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单词
释义

U+5410, 吐
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5410

[U+540F]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+5411]

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

(Kangxi radical 30, +3, 6 strokes, cangjie input 口土 (RG), four-corner 64010, composition口土)

References

  • KangXi: page 176, character 3
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 3300
  • Dae Jaweon: page 393, character 3
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 576, character 5
  • Unihan data for U+5410

Chinese

simp. and trad.

Glyph origin

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *l̥ʰaːʔ, *l̥ʰaːs) : semantic (mouth) + phonetic (OC *l̥ʰaːʔ, *l'aːʔ).

Etymology 1

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m/s-twa (to spit).

Pronunciation 1

  • Mandarin
    (Standard)
    (Pinyin): tǔ (tu3)
    (Zhuyin): ㄊㄨˇ
    (Chengdu, SP): tu3
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): тў (tw, II)
  • Cantonese
    (Guangzhou, Jyutping): tou3, tou2
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): hu1
  • Min Nan
    (Hokkien, POJ): thó͘
    (Teochew, Peng'im): tou3
  • Wu (Wiktionary): thu (T2)

  • Mandarin
    • (Standard Chinese)+
      • Hanyu Pinyin:
      • Zhuyin: ㄊㄨˇ
      • Tongyong Pinyin:
      • Wade–Giles: tʻu3
      • Yale:
      • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tuu
      • Palladius: ту (tu)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /tʰu²¹⁴/
    • (Chengdu)
      • Sichuanese Pinyin: tu3
      • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: tu
      • Sinological IPA (key): /tʰu⁵³/
    • (Dungan)
      • Cyrillic and Wiktionary: тў (tw, II)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /tʰu⁵¹/
      (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
  • Cantonese
    • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
      • Jyutping: tou3, tou2
      • Yale: tou, tóu
      • Cantonese Pinyin: tou3, tou2
      • Guangdong Romanization: tou3, tou2
      • Sinological IPA (key): /tʰou̯³³/, /tʰou̯³⁵/
Note: tou2 - rare.
    • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
      • Wiktionary: hu1
      • Sinological IPA (key): /hu³³/
  • Min Nan
    • (Hokkien)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thó͘
      • Tâi-lô: thóo
      • Phofsit Daibuun: tor
      • IPA (Xiamen): /tʰɔ⁵³/
      • IPA (Quanzhou): /tʰɔ⁵⁵⁴/
      • IPA (Zhangzhou): /tʰɔ⁵³/
      • IPA (Taipei): /tʰɔ⁵³/
      • IPA (Kaohsiung): /tʰɔ⁴¹/
    • (Teochew)
      • Peng'im: tou3
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: thòu
      • Sinological IPA (key): /tʰou²¹³/
  • Wu
    • (Shanghainese)
      • Wiktionary: thu (T2)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /tʰv̩ʷ³⁴/

  • Middle Chinese: /tʰuoX/
Rime
Character
Reading #1/2
Initial () (6)
Final () (23)
Tone (調)Rising (X)
Openness (開合)Open
Division ()I
Fanqie他魯切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/tʰuoX/
Pan
Wuyun
/tʰuoX/
Shao
Rongfen
/tʰoX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/tʰɔX/
Li
Rong
/tʰoX/
Wang
Li
/tʰuX/
Bernard
Karlgren
/tʰuoX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
tou2
  • Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*tʰˤaʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*l̥ʰaːʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading #1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
Middle
Chinese
‹ thuX ›
Old
Chinese
/*tʰˁaʔ/
Englisheject from mouth, spit

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading #1/2
No.12500
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
0
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*l̥ʰaːʔ/
Definitions

  1. to spit; to spew from the mouth
  2. to say; to tell; to pour out
  3. a surname
Synonyms
Compounds

Pronunciation 2

  • Mandarin
    (Pinyin): tù (tu4)
    (Zhuyin): ㄊㄨˋ
  • Cantonese (Jyutping): tou3
  • Min Nan
    (Hokkien, POJ): thò͘
    (Teochew, Peng'im): tou3

  • Mandarin
    • (Standard Chinese)+
      • Hanyu Pinyin:
      • Zhuyin: ㄊㄨˋ
      • Tongyong Pinyin:
      • Wade–Giles: tʻu4
      • Yale:
      • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tuh
      • Palladius: ту (tu)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /tʰu⁵¹/
  • Cantonese
    • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
      • Jyutping: tou3
      • Yale: tou
      • Cantonese Pinyin: tou3
      • Guangdong Romanization: tou3
      • Sinological IPA (key): /tʰou̯³³/
  • Min Nan
    • (Hokkien)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thò͘
      • Tâi-lô: thòo
      • Phofsit Daibuun: tox
      • IPA (Xiamen): /tʰɔ²¹/
      • IPA (Quanzhou): /tʰɔ⁴¹/
      • IPA (Zhangzhou): /tʰɔ²¹/
      • IPA (Taipei): /tʰɔ¹¹/
      • IPA (Kaohsiung): /tʰɔ²¹/
    • (Teochew)
      • Peng'im: tou3
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: thòu
      • Sinological IPA (key): /tʰou²¹³/

  • Middle Chinese: /tʰuoH/
Rime
Character
Reading #2/2
Initial () (6)
Final () (23)
Tone (調)Departing (H)
Openness (開合)Open
Division ()I
Fanqie湯故切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/tʰuoH/
Pan
Wuyun
/tʰuoH/
Shao
Rongfen
/tʰoH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/tʰɔH/
Li
Rong
/tʰoH/
Wang
Li
/tʰuH/
Bernard
Karlgren
/tʰuoH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
tou3
  • Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*tʰˤaʔ-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*l̥ʰaːs/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading #2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
Middle
Chinese
‹ thuH ›
Old
Chinese
/*tʰˁaʔ-s/
Englishvomit

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading #2/2
No.12502
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
0
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*l̥ʰaːs/
Definitions

  1. to vomit; to throw up
Synonyms
Compounds
  • 吐沫 (tùmò)
  • 吐血 (tùxuè)
  • 吐退
  • 吐逆
  • 孕吐 (yùntù)
  • 上吐下瀉上吐下泻 (shàngtùxiàxiè)
  • 丙馭吐茵丙驭吐茵
  • 催吐劑催吐剂 (cuītùjì)
  • 吐劑吐剂
  • 吐瀉吐泻 (tùxiè)
  • 嘔吐呕吐 (ǒutù)
  • 經行吐衄经行吐衄

Pronunciation

  • Mandarin
    (Pinyin): tǔ (tu3)
    (Zhuyin): ㄊㄨˇ
  • Cantonese (Jyutping): dat6

  • Mandarin
    • (Standard Chinese)+
      • Hanyu Pinyin:
      • Zhuyin: ㄊㄨˇ
      • Tongyong Pinyin:
      • Wade–Giles: tʻu3
      • Yale:
      • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tuu
      • Palladius: ту (tu)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /tʰu²¹⁴/
  • Cantonese
    • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
      • Jyutping: dat6
      • Yale: daht
      • Cantonese Pinyin: dat9
      • Guangdong Romanization: ded6
      • Sinological IPA (key): /tɐt̚²/

Definitions

  1. Only used in 吐谷渾吐谷浑 (tǔyùhún).

Etymology 3

For pronunciation and definitions of – see (“(Min Nan) over; to reveal; to peck”).
(This character, , is a variant form of .)

References

  • Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A00503
  • ”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database), 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014
  • (Min Nan) Query for ”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan], Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2011.

Japanese

Kanji

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

  1. vomit, belch, spit (out)

Readings

From Middle Chinese (MC tʰuoX); compare Mandarin ():

  • Go-on: (tsu); (to, Jōyō)
  • Kan-on: (to, Jōyō)

From Middle Chinese (MC tʰuoH); compare Mandarin ():

  • Go-on: (tsu); (to, Jōyō)
  • Kan-on: (to, Jōyō)

From native Japanese roots:

  • Kun: はく (haku, 吐く, Jōyō); たぐり (taguri, ); つく (tsuku, 吐く); ぬかす (nukasu, 吐かす)

Compounds

  • 哯吐(つだみ) (tsudami): (of an infant, etc) spitting out milk after taking a drink. See spit-up.
  • ()(いき) (toiki)
  • ()() (toki)
  • ()(ぎゃく) (togyaku)
  • ()(けつ) (toketsu)
  • ()(ざい) (tozai)
  • ()(しゃ), ()(しゃ) (tosha)
  • ()(そう) (tosō)
  • ()(にゅう) (tonyū)
  • ()(のう) (tonō)
  • ()(むね) (tomune)
  • ()() (toro)
  • (はき)() (hakike)
  • (おう)(), (おう)() (ōto)
  • (おん)() (onto)
  • (だん)() (danto)
  • (どん)() (donto)
  • ()() (hedo)

Korean

Hanja

(eum (to))

  1. Kwukyel form of (to)

Vietnamese

Han character

: Hán Nôm readings: thổ, nhổ, giổ, giỗ

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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