后
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Translingual
Stroke order | |||
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Han character
后 (Kangxi radical 30, 口+3, 6 strokes, cangjie input 竹一口 (HMR), four-corner 72261, composition ⿸𠂋口)
Derived characters
- 垢, 𰃙, 𣢨, 姤, 䞧, 𥅠, 𭸫,㖃, 𫩲, 詬(诟), 㧨, 㤧, 骺, 銗, 𬭅, 㻈, 洉, 𪲉, 茩, 𫀱, 逅, 𬖙, 垕, 垢, 𫝴, 𧮶, 缿, 劶, 郈, 㸸, 𧲿, 𪊪, 𧊛, 𩗇, 鮜(鲘), 𪁆, 𬷎, 𧙺
References
- KangXi: page 176, character 1
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 3298
- Dae Jaweon: page 393, character 1
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 580, character 1
- Unihan data for U+540E
Chinese
Glyph origin
Historical forms of the character 后 | |||
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Shang | Spring and Autumn | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
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Old Chinese | |
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垢 | *koːʔ |
詬 | *koːʔ, *kʰoːs, *qʰoːs |
茩 | *koːʔ |
姤 | *koːs |
銗 | *ɡoː |
骺 | *ɡoː |
后 | *ɡoːʔ, *ɡoːs |
垕 | *ɡoːʔ |
郈 | *ɡoːʔ |
逅 | *ɡoːs |
鲘 | |
缿 | *ɡoːs, *ɡroːŋʔ |
Lateral inversion of 后 generates 司 (OC *slɯ).
Etymology 1
simp. and trad. | 后 |
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From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m/s-gaw (“head”). Cognate with Tibetan གོ (go, “head; headman”), མགོ (mgo, “head, top, beginning”).
Pronunciation
Definitions
后
- † king; ruler; emperor
- 后稷 ― Hòujì ― Hou Ji, (literally, “Lord of Millet”) - legendary Chinese cultural hero and progenitor of the Zhou dynasty
- ⁜ queen; empress
- 王后 ― wánghòu ― queen
- (chess) queen
- a surname
Usage notes
- The surname 后 is not to be confused with the surname 後/后.
See also
Chess pieces in Chinese · 國際象棋棋子 (layout · text) | |||||
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王 (wáng), 國王/国王 (guówáng) | 后 (hòu), 皇后 (huánghòu) | 車/车 (jū), 城堡 (chéngbǎo) | 象 (xiàng), 主教 (zhǔjiào) | 馬/马 (mǎ), 騎士/骑士 (qíshì) | 兵 (bīng) |
Compounds
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Etymology 2
For pronunciation and definitions of 后 – see 後 (“behind; rear; back; later; after; afterwards; etc.”). (This character, 后, is the simplified and variant traditional form of 後.) |
Notes:
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Usage notes
In the traditional-Chinese literate context, the use of 后 as a variant of 後 is mostly confined to the occurrences in a few well-known historical texts such as the Great Learning (《大學》).
Japanese
Kanji
(grade 6 “Kyōiku” kanji)
Readings
- Go-on: ぐ (gu)
- Kan-on: こう (kō, Jōyō)←こう (kou, historical)
- Kan’yō-on: ご (go); ごう (gō)
- Kun: きさき (kisaki, 后)
Compounds
- 皇后 (kōgō)
- 大后 (konioruku)
Etymology 1
Kanji in this term |
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后 |
こう Grade: 6 |
kan’on |
From Middle Chinese 后 (MC ɦəuX, ɦəuH).
Affix
后 • (kō)
- monarch, ruler, sovereign
- empress, queen, or other female monarch
Derived terms
- 后稷 (kōshoku)
- 后妃 (kōhi)
- 王后 (ōkō)
- 皇后 (kōgō)
- 皇太后 (kōtaigō)
- 三后 (sangō)
- 准后 (jugō)
- 太后 (taikō)
- 母后 (bokō)
- 立后 (rikkō)
Etymology 2
Kanji in this term |
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后 |
きさき Grade: 6 |
kun’yomi |
Alternative spelling |
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妃 |
Derivation unknown.
Possibly originally a contraction of 君幸 (kimi saki, literally “lordly good fortune”). (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?)
Pronunciation
- (Tokyo) きさき [kìsáꜜkì] (Nakadaka – [2])[1]
- (Tokyo) きさき [kìsákí] (Heiban – [0])[1]
- IPA(key): [kʲisa̠kʲi]
Noun
后 • (kisaki)
- an empress
- Synonym: 皇后 (kōgō)
- any other wife of a male aristocrat, such as a queen
Derived terms
- 后がね (kisakigane)
- 后の宮 (kisaki no miya)
- 后腹 (kisakibara)
- 大后 (ōkisaki)
- 母后 (hahakisaki)
Etymology 3
Kanji in this term |
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后 |
きさい Grade: 6 |
irregular |
Alternative spelling |
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皇后 |
/kisaki/ → /kisaĩ/ → /kisai/
Sound shift from kisaki above.
Appears to be less common in isolation than the kisaki reading above.[2][1]
Noun
后 • (kisai)
- (uncommon, archaic) Same as きさき (kisaki) above
- c. 1001–1014, Murasaki Shikibu, Genji Monogatari (Agemaki)
- 「もし、世の中移りて、帝・后の、思しおきつるままにも、おはしまさば...」
- “Moshi, yononaka utsurite, mikado, kisai no, oboshi-okitsuru mama ni mo, owashimasaba...”
- (please add an English translation of this example)
- 「もし、世の中移りて、帝・后の、思しおきつるままにも、おはしまさば...」
- c. 1001–1014, Murasaki Shikibu, Genji Monogatari (Agemaki)
Derived terms
- 后の宮 (kisai no miya)
- 后腹 (kisaibara)
- 大后 (ōkisai)
Etymology 4
Kanji in this term |
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后 |
ご Grade: 6 |
kan’yōon |
For pronunciation and definitions of 后 – see the following entry. | ||
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(This term, 后, is an alternative spelling of the above Sino-Japanese term.) |
References
- 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- 1988, 国語大辞典(新装版) (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
Korean
Etymology
From Middle Chinese 后 (MC ɦəuH).
Historical readings |
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Pronunciation
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ɸʷu]
- Phonetic hangul: [후]
Hanja
Wikisource后 (eumhun 임금 후 (imgeum hu))
- Hanja form? of 후 (“ruler; monarch”).
- (suffix) Hanja form? of 후 (“queen; empress”).
Compounds
- 후궁 (后宮, hugung)
- 후비 (后妃, hubi)
- 후직 (后稷, Hujik)
- 후토 (后土, huto)
- 곤후 (坤后, gonhu)
- 왕후 (王后, wanghu)
- 태후 (太后, taehu)
- 황후 (皇后, hwanghu)
- 황태후 (皇太后, hwangtaehu)
- 태황태후 (太皇太后, taehwangtaehu)
References
- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典.
Vietnamese
Han character
后: Hán Nôm readings: hậu
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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