商

商

See also: 啇

商 U+5546, 商 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5546 ← 啅 [U+5545] CJK Unified Ideographs 啇 → [U+5547]

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

商 (Kangxi radical 30, 口+8, 11 strokes, cangjie input 卜金月口 (YCBR), four-corner 0022₇, composition ⿳亠丷冏)

References

• KangXi: page 194, character 32
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 3803
• Dae Jaweon: page 415, character 9
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 288, character 6
• Unihan data for U+5546

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Chinese

trad.		商
simp. #		商
alternative forms		謪 𠘾 𠹧 𠼬 𠾃 謪 𠘾 𠹧 𠼬 𠾃 𠿧 𡂦 𡃬 𡄚 𡅟 𥫐 𧶜 𧷞 𨝗

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 商
Shang	Western Zhou	Warring States	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script	Bronze inscriptions	Chu slip and silk script	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (商) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
商	*hljaŋ
蔏	*hljaŋ
螪	*hljaŋ

Etymology

Traditionally it is considered that 商人 (shāngrén) is so named because this term originally refers to people from Shang dynasty, who tend to do business.[1]

From 賒 (OC *hljaː) plus terminative suffix *-ŋ (Schuessler, 2007). See there for further etymology.

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Standard)

  (Pinyin): shāng (shang¹)

  (Zhuyin): ㄕㄤ

  (Chengdu, SP): sang¹

• Cantonese

  (Guangzhou, Jyutping): soeng¹

  (Taishan, Wiktionary): siang¹

• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): sông

  (Meixian, Guangdong): song¹

• Min Bei (KCR): sióng
• Min Dong (BUC): siŏng
• Min Nan

  (Hokkien, POJ): siong / siang

  (Teochew, Peng'im): siang¹

• Wu (Wiktionary): saan (T1)

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: shāng
    • Zhuyin: ㄕㄤ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: shang
    • Wade–Giles: shang¹
    • Yale: shāng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shang
    • Palladius: шан (šan)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʂɑŋ⁵⁵/
  • (Chengdu)
    • Sichuanese Pinyin: sang¹
    • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: sang
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /saŋ⁵⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: soeng¹
    • Yale: sēung
    • Cantonese Pinyin: soeng¹
    • Guangdong Romanization: sêng¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /sœːŋ⁵⁵/
  • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
    • Wiktionary: siang¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /siaŋ³³/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sông
    • Hakka Romanization System: song´
    • Hagfa Pinyim: song¹
    • Sinological IPA: /soŋ²⁴/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: song¹
    • Sinological IPA: /sɔŋ⁴⁴/
• Min Bei
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: sióng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /siɔŋ⁵⁴/
• Min Dong
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: siŏng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /suoŋ⁵⁵/
• Min Nan
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: siong
    • Tâi-lô: siong
    • Phofsit Daibuun: siofng
    • IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /ɕiɔŋ⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /ɕiɔŋ³³/
  • (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: siang
    • Tâi-lô: siang
    • Phofsit Daibuun: siafng
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /ɕiaŋ⁴⁴/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: siang¹
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: siang
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /siaŋ³³/
• Wu
  • (Shanghainese)
    • Wiktionary: saan (T1)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /sɑ̃⁵³/

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• Middle Chinese: /ɕɨɐŋ/

Rime
Character	商
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	書 (26)
Final (韻)	陽 (105)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	式羊切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɕɨɐŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/ɕiɐŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/ɕiɑŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɕɨaŋ/
Li Rong	/ɕiaŋ/
Wang Li	/ɕĭaŋ/
Bernard Karlgren	/ɕi̯aŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	shāng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	soeng1

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*s-taŋ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*hljaŋ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	商	商	商
Reading #	1/3	2/3	3/3
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	shāng	shāng	shāng
Middle Chinese	‹ syang ›	‹ syang ›	‹ syang ›
Old Chinese	/*s-taŋ/	/*s-taŋ/	/*s-taŋ/
English	musical note	(place name)	estimate; business; trader
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	商
Reading #	1/1
No.	11097
Phonetic component	商
Rime group	陽
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	商
Old Chinese	/*hljaŋ/

Definitions

商

1. trade; commerce; business

   • 商則有居善疾售之貨。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     商则有居善疾售之货。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Wang Chong, Lun Heng (Discussive Weighing), 80 CE, translated based on Alfred Forke's version

     Shāng zé yǒu jū shàn jí shòu zhī huò. [Pinyin]

     In commerce those sort of people manage to get excellent merchandise, which sells without delay.

2. businessman; dealer; trader; merchant

   • 使商無得糴，農無得糶。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     使商无得籴，农无得粜。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Book of Lord Shang, circa 3^rd century BCE, translated based on J.J.L. Duyvendak's version

     Shǐ shāng wúdé dí, nóng wúdé tiào. [Pinyin]

     Do not allow merchants to buy grain nor farmers to sell grain.

   • 富家之商，必奪貧室之財。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     富家之商，必夺贫室之财。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Wang Chong, Lun Heng (Discussive Weighing), 80 CE, translated based on Alfred Forke's version

     Fùjiā zhī shāng, bì duó pínshì zhī cái. [Pinyin]

     Merchants of wealthy houses will certainly snatch away the property of poor families.

3. (mathematics) quotient

   6除以2的商是3。  ―  6 chúyǐ 2 de shāng shì 3.  ―  The quotient of 6 divided by 2 is 3.

4. (music) the second note in the Chinese pentatonic scale

   • 商者，張也，陰氣開張，陽氣始降也；……。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     商者，张也，阴气开张，阳气始降也；……。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Ban Gu, The Comprehensive Discussions in the White Tiger Hall, 79 CE, translated based on Tjan Tjoe Som's version

     Shāng zhě, zhāng yě, yīnqì kāi zhāng, yángqì shǐ jiàng yě;....... [Pinyin]

     Shāng means zhāng 'to expand'; the yin-fluid begins to expand [while] the yang-fuild begins to contract; [...].

5. (～朝) Shang Dynasty
6. to discuss; to consult
7. (～宿) (Chinese astronomy) Alternative name for 心 (xīn, “Heart mansion (one of the Twenty-Eight Mansions)”).

Coordinate terms

• (Chinese pentatonic scale) 宮, 商, 角, 徵, 羽

See also

Dynasties (朝代) in Chinese history
Name	Time period	Divisions
Xia 夏 (～朝, ～代)	2070 – 1600 BCE
Shang 商 (～朝, ～代) 殷 (～朝, ～代)	1600 – 1046 BCE
Zhou 周 (～朝, ～代)	1046 – 256 BCE	Western Zhou 西周
		Eastern Zhou 東周／东周	Spring and Autumn period 春秋
			Warring States period 戰國／战国
Qin 秦 (～朝, ～代)	221 – 206 BCE
Han 漢／汉 (～朝, ～代)	206 BCE – 220 C.E.	Western Han 西漢／西汉
		Xin 新 (～朝)
		Eastern Han 東漢／东汉
Three Kingdoms 三國／三国	220 – 280 C.E.	Wei 魏
		Shu Han 蜀漢／蜀汉
		Wu 吳／吴
Jin 晉／晋 (～朝, ～代)	265 – 420 C.E.	Western Jin 西晉／西晋
		Eastern Jin 東晉／东晋
Southern and Northern dynasties 南北朝	420 – 589 C.E.	Northern dynasties 北朝	Northern Wei 北魏
			Western Wei 西魏
			Eastern Wei 東魏／东魏
			Northern Zhou 北周
			Northern Qi 北齊／北齐
		Southern dynasties 南朝	Liu Song 劉宋／刘宋
			Southern Qi 南齊／南齐
			Liang 梁 (～朝, ～代)
			Chen 陳／陈 (～朝, ～代)
Sui 隋 (～朝, ～代)	581 – 618 C.E.
Tang 唐 (～朝, ～代)	618 – 907 C.E.
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms 五代十國／五代十国	907 – 960 C.E.
Liao 遼／辽 (～朝, ～代)	907 – 1125 C.E.
Song 宋 (～朝, ～代)	960 – 1279 C.E.	Northern Song 北宋
		Southern Song 南宋
Western Xia 西夏	1038 – 1227 C.E.
Jin 金 (～朝, ～代)	1115 – 1234 C.E.
Western Liao 西遼／西辽	1124 – 1218 C.E.
Yuan 元 (～朝, ～代)	1271 – 1368 C.E.
Ming 明 (～朝, ～代)	1368 – 1644 C.E.
Qing 清 (～朝, ～代)	1636 – 1912 C.E.
Republic of China 民國／民国	1912 C.E. – present
People's Republic of China 人民共和國／人民共和国	1949 C.E. – present

Compounds

Derived terms from 商

中心商品 五口通商 代理商 (dàilǐshāng) 便利商店 (biànlì shāngdiàn) 券商 (quànshāng) 包商 古董商 商丘 (Shāngqiū) 商事 (shāngshì) 商亭 (shāngtíng) 商人 (shāngrén) 商借 (shāngjiè) 商功 商品 (shāngpǐn) 商圈 (shāngquān) 商埠 (shāngbù) 商女 (shāngnǚ) 商定 (shāngdìng) 商家 (shāngjiā) 商展 商山四皓 商店 (shāngdiàn) 商情 (shāngqíng) 商旅 (shānglǚ) 商旅店 商朝 (Shāngcháo) 商榷 (shāngquè) 商歌 商法 (shāngfǎ) 商洛 (Shāngluò) 商洽 (shāngqià) 商港 (shānggǎng) 商用 (shāngyòng) 商略 商秋 商科 (shāngkē) 商股 商船 (shāngchuán) 商蚷 商行 (shāngháng) 商酌 (shāngzhuó) 商量 (shāngliang) 在商言商 外商 (wàishāng) 大邑商 (Dàyìshāng) 婉商 官商 (guānshāng) 客商 (kèshāng) 家商 密商 (mìshāng) 富商 (fùshāng) 少商 巡商 巨商 建商 引商刻羽 情商 (qíngshāng) 情趣商店 (qíngqù shāngdiàn) 承包商 (chéngbāoshāng) 招商局 招商店 智商 (zhìshāng) 水商 洽商 (qiàshāng)

海商 海商法 (hǎishāngfǎ) 清商 (qīngshāng) 熟商量 片商 王商 (Wángshāng) 相商 (xiāngshāng) 研商 (yánshāng) 磋商 (cuōshāng) 私商 管商 美商 (měishāng) 舶商 茶商 (cháshāng) 行口商 行商 (xíngshāng) 通商 (tōngshāng) 通商口岸 (tōngshāng kǒu'àn) 通商港 (tōngshānggǎng) 金融商品 零售商 (língshòushāng) 青年商店 高商 奸商 (jiānshāng) 殷商 (Yīnshāng) 一片宮商／一片宫商 中盤商／中盘商 中華商場／中华商场 中間商／中间商 代銷商／代销商 供應商／供应商 (gōngyìngshāng) 僑商／侨商 (qiáoshāng) 免稅商店／免税商店 共商大計／共商大计 (gòngshāngdàjì) 動如參商／动如参商 協商／协商 (xiéshāng) 參商／参商 友誼商店／友谊商店 (yǒuyì shāngdiàn) 商儈／商侩 商兌／商兑 (shāngduì) 商務／商务 (shāngwù) 商務仲裁／商务仲裁 商君書／商君书 (Shāngjūnshū) 商品情報／商品情报 商品條碼／商品条码 商品檢驗／商品检验 商場／商场 (shāngchǎng) 商戰／商战 商數／商数 (shāngshù) 商書／商书 商會／商会 (shānghuì) 商業／商业 (shāngyè) 商業區／商业区 (shāngyèqū) 商業影片／商业影片 商業設計／商业设计 商業銀行／商业银行 (shāngyè yínháng) 商標／商标 (shāngbiāo) 商標法／商标法 商檢／商检 商湯／商汤 商紂／商纣 商約／商约 商號／商号 (shānghào)

商訂／商订 商計／商计 商討／商讨 (shāngtǎo) 商調／商调 商談／商谈 (shāngtán) 商謎／商谜 商議／商议 (shāngyì) 商譽／商誉 (shāngyù) 商販／商贩 (shāngfàn) 商賈／商贾 (shānggǔ) 商購／商购 商隊／商队 (shāngduì) 商頌／商颂 商風／商风 (shāngfēng) 商飆／商飙 國際商展／国际商展 士農工商／士农工商 (shìnónggōngshāng) 官商勾結／官商勾结 (guānshānggōujié) 官商合辦／官商合办 官督商辦／官督商办 宮商／宫商 富商大賈／富商大贾 (fùshāngdàgǔ) 工商業／工商业 (gōngshāngyè) 工商社會／工商社会 工商階級／工商阶级 工商黃頁／工商黄页 平價商店／平价商店 廠商／厂商 (chǎngshāng) 從商／从商 (cóngshāng) 情緒智商／情绪智商 批發商／批发商 (pīfāshāng) 承銷商／承销商 教育商數／教育商数 智力商數／智力商数 書商／书商 (shūshāng) 會商／会商 (huìshāng) 沒商量／没商量 洋商陸／洋商陆 清商樂／清商乐 (qīngshāngyuè) 無商不尖／无商不尖 營商／营商 (yíngshāng) 特約商店／特约商店 略無參商／略无参商 籌商／筹商 紅頂商人／红顶商人 (hóng dǐng shāngrén) 紳商／绅商 經商／经商 (jīngshāng) 經銷商／经销商 (jīngxiāoshāng) 網路商場／网路商场 網路商機／网路商机 臺商／台商 (táishāng) 藥商／药商 (yàoshāng) 補助商業／补助商业 製造商／制造商 (zhìzàoshāng) 註冊商標／注册商标 (zhùcè shāngbiāo) 諮商／谘商 (zīshāng) 費商量／费商量 貿易商／贸易商 賈儒商秀／贾儒商秀 通商條約／通商条约 連鎖商店／连锁商店 (liánsuǒ shāngdiàn) 郵購商店／邮购商店 鹽商／盐商 (yánshāng)

References

• “商”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
• Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A00600

1. Du Yu《春秋經傳集解》(Spring & Autumn Annals and Zuo Traditions - Collected Explanations) Vol. 2

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Japanese

Kanji

商

(grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings

• Go-on: しょう (shō, Jōyō)^{←しやう (syau, historical)}
• Kan-on: しょう (shō, Jōyō)^{←しやう (syau, historical)}
• Kun: あきなう (akinau, 商う, Jōyō)^{←あきなふ (akinafu, historical)}
• Nanori: あき (aki)

Compounds

• 農(のう)商(しょう) (nōshō): agriculture and commerce

Kanji in this term
商
しょう Grade: 3
on’yomi

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 商 (syang, “commerce”).

Pronunciation

• On’yomi
• (Tokyo) しょ​ー [shóꜜò] (Atamadaka – [1])[1]
• IPA^(key): [ɕo̞ː]

Noun

商(しょう) • (shō) ^{←しやう (syau)?}

1. dealing, dealer, merchant
2. (arithmetic) quotient

See also

• 被(ひ)除(じょ)数(すう) (hijosū); 除(じょ)数(すう) (josū); 剰(じょう)余(よ) (jōyo)

References

1. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

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Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 商 (MC ɕɨɐŋ). Recorded as Middle Korean 샤ᇰ (syang) (Yale: syang) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Hanja

Wikisource商 (eumhun 장사 상 (jangsa sang))

1. Hanja form^? of 상 (“trade; commerce”).

Compounds

Compounds

• 협상 (協商, hyeopsang)
• 상품 (商品, sangpum)
• 통상 (通商, tongsang)
• 상인 (商人, sang'in)
• 상업 (商業, sang'eop)
• 상점 (商店, sangjeom)
• 상가 (商街, sangga)
• 상호 (商號, sangho)
• 상표 (商標, sangpyo)
• 상선 (商船, sangseon)
• 상법 (商法, sangbeop)
• 행상 (行商, haengsang)
• 상권 (商權, sanggwon)
• 상술 (商術, sangsul)
• 상거래 (商去來, sanggeorae)
• 상공업 (商工業, sanggong'eop)
• 노점상 (露店商, nojeomsang)
• 도매상 (都賣商, domaesang)

References

• 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

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Vietnamese

Han character

商: Hán Nôm readings: thương

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.