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单词 四
释义

四

See also: 西, 匹, and 㓁
四 U+56DB, 四
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-56DB
← 囚
[U+56DA]		CJK Unified Ideographs囜 →
[U+56DC]
㈣ U+3223, ㈣
PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH FOUR
← ㈢
[U+3222]		Enclosed CJK Letters and Months㈤ →
[U+3224]
㊃ U+3283, ㊃
CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH FOUR
← ㊂
[U+3282]		Enclosed CJK Letters and Months㊄ →
[U+3284]

Translingual

Stroke order (Sans-serif)
Stroke order

Han character

四 (Kangxi radical 31, 囗+2, 5 strokes, cangjie input 田金 (WC), four-corner 60210, composition ⿴囗⿰丿㇄(GHTV) or ⿴囗儿(JK))

  1. Shuowen Jiezi radical №503

Derived characters

  • 𦊚
  • 伵 呬 泗 怬 柶 牭 𮕳 訵 䦉 駟 (驷) 泗 囧 圀 𧶠

References

  • KangXi: page 216, character 22
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 4682
  • Dae Jaweon: page 439, character 21
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 710, character 16
  • Unihan data for U+56DB

Chinese

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 四
ShangWestern ZhouSpring and AutumnWarring StatesShuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)Liushutong (compiled in Ming)Libian (compiled in Qing)
Bronze inscriptionsOracle bone scriptBronze inscriptionsBronze inscriptionsBronze inscriptionsChu slip and silk scriptQin slip scriptShizhoupian scriptAncient scriptSmall seal scriptTranscribed ancient scriptsClerical script
Characters in the same phonetic series (四) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
訵*l̥ʰids
四*hljids
泗*hljids
駟*hljids
柶*hljids
牭*hljids
呬*hrids

The word "four" was written as 亖 before Western Zhou and 四 appeared in late Spring and Autumn period. This alternative form was used to prevent confusion of 亖 and 二 or 三 in vertical writing. It was standardized in Qin dynasty.

The bronzeware style of the character featured a repositioning of those four lines inside 口; this later evolved into the combination used today of 口 (“mouth”) and 八 (“divide”) which meant a dispersal of breath. It could thus be said that four is a borrowed meaning for this character. The original sense is preserved in 呬 (OC *hrids), by adding an extra 口.

Etymology 1

simp. and trad.
四
alternative forms
 
肆 financial
亖
皿
龱
𠁤
肆 financial
亖
皿
龱
𠁤
𠃢
𦉭

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *b-ləj.

Pronunciation

  • Mandarin
    (Standard)
    (Pinyin): sì (si4)
    (Zhuyin): ㄙˋ
    (Chengdu, SP): si4
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): сы (sɨ, III)
  • Cantonese
    (Guangzhou, Jyutping): sei3, si3
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): lhei1, lhu1
  • Gan (Wiktionary): si4
  • Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): si
    (Meixian, Guangdong): xi4
  • Jin (Wiktionary): si3
  • Min Bei (KCR): si̿
  • Min Dong (BUC): sé / sé̤ṳ
  • Min Nan
    (Hokkien, POJ): sì / sù / sìr
    (Teochew, Peng'im): si3
  • Wu (Wiktionary): sr (T2)
  • Xiang (Wiktionary): sr4
  • Mandarin
    • (Standard Chinese)+
      • Hanyu Pinyin: sì
      • Zhuyin: ㄙˋ
      • Tongyong Pinyin: sìh
      • Wade–Giles: ssŭ4
      • Yale: sz̀
      • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: syh
      • Palladius: сы (sy)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /sz̩⁵¹/
    • (Chengdu)
      • Sichuanese Pinyin: si4
      • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: s
      • Sinological IPA (key): /sz̩²¹³/
    • (Dungan)
      • Cyrillic and Wiktionary: сы (sɨ, III)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /sz̩⁴⁴/
      (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
  • Cantonese
    • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
      • Jyutping: sei3, si3
      • Yale: sei, si
      • Cantonese Pinyin: sei3, si3
      • Guangdong Romanization: séi3, xi3
      • Sinological IPA (key): /sei̯³³/, /siː³³/
Note:
  • sei3 - vernacular;
  • si3 - literary (rare) and in 四正.
    • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
      • Wiktionary: lhei1, lhu1
      • Sinological IPA (key): /ɬei³³/, /ɬu³³/
  • Gan
    • (Nanchang)
      • Wiktionary: si4
      • Sinological IPA (key): /sz̩³⁵/
  • Hakka
    • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
      • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: si
      • Hakka Romanization System: xi
      • Hagfa Pinyim: xi4
      • Sinological IPA: /ɕi⁵⁵/
    • (Meixian)
      • Guangdong: xi4
      • Sinological IPA: /ɕi⁵³/
  • Jin
    • (Taiyuan)+
      • Wiktionary: si3
      • Sinological IPA (old-style): /sz̩⁴⁵/
  • Min Bei
    • (Jian'ou)
      • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: si̿
      • Sinological IPA (key): /si³³/
  • Min Dong
    • (Fuzhou)
      • Bàng-uâ-cê: sé / sé̤ṳ
      • Sinological IPA (key): /sɛi²¹³/, /søy²¹³/
Note:
  • sé - vernacular;
  • sé̤ṳ - literary.
  • Min Nan
    • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, Hui'an, Changtai, Zhangpu, Longyan, General Taiwanese, Singapore, Penang, Philippines)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sì
      • Tâi-lô: sì
      • Phofsit Daibuun: six
      • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Hui'an, Changtai, Kaohsiung, Singapore, Penang): /ɕi²¹/
      • IPA (Longyan): /ɕi²¹³/
      • IPA (Zhangpu, Taipei): /ɕi¹¹/
      • IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Philippines): /ɕi⁴¹/
    • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Changtai, Zhangpu, General Taiwanese, Singapore, Penang)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sù
      • Tâi-lô: sù
      • Phofsit Daibuun: sux
      • IPA (Zhangpu, Taipei): /su¹¹/
      • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Changtai, Kaohsiung, Singapore, Penang): /su²¹/
    • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Hui'an, Longyan, Singapore)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sìr
      • Tâi-lô: sìr
      • IPA (Hui'an, Singapore): /sɯ²¹/
      • IPA (Quanzhou): /sɯ⁴¹/
      • IPA (Longyan): /sz̩²¹³/
Note:
  • Xiamen, Quanzhou, Hui'an, Zhangzhou, Changtai, Zhangpu, Longyan, Taiwan, Singapore, Penang:
    • sì - vernacular;
    • sù/sìr - literary.
  • Jinjiang, Philippines:
    • sì - vernacular and literary.
    • (Teochew)
      • Peng'im: si3
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: sì
      • Sinological IPA (key): /si²¹³/
  • Wu
    • (Shanghainese)
      • Wiktionary: sr (T2)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /sz̩³⁴/
  • Xiang
    • (Changsha)
      • Wiktionary: sr4
      • Sinological IPA (key): /sz̩⁴⁵/
  • Middle Chinese: /siɪH/
Rime
Character四
Reading #1/1
Initial (聲)心 (16)
Final (韻)脂 (15)
Tone (調)Departing (H)
Openness (開合)Open
Division (等)III
Fanqie息利切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		/siɪH/
Pan
Wuyun		/siH/
Shao
Rongfen		/sjɪH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		/siH/
Li
Rong		/siH/
Wang
Li		/siH/
Bernard
Karlgren		/siH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		sì
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		si3
  • Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*s.li[j]-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*hljids/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character四
Reading #1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		sì
Middle
Chinese		‹ sijH ›
Old
Chinese		/*s.li[j]-s/
Englishfour

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character四
Reading #1/1
No.12022
Phonetic
component		四
Rime
group		至
Rime
subdivision		1
Corresponding
MC rime		四
Old
Chinese		/*hljids/

Definitions

四

  1. four
  2. (literary) four directions; all directions
    Synonym: 四方 (sìfāng)
    • 1853, 陳逢𢖍／陈逢𢖍 [Chen Fengheng; Chin Hōkō], “𠸄咭唎紀略序”, in 荒木謇, editor, 𠸄咭唎紀略 [Yingjili jilüe; Egeresu kiryaku]‎:
      三個月水路、四無所見、唯天與水耳 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
      三个月水路、四无所见、唯天与水耳 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
      sān ge yuè shuǐlù, sì wú suǒjiàn, wéi tiān yǔ shuǐ ěr [Pinyin]
      3 months at sea, naught in the four directions, but sky and water
  3. (music) la (musical note)
  4. (printing) English; The size of type between 小四 (little 4) and 小三 (little 3), standardized as 14 point.

Usage notes

As superstition, 四 (MC siɪH) is avoided because it is similar to 死 (MC sˠiɪX, “death”) in sound.

See also

Chinese numbers
0123456789101021031041081012
Normal
(小寫／小写)		〇, 零一二三四五六七八九十百千萬／万
十千 (Malaysia, Singapore)		億／亿兆 (Taiwan)
萬億／万亿 (Mainland China)
Financial
(大寫／大写)		零壹貳／贰參／叁肆伍陸／陆柒捌玖拾佰仟
Playing cards in Chinese · 撲克牌／扑克牌 (pūkèpái) (layout · text)
尖兒／尖儿／尖儿／尖儿二三四五六七
八九十鉤兒／钩儿／钩儿／钩儿圈兒／圈儿／圈儿／圈儿, 皮蛋 (regional)K小王 (black), 大王 (red), 小鬼 (black), 大鬼 (red)

Compounds

Derived terms from 四

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (四):
  • → Japanese: 四(し) (shi)
  • → Korean: 사(四) (sa)
  • → Vietnamese: tứ (四)

Others:

  • Wutunhua: se
  • → Proto-Tai: *siːᴮ (“four”)
    • Northern Tai
      • Bouyei: sis
      • Zhuang: seiq
    • Central Tai
      • Nung: slỉ
      • Tày: slí
    • Proto-Southwestern Tai: *siːᴮ
      • Thai: สี่ (sìi)
      • Northern Thai: ᩈᩦ᩵
      • Lao: ສີ່ (sī)
      • Lü: ᦉᦲᧈ (ṡii¹)
      • Tai Dam: ꪎꪲ꪿
      • Shan: သီႇ (sìi)
      • Tai Nüa: ᥔᥤᥱ (sǐ)
      • Ahom: 𑜏𑜣 (sī)
  • → Vietnamese: tư (“four”)

Etymology 2

simp. and trad.
四

Pronunciation

  • Mandarin
    (Pinyin): sì (si4)
    (Zhuyin): ㄙˋ
  • Mandarin
    • (Standard Chinese)+
      • Hanyu Pinyin: sì
      • Zhuyin: ㄙˋ
      • Tongyong Pinyin: sìh
      • Wade–Giles: ssŭ4
      • Yale: sz̀
      • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: syh
      • Palladius: сы (sy)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /sz̩⁵¹/

Definitions

四

  1. (music) Kunqu gongche notation for the note low la (6̣).
    Synonym: 士 (shì) (Cantonese opera)

Further reading

  • “Entry #1418”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (in Chinese and Min Nan), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2011.

Japanese

Kanji

四

(grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings

  • Go-on: し (shi, Jōyō)
  • Kan-on: し (shi, Jōyō)
  • Kun: よ (yo, 四, Jōyō); よつ (yotsu, 四つ, Jōyō); よっつ (yottsu, 四つ, Jōyō); よん (yon, 四, Jōyō)
  • Nanori: あ (a); つ (tsu); ひろ (hiro); もち (mochi); よつ (yotsu)

Compounds

  • 四股(しこ) (shiko)
  • 四阿(あずまや) (azumaya)

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
四
よ
Grade: 1
kun’yomi

⟨yo2⟩ → */jə/ → /jo/

From Old Japanese.

In modern Japanese, Japonic よ (yo) is more common than Sinitic し (shi, see Etymology 3) outside fixed compounds, which is similar to 七(なな) (nana) but different from other numerals. The reason may be a superstitious connection to 死(し) (shi), or simply avoiding confusion with similar sounding 一(いち) (ichi) and 七(しち) (shichi).

Pronunciation

  • Kun’yomi
    • (Tokyo) よ​ [yóꜜ] (Atamadaka – [1])[1]
    • IPA(key): [jo̞]

Numeral

四(よ) • (yo) 

Japanese cardinal numbers
 <  345  > 
    Cardinal : 四
  1. four, 4
Derived terms
Derived terms
  • 四(よ)つ (yotsu), 四(よっ)つ (yottsu)
  • 四十(よそ) (yoso)
  • 四(よ)隅(すみ) (yosumi)
  • 四人(よったり) (yottari)
  • 四方(よも) (yomo)

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
四
よん
Grade: 1
kun’yomi

Shift from yo above,[1][2] influenced by analogy by the final sound of preceding number 三 (san, “three”). The most common form as a stand-alone number.

Pronunciation

  • Kun’yomi
    • (Tokyo) よ​ん [yóꜜǹ] (Atamadaka – [1])[1]
    • IPA(key): [jõ̞ɴ]
    • Audio(file)

Numeral

四(よん) • (yon) 

  1. four, 4
Derived terms
  • 四(よん)十(じゅう) (yonjū)
  • 四(よん)輪(りん) (yonrin)

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
四
し
Grade: 1
on’yomi

/si/ → /ɕi/

From Middle Chinese 四 (MC siɪH).

Compare modern Hakka 四 (si).

Alternative forms

  • (financial form) 肆

Pronunciation

  • On’yomi
    • (Tokyo) し​ [shíꜜ] (Atamadaka – [1])[1]
    • IPA(key): [ɕi]
    • Audio(file)

Numeral

四(し) • (shi) 

  1. four, 4
Usage notes

Due to Chinese influence, 四 (shi) is sometimes avoided as it is homonymous to 死 (shi, “death”).

Derived terms
Derived terms
  • 四(し)角(かく) (shikaku)
  • 四(し)更(こう) (shikō)
  • 四(し)季(き) (shiki)
  • 四(し)捨(しゃ)五(ご)入(にゅう) (shishagonyū)
  • 四(し)十(じゅう) (shijū)
  • 四(し)則(そく) (shisoku)
  • 四(し)大(だい) (shidai)
  • 四(し)天(てん)王(のう) (Shitennō)
  • 四(し)面(めん) (shimen)

Noun

四(し) • (shi) 

  1. the fourth

Affix

四(し) • (shi) 

  1. four
  2. fourth
  3. quadruple
  4. here and there
Derived terms
Derived terms
  • 四(し)囲(い) (shii)
  • 四(し)海(かい) (shikai)
  • 四(し)月(がつ) (shigatsu)
  • 四(し)周(しゅう) (shishū)
  • 四(し)半(はん) (shihan)
  • 四(し)隣(りん) (shirin)
  • 再(さい)三(さん)再(さい)四(し) (saisan-saishi)
  • 朝(ちょう)三(さん)暮(ぼ)四(し) (chōsanboshi)

Etymology 4

Kanji in this term
四
すう
Grade: 1
irregular

From Mandarin 四 (sì).[1][2][3]

Pronunciation

  • (Irregular reading)
    • (Tokyo) ス​ー [súꜜù] (Atamadaka – [1])[1]
    • IPA(key): [sɨᵝː]

Numeral

四(スー) • (sū) 

  1. (mahjong) four, 4
Derived terms
Derived terms
  • 四(スー)暗(アン)刻(コー) (sūankō)
  • 四(スー)槓(カン)子(ツ) (sūkantsu)
  • 四(スー)索(ソー) (sūsō)
  • 四(スー)筒(ピン) (sūpin)
  • 四(スー)風(ホン)牌(パイ) (sūhonpai)
  • 四(スー)喜(シー)和(ホー) (sūshīhō)
    • 小(しょう)四(スー)喜(シー) (shōsūshī)
    • 大(だい)四(スー)喜(シー) (daisūshī)
  • 四(スー)萬(ワン) (sūwan)

See also

Japanese numbers
012345678910
Regular零(れい) (rei)
零(ゼロ) (zero)		一(いち) (ichi)二(に) (ni)三(さん) (san)四(よん) (yon)
四(し) (shi)		五(ご) (go)六(ろく) (roku)七(なな) (nana)
七(しち) (shichi)		八(はち) (hachi)九(きゅう) (kyū)
九(く) (ku)		十(じゅう) (jū)
Formal壱(いち) (ichi)弐(に) (ni)参(さん) (san)拾(じゅう) (jū)
901003006008001,0003,0008,00010,000100,000,000
Regular九(きゅう)十(じゅう) (kyūjū)百(ひゃく) (hyaku)
一(いっ)百(ぴゃく) (ippyaku)		三(さん)百(びゃく) (sanbyaku)六(ろっ)百(ぴゃく) (roppyaku)八(はっ)百(ぴゃく) (happyaku)千(せん) (sen)
一(いっ)千(せん) (issen)		三(さん)千(ぜん) (sanzen)八(はっ)千(せん) (hassen)一(いち)万(まん) (ichiman)一(いち)億(おく) (ichioku)
Formal一(いち)萬(まん) (ichiman)
10128×1012101310166×10168×101610171018
一(いっ)兆(ちょう) (itchō)八(はっ)兆(ちょう) (hatchō)十(じゅっ)兆(ちょう) (jutchō)一(いっ)京(けい) (ikkei)六(ろっ)京(けい) (rokkei)八(はっ)京(けい) (hakkei)十(じゅっ)京(けい) (jukkei)百(ひゃっ)京(けい) (hyakkei)

References

  1. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. 1995, 大辞泉 (Daijisen) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  3. 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
  • The Japan Times (March 17, 2010). You can count on the tales behind number-kanji. Accessed March 23, 2010.

Korean

Korean numbers (edit)
40
 ←  345  → 
    Native isol.: 넷 (net)
    Native attr.: 네 (ne), (dated) 넉 (neok), (archaic) 너 (neo)
    Sino-Korean: 사 (sa)
    Hanja: 四
    Ordinal: 넷째 (netjjae)

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 四 (MC siɪH).

Historical readings
  • Recorded as Middle Korean ᄉᆞᆼ〮 (Yale: só) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
  • Recorded as Middle Korean  ᄉᆞ ( so)訓 (Yale: so) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.
  • Recorded as Middle Korean  ᄉᆞ ( so)訓 (Yale: so) in Gwangju Cheonjamun (光州千字文 / 광주천자문), 1575.
  • Recorded as Middle Korean  ᄉᆞ ( so)訓 (Yale: so) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.

Pronunciation

  • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [sʰa̠(ː)]
  • Phonetic hangul: [사(ː)]
    • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

Wikisource四 (eumhun 넉 사 (neok sa))

  1. Hanja form? of 사 (“four”).

Compounds

Compounds
  • 사각 (四角, sagak)
  • 사계 (四季, sagye)
  • 사구 (四球, sagu)
  • 사방 (四方, sabang)
  • 사서 (四書, saseo)
  • 사시 (四時, sasi)
  • 사십 (四十, sasip)
  • 사월 (四月, sawol)
  • 사지 (四肢, saji)
  • 사천 (四川, Sacheon)
  • 사촌 (四寸, sachon)
  • 십사 (十四, sipsa)
  • 사각형 (四角形, sagakhyeong)
  • 사계절 (四季節, sagyejeol)
  • 사천왕 (四天王, sacheonwang)
  • 사불상 (四不像, sabulsang)
  • 정사품 (正四品, jeongsapum)
  • 사사오입 (四捨五入, sasaoip)
  • 정사각형 (正四角形, jeongsagakhyeong)
  • 정사면체 (正四面體, jeongsamyeonche)
  • 재삼재사 (再三再四, jaesamjaesa)

References

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

Old Japanese

Etymology

From Proto-Japonic *yə.

Also used as 借訓 (shakkun) kana for ⟨yo2⟩.

Numeral

四 (yo2) (kana よ)

  1. four, 4

Derived terms

  • 四人 (yo2tari)

Descendants

  • Japanese: 四 (yo, yon)

Vietnamese

Han character

四: Hán Việt readings: tứ[1][2][3]
四: Nôm readings: tớ[1][2][4], tứ[2][3], tư[4]

  1. chữ Hán form of tứ (“four”).
  2. Nôm form of tư (“four; fourth”).

Derived terms

Derived terms
  • 四旁 (tứ bàng)
  • 四屏 (tứ bình)
  • 四肢 (tứ chi)
  • 四顧無親 (tứ cố vô thân)
  • 四民 (tứ dân)
  • 四徳 (tứ đức)
  • 四維 (tứ duy)
  • 四靈 (tứ linh)
  • 四方 (tứ phương)
  • 四季 (tứ quý)
  • 四色 (tứ sắc)
  • 四體 (tứ thể)
  • 四時 (tứ thời)
  • 四書 (tứ thư)
  • 四柱 (tứ trụ)
  • 四旬 (tứ tuần)
  • 四絶 (tứ tuyệt)
  • 四圍 (tứ vi)
  • 四处 (tứ xứ)

References

  1. Nguyễn (2014).
  2. Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. Trần (2004).
  4. Hồ (1976).
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