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单词 史
释义

史

See also: 吏 and 更
史 U+53F2, 史
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-53F2
← 叱
[U+53F1]		CJK Unified Ideographs右 →
[U+53F3]

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

史 (Kangxi radical 30, 口+2, 5 strokes, cangjie input 中大 (LK), four-corner 50006, composition ⿻口乂)

Derived characters

  • 𫢓, 𪠷, 𫩢, 𮍸, 𪗧, 𭆾, 𫾫, 𭨡, 𰁈, 𰓐, 𰥶, 𭨮, 𭉅, 𩂝, 鉂, 𰶽, 㳏, 𰛘, 𰝓, 𣐳, 𡶈, 𥑏, 𨽄, 𰑗, 𣬐, 駛, 驶, 𧲬, 𫙓, 𪀎

References

  • KangXi: page 173, character 3
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 3249
  • Dae Jaweon: page 384, character 4
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 571, character 2
  • Unihan data for U+53F2

Chinese

simp. and trad.
史
alternative forms㕜

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 史
ShangWestern ZhouShuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone scriptBronze inscriptionsSmall seal scriptTranscribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (史) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
吏*rɯs
倳*ʔsrɯs
剚*ʔsrɯs
事*ʔsrɯs, *zrɯs
史*srɯʔ
使*srɯʔ, *srɯs
駛*srɯʔ, *srɯs

Pictogram (象形) – 又 (OC *ɢʷɯs, “hand”) holding a fountain pen resembling 中 (OC *tuŋ, *tuŋs)

Etymology

"to send, to employ, to cause"
Causative derivation of 理 (OC rəʔ) "envoy (Zuo)" , "jail-official" (Guanzi), "marriage go-between", which is perhaps the same word as 理 (OC rəʔ) "to administer" (Schuessler 2007); the sense "scribe, historian" is derived from this.
"scribe, historian"
Possibly from Austroasiatic; Schuessler (2007) compared 理 (OC *rɯʔ), 吏 (OC *rɯs, “official”), 史 (OC *srɯʔ, “scribe, historian”), and 使 (OC *srɯʔ, *srɯs, “ambassador”) to Old Khmer re (“to move, change position”) & its derivatives Old Khmer pre (“to send, order, assign, appoint, delegate, use, employ, make”), in turn related to paṃre (“to serve; service, duty; servant, delegate, representative, minister”); with Sino-Tibetan causative *s- corresponding to Khmer causative *p-.
Alternatively, Unger (1990) and Starostin & Peiros (1996) derived 史 (OC *srɯʔ) "scribe, secretary" from 理 (OC *rɯʔ) "to mark, to draw lines", which, while cognate with Tibetan འབྲི ('bri, “to write, to draw”), apparently never meant "to write, to record".

Pronunciation

  • Mandarin
    (Standard)
    (Pinyin): shǐ (shi3)
    (Zhuyin): ㄕˇ
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): сы (sɨ, III)
  • Cantonese
    (Guangzhou, Jyutping): si2
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): lhu2
  • Gan (Wiktionary): si3
  • Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): sṳ́
    (Meixian, Guangdong): si3
  • Jin (Wiktionary): si2
  • Min Bei (KCR): sǔ
  • Min Dong (BUC): sṳ̄
  • Min Nan
    (Hokkien, POJ): sú / sír / sí / sái
    (Teochew, Peng'im): se2 / su2
  • Wu (Wiktionary): sr (T2)
  • Xiang (Wiktionary): shr3
  • Mandarin
    • (Standard Chinese)+
      • Hanyu Pinyin: shǐ
      • Zhuyin: ㄕˇ
      • Tongyong Pinyin: shǐh
      • Wade–Giles: shih3
      • Yale: shř
      • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shyy
      • Palladius: ши (ši)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /ʂʐ̩²¹⁴/
    • (Dungan)
      • Cyrillic and Wiktionary: сы (sɨ, III)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /sz̩⁴⁴/
      (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
  • Cantonese
    • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
      • Jyutping: si2
      • Yale: sí
      • Cantonese Pinyin: si2
      • Guangdong Romanization: xi2
      • Sinological IPA (key): /siː³⁵/
    • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
      • Wiktionary: lhu2
      • Sinological IPA (key): /ɬu⁵⁵/
  • Gan
    • (Nanchang)
      • Wiktionary: si3
      • Sinological IPA (key): /sz̩²¹³/
  • Hakka
    • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
      • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sṳ́
      • Hakka Romanization System: sii`
      • Hagfa Pinyim: si3
      • Sinological IPA: /sɨ³¹/
    • (Meixian)
      • Guangdong: si3
      • Sinological IPA: /sz̩³¹/
  • Jin
    • (Taiyuan)+
      • Wiktionary: si2
      • Sinological IPA (old-style): /sz̩⁵³/
  • Min Bei
    • (Jian'ou)
      • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: sǔ
      • Sinological IPA (key): /su²¹/
  • Min Dong
    • (Fuzhou)
      • Bàng-uâ-cê: sṳ̄
      • Sinological IPA (key): /sy³³/
  • Min Nan
    • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sú
      • Tâi-lô: sú
      • Phofsit Daibuun: suo
      • IPA (Kaohsiung): /su⁴¹/
      • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /su⁵³/
    • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sír
      • Tâi-lô: sír
      • IPA (Quanzhou): /sɯ⁵⁵⁴/
    • (Hokkien: Philippines)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sí
      • Tâi-lô: sí
      • Phofsit Daibuun: sie
      • IPA (Philippines): /ɕi⁵⁵⁴/
    • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sái
      • Tâi-lô: sái
      • Phofsit Daibuun: sae
      • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /sai⁵³/
      • IPA (Quanzhou): /sai⁵⁵⁴/
      • IPA (Kaohsiung): /sai⁴¹/
Note:
  • sír/sú/sí - literary;
  • sái - vernacular.
    • (Teochew)
      • Peng'im: se2 / su2
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: sṳ́ / sú
      • Sinological IPA (key): /sɯ⁵²/, /su⁵²/
Note: su2 - Chaoyang, Puning, Huilai.
  • Wu
    • (Shanghainese)
      • Wiktionary: sr (T2)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /sz̩³⁴/
  • Xiang
    • (Changsha)
      • Wiktionary: shr3
      • Sinological IPA (key) (old-style): /ʂʐ̩⁴¹/
      • Sinological IPA (key) (new-style): /sz̩⁴¹/
  • Middle Chinese: /ʃɨX/
Rime
Character史
Reading #1/1
Initial (聲)生 (21)
Final (韻)之 (19)
Tone (調)Rising (X)
Openness (開合)Open
Division (等)III
Fanqie踈士切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		/ʃɨX/
Pan
Wuyun		/ʃɨX/
Shao
Rongfen		/ʃieX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		/ʂɨX/
Li
Rong		/ʃiəX/
Wang
Li		/ʃĭəX/
Bernard
Karlgren		/ʂiX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		shǐ
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		si2
  • Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*s-rəʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*srɯʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character史
Reading #1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		shǐ
Middle
Chinese		‹ sriX ›
Old
Chinese		/*s-rəʔ/
Englishscribe

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character史
Reading #1/1
No.11487
Phonetic
component		史
Rime
group		之
Rime
subdivision		0
Corresponding
MC rime		史
Old
Chinese		/*srɯʔ/

Definitions

史

  1. history
    歐洲史／欧洲史  ―  Ōuzhōu shǐ  ―  European history
    近代史  ―  jìndàishǐ  ―  modern history
    史無前例／史无前例  ―  shǐwúqiánlì  ―  unprecedented (literally, “no precedent in history”)
  2. (historical) court historian; scribe
    • 動則左史書之，言則右史書之。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
      动则左史书之，言则右史书之。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
      From: The Book of Rites, c. 4th – 2nd century BCE
      Dòng zé zuǒshǐ shū zhī, yán zé yòushǐ shū zhī. [Pinyin]
      His actions were written down by the recorder of the Left, and his utterances by the recorder of the Right.
    • 董狐，古之良史也，書法不隱。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
      董狐，古之良史也，书法不隐。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
      From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4th century BCE
      Dǒng Hú, gǔ zhī liángshǐ yě, shūfǎ bù yǐn. [Pinyin]
      Dong Hu was a good historiographer of old time:—his rule for writing was not to conceal.
  3. historical record; book recording history
    正史  ―  zhèngshǐ  ―  official historical records
    《二十四史》  ―  “èrshísìshǐ”  ―  Twenty-Four Histories
  4. a surname
    史可法  ―  Shǐ Kěfǎ  ―  Shi Kefa

Compounds

Derived terms from 史

Japanese

Kanji

史

(grade 4 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. record, recording
  2. history

Readings

  • Go-on: し (shi, Jōyō)
  • Kan-on: し (shi, Jōyō)
  • On: じ (ji)
  • Kun: ふひと (fuhito, 史); ふびと (fubito, 史); ふみ (fumi, 史); さかん (sakan)

Proper noun

史(ひろし) • (Hiroshi) 

  1. a male given name

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 史 (MC ʃɨX).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448ᄉᆞᆼ〯 (Yale: sǒ)
Middle Korean
TextEumhun
Gloss (hun)Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527ᄉᆞ〯긧〮 (Yale: sǒkúy-s)ᄉᆞ〯 (Yale: sǒ)

Pronunciation

  • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [sʰa̠(ː)]
  • Phonetic hangul: [사(ː)]
    • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

Wikisource史 (eumhun 사기(史記) 사 (sagi sa))

  1. Hanja form? of 사 (“history”). [noun, suffix]

Compounds

Compounds
  • 역사 (歷史, yeoksa)
  • 사상 (史上, sasang)
  • 사적 (史跡, sajeok)
  • 사적 (史的, sajeok)
  • 사학 (史學, sahak)
  • 국사 (國史, guksa)
  • 역사 (歷史, yeoksa)

References

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

Vietnamese

Han character

史: Hán Nôm readings: sử

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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