敬事而信，節用而愛人，使民以時。」 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
      子曰：“道千乘之国，敬事而信，节用而爱人，使民以时。” [Classical Chinese, simp.]
      From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
      Zǐ yuē: “Dào qiānshèng zhī guó, jìngshì ér xìn, jiéyòng ér àirén, shǐ mín yǐ shí.” [Pinyin]
      The Master said, "To rule a country of a thousand chariots, there must be reverent attention to business, and sincerity; economy in expenditure, and love for men; and the employment of the people at the proper seasons."
    • 你們要先求他的國和他的義，這些東西都要加給你們了。 [MSC, trad.]
      你们要先求他的国和他的义，这些东西都要加给你们了。 [MSC, simp.]
      From: 新標點和合本／新标点和合本 (Chinese Union Version with New Punctuation), 馬太福音 (Matthew) 6:33
      Nǐmen yào xiān qiú tā de guó hé tā de yì, zhèxiē dōngxi dōu yào jiā gěi nǐmen le. [Pinyin]
      [S]eek ye first the kingdom of God, and his righteousness; and all these things shall be added unto you.
  2. (obsolete) capital
    • 先王之制，大都不過參國之一。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
      先王之制，大都不过参国之一。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
      From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4th century BCE
      Xiānwáng zhī zhì, dàdū bù guò sān guó zhī yī. [Pinyin]
      According to the regulations of the former kings, such a city of the first order can have its wall only a third as long as that of the capital.
    • 登斯樓也，則有去國懷鄉，憂讒畏譏，滿目蕭然，感極而悲者矣。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
      登斯楼也，则有去国怀乡，忧谗畏讥，满目萧然，感极而悲者矣。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
      From: 1046, 范仲淹 (Fan Zhongyan), 岳陽樓記
      Dēng sī lóu yě, zé yǒu qùguó huáixiāng, yōuchánwèijī, mǎnmù xiāorán, gǎn jí ér bēi zhě yǐ. [Pinyin]
      (please add an English translation of this example)
  3. (obsolete) to make a place the capital city; to establish a capital
    • 國於豳。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
      国于豳。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
      From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
      Guó yú Bīn. [Pinyin]
      He made his capital at Pin.
  4. (obsolete or in compounds) place; region
    山國／山国  ―  shānguó  ―  mountainous country; hilly region
    水鄉澤國／水乡泽国  ―  shuǐxiāngzéguó  ―  region full of rivers, lakes or canals
    • 紅豆生南國，春來發幾枝。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
      红豆生南国，春来发几枝。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
      From: 8th century, 王維／王维 (Wang Wei), 相思
      Hóngdòu shēng nánguó, chūn lái fā jǐ zhī. [Pinyin]
      (please add an English translation of this example)
  5. (in compounds) national; representing a nation
    國旗／国旗  ―  guóqí  ―  national flag
    國歌／国歌  ―  guógē  ―  national anthem
    國花／国花  ―  guóhuā  ―  national flower
  6. Short for 國語／国语 (guóyǔ, “Mandarin”).
  7. Short for 國民黨／国民党 (Guómíndǎng, “Kuomintang”).
    國共內戰／国共内战  ―  Guó Gòng Nèizhàn  ―  the Chinese Civil War
  8. domestic; of our country (in many contexts meaning Chinese)
    國產、日產／国产、日产  ―  guóchǎn, rìchǎn  ―  made domestically; made in Japan
    國畫／国画  ―  guóhuà  ―  traditional Chinese painting
    國貨／国货  ―  guóhuò  ―  domestic goods (China-made goods)
  9. a surname

Compounds

Derived terms from 國

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (國):
  • → Japanese: 国(こく) (koku)
  • → Korean: 국(國) (guk)
  • → Vietnamese: quốc (國)

Others:

  • → Bouyei: guef
  • → Khitan: 囯
  • → Zhuang: guek

References

  • “國”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學／香港中文大学 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
  • Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A00734
  • “Entry #7095”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (in Chinese and Min Nan), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2011.

Japanese

Shinjitai

国

Kyūjitai

國

Kanji

國

(“Jinmeiyō” kanji used for names, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 国)

  1. country, nation, nation-state

Readings

  • On (unclassified): こく (koku)
  • Kun: くに (kuni, 國)

Noun

國(くに) • (kuni)  (kyūjitai, shinjitai 国)

  1. a land, a country

Korean

Alternative forms

A variant of "國" commonly found in old books of pre-modern Korea.
  • 国

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 國 (MC kwək̚).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448귁〮 (Yale: kwúyk)
Middle Korean
TextEumhun
Gloss (hun)Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527나라〮 (Yale: nàlá)국〮 (Yale: kwúk)

Pronunciation

  • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [kuk̚]
  • Phonetic hangul: [국]

Hanja

Wikisource國 (eumhun 나라 국 (nara guk))

  1. Hanja form? of 국 (“country; state; nation”). [affix]

Compounds

Compounds
  • 국어 (國語, gugeo)
  • 국왕 (國王, gugwang)
  • 국가 (國家, gukga)
  • 국가 (國歌, gukga)
  • 국기 (國旗, gukgi)
  • 국제 (國際, gukje)
  • 한국 (韓國, Han'guk)
  • 제국 (帝國, jeguk)
  • 조국 (祖國, joguk)
  • 중국 (中國, Jungguk)
  • 망국 (亡國, mangguk)
  • 미국 (美國, miguk)
  • 태국 (泰國, Taeguk)
  • 왕국 (王國, wangguk)
  • 영국 (英國, yeongguk)
  • 애국 (愛國, aeguk)
  • 공화국 (共和國, gonghwaguk)
  • 중화민국 (中華民國, Junghwamin'guk)

References

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

Vietnamese

Han character

國: Hán Việt readings: quốc[1][2][3]
國: Nôm readings: cuốc[1][3][4], quốc[2][5]

  1. chữ Hán form of quốc (“nation; state; country”).

Compounds

Derived terms
  • 愛國 (ái quốc)
  • 英國 (Anh Quốc)
  • 故國 (cố quốc)
  • 公國 (công quốc)
  • 強國 (cường quốc)
  • 民國 (dân quốc)
  • 島國 (đảo quốc)
  • 帝國 (đế quốc)
  • 韓國 (Hàn Quốc)
  • 合眾國 (hợp chúng quốc)
  • 開國 (khai quốc)
  • 建國 (kiến quốc)
  • 經國 (kinh quốc)
  • 鄰國 (lân quốc)
  • 立國 (lập quốc)
  • 聯合國 (Liên Hợp Quốc)
  • 母國 (mẫu quốc)
  • 外国 (ngoại quốc)
  • 反國 (phản quốc)
  • 藩國 (phiên quốc)
  • 復國 (phục quốc)
  • 國音 (quốc âm)
  • 國寶 (quốc bảo)
  • 國歌 (quốc ca)
  • 國公 (quốc công)
  • 國民 (quốc dân)
  • 國都 (quốc đô)
  • 國營 (quốc doanh)
  • 國用 (quốc dụng)
  • 國家 (quốc gia)
  • 國教 (quốc giáo)
  • 國號 (quốc hiệu)
  • 國會 (quốc hội)
  • 國魂 (quốc hồn)
  • 國有 (quốc hữu)
  • 國有化 (quốc hữu hóa/quốc hữu hoá)
  • 國徽 (quốc huy)
  • 國計 (quốc kế)
  • 國慶 (quốc khánh)
  • 國庫 (quốc khố)
  • 國旗 (quốc kì)
  • 國旗 (quốc kỳ)
  • 国立 (quốc lập)
  • 國路 (quốc lộ)
  • 國語 (quốc ngữ)
  • 国法 (quốc pháp)
  • 国防 (quốc phòng)
  • 國色 (quốc sắc)
  • 國色天香 (quốc sắc thiên hương)
  • 國產 (quốc sản)
  • 國士 (quốc sĩ)
  • 國師 (quốc sư)
  • 國史 (quốc sử)
  • 國事 (quốc sự)
  • 國喪 (quốc tang)
  • 國葬 (quốc táng)
  • 國際 (quốc tế)
  • 國體 (quốc thể)
  • 國籍 (quốc tịch)
  • 國債 (quốc trái)
  • 國子監 (quốc tử giám)
  • 國粹 (quốc túy/quốc tuý)
  • 國文 (quốc văn)
  • 國務卿 (quốc vụ khanh)
  • 國王 (quốc vương)
  • 貴國 (quý quốc)
  • 屬國 (thuộc quốc)
  • 上國 (thượng quốc)
  • 祖國 (tổ quốc)
  • 全國 (toàn quốc)
  • 治國 (trị quốc)
  • 中國 (Trung Quốc)
  • 相國 (tướng quốc)
  • 亡國 (vong quốc)
  • 王國 (vương quốc)

References

  1. Nguyễn (2014).
  2. Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. Trần (2004).
  4. Hồ (1976).
  5. Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
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