器械
Chinese
device; tool; utensil | tools | ||
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trad. (器械) | 器 | 械 | |
simp. #(器械) | 器 | 械 |
Pronunciation
Noun
器械
- apparatus; equipment
- weapon; arm
- (literary, archaic) various kinds of ritual objects and armor
Synonyms
- (apparatus):
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- (weapon):
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Derived terms
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Related terms
- 器材 (qìcái)
- 器具 (qìjù)
Japanese
Kanji in this term | |
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器 | 械 |
き Grade: 4 | かい Grade: 4 |
kan’on |
Alternative spellings |
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器械 (kyūjitai) 機械 |
Etymology
From Old Japanese, in turn from Middle Chinese 器械 (MC kʰˠiɪH ɦˠɛiH, “apparatus; weapon”, literally “utensil; tool + weapon; implement”).
First appears in Japanese in a text from 718 CE with the 器械 spelling and a sense of weapon.[1]
Later appears in a text from 1520 as 機械 (kikai) with a sense of apparatus, device, machine, mechanism,[1] replacing 器 (ki, “utensil; tool”) with 機 (ki, “weaving loom; apparatus”) and reflecting changes in usage and meaning. This spelling may be a Japanese innovation, and it only becomes prominent from around 1874.[2] Prior to that, this term was more commonly written with the original 器械 spelling.[2]
In modern Japanese, some definitions distinguish the 機械 and 器械 spellings with 機械 used for those machines that include their own motive power, and 器械 for those that have no power of their own.[1][3] General usage appears to be broader, differentiating the two spellings by the size of the item, with 器械 used for a smaller apparatus or device, and 機械 used for a larger apparatus or equipment.[1][4] These broad distinctions generally also hold true for the suffixes 器 (-ki) and 機 (-ki).
Pronunciation
- (Tokyo) きかい [k
ìkáꜜì] (Nakadaka – [2])[4][5][6] - IPA(key): [kʲi̥ka̠i]
Noun
器械 • (kikai)
- 機械, 器械: [from 1850s] any powered mechanical device for performing work
- Sometimes more specifically distinguished such that a 機械 (kikai) comprises a motive power source, a means of transmitting that force, and a component that performs the work, whereas any mechanism that does not have all three would be a 器械 (kikai).[1][3]
- 器械: a device, an appliance, a mechanism
- Synonym: (“device, equipment, apparatus”; general term) 装置 (sōchi)
- 機械: a machine, equipment, an apparatus
- Synonyms: (“device, equipment, apparatus”; general term) 装置 (sōchi), (“equipment, machine, facilities”; something bigger that must often be installed) 設備 (setsubi)
- 1999 March 27, “ホログラー [Holograr]”, in Vol.2, Konami:
- 様々な幻想を見せ、そのスキをついて攻撃してくる機械。
- Samazama na gensō o mise, sono suki o tsuite kōgeki shite kuru kikai.
- This machine generates illusions that open a window for its attacks.
- 様々な幻想を見せ、そのスキをついて攻撃してくる機械。
- 器械: [from 1868] a utensil, a tool, an instrument
- Synonyms: (“utensil”) 器具 (kigu), (“tool”) 道具 (dōgu)
- 器械: [from 1872] a tool for conducting a test or experiment or for measurement
- Synonym: (“gauge, measurement device”) 測定器 (sokuteiki)
- 機械, 器械: [from 1520] (archaic) a clockwork, a mechanism, especially one using strings and pulleys
- Synonym: からくり (karakuri)
- 機械: [from 1862] (uncommon, biology) an internal organ, biological machinery
- Synonyms: (“an organ” in general) 器官 (kikan), (“an internal organ” more specifically) 臓器 (sōki), (“internal organ”, often in the aggregate) 内臓 (naizō)
- 機械: [from 1899] (uncommon) a means for accomplishing a goal
- Synonym: (a means in general) 手段 (shudan)
- 器械: [from 1886] (rare) manipulation or control of another person's behavior to act according to one's own will; a person so controlled
- Synonym: (“marionette, puppet”) 操り人形 (ayatsuri ningyō)
- 器械: [718–???] (obsolete) a weapon
- Synonym: (modern term) 武器 (buki)
References
- 1988, 国語大辞典(新装版) (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
- “器械”, in 世界大百科事典 第2版 (Sekai Dai-hyakka Jiten Dainihan, “Heibonsha World Encyclopedia Second Edition”) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Heibonsha, 1998
- 1995, 大辞泉 (Daijisen) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
- 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
- 1997, 新明解国語辞典 (Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten), Fifth Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
Korean
Hanja in this term | |
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器 | 械 |
Noun
器械 • (gigye) (hangeul 기계)
- Hanja form? of 기계 (“instrument”).
Vietnamese
Hán tự in this term | |
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器 | 械 |
Noun
器械
- chữ Hán form of khí giới (“weapon; arm”).