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单词 可愛い
释义

可愛い

Japanese

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term

Grade: 5
(ateji)
あい > わい
Grade: 4
(ateji)
on’yomijukujikun

/kawajui//kawaiː/

Shift in pronunciation from kawayui below.[1]

The kanji spelling 可愛い is an example of ateji (当て字) and jukujikun (熟字訓), and uses an irregular reading of . The phonological resemblance to Chinese 可愛 (lovable, Mandarin kě'ài, Min Nan khó-ài) is coincidental. Note that the medial -w- here is not an excrescence added between ka () and ai (), since the word is not formed from these morphemes.

Already realized phonetically as /kawaiː/ by the early 1600s, and possibly found alongside older form kawayui, as seen in the 1603 edition of the Nippo Jisho.[2]

Alternative forms

  • (informal, cutesy) かあいい (kāii), きゃわいい (kyawaii)
  • (slang) カワユス (kawayusu), かわE(いい) (kawaii)

Pronunciation

  • (Irregular reading)
    • (Tokyo) わい [kàwáíꜜì] (Nakadaka – [3])[3][4]
    • IPA(key): [ka̠ɰᵝa̠ii]
    • (file)
  • Tokyo pitch accent of inflected forms of "可愛い"
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Stem forms
Continuative (連用形)可愛くいく
わい
[kàwáꜜìkù]
[kàwáíꜜkù]
Terminal (終止形)可愛いわい[kàwáíꜜì]
Attributive (連体形)可愛いわい[kàwáíꜜì]
Key constructions
Informal negative可愛くないいくない
わいくない
[kàwáꜜìkùnàì]
[kàwáíꜜkùnàì]
Informal past可愛かったいかった
わいかった
[kàwáꜜìkàttà]
[kàwáíꜜkàttà]
Informal negative past可愛くなかったいくなかった
わいくなかった
[kàwáꜜìkùnàkàttà]
[kàwáíꜜkùnàkàttà]
Formal可愛いですわいいです[kàwáíꜜìdèsù]
Conjunctive可愛くていくて
わいくて
[kàwáꜜìkùtè]
[kàwáíꜜkùtè]
Conditional可愛ければいければ
わいければ
[kàwáꜜìkèrèbà]
[kàwáíꜜkèrèbà]

Adjective

()(わい) (kawaii) かはいい (kafaī)? -i (adverbial ()(わい) (kawaiku))

  1. lovable, beloved
    ()(わい)()には(たび)をさせよ
    kawaii ko ni wa tabi o saseyo
    spare the rod and spoil the child
    (literally, “send your beloved child on a journey”)
  2. cute, adorable
    かわいい()()()
    kawaii ko to tsukiau
    to go out with (date) a cute girl
    ()べちゃいたいくらい可愛(かわい)
    tabechaitai kurai kawaii
    so cute I could just eat you up
    • 2003 September 22, Uraku, Akinobu, “(だい)63(ろくじゅうさん)() (おさな)()(おく) [Chapter 63: Childish Memories]”, in (とう)(きょう)アンダーグラウンド [Tokyo Underground], volume 11 (fiction), Square Enix, →ISBN, page 99:
      (あば)れなきゃ()(わい)(かお)なんだよな
      Abarenakya kawaii kao na n da yo na
      Her face when she’s not mad is actually pretty cute.
    • 2018, Akasaka, Aka, “(だい)92(きゅうじゅうに)() かぐや(さま)()れさせたい [Chapter 92: He Wants to Make Kaguya-sama Feel Embarrassed]”, in かぐや様は告らせたい〜天才たちの恋愛頭脳戦〜 [Kaguya-sama Wants to Make Him Confess: The Intellectual Battle of Love Between Geniuses], volume 10 (fiction), Shueisha:
      (わたし)なんかより(ふじ)(わら)さんの(ほう)()(わい)ですよ
      Watashi nanka yori Fujiwara-san no hō ga kawaii desu yo
      Fujiwara's more cute than I am.
      ()(わい)()(れい)さは(べつ)(もの)だろ
      Kawaisa to kireisa wa betsumono daro
      Cuteness and beauty aren't the same now, are they?
Usage notes

Often spelled in hiragana.

Inflection
Derived terms

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
かわゆ
Grade: 5Grade: 4
jukujikun

From classical Japanese /kawo hajuɕi//kawajui/.

A contraction of classical 顔映し (kawahayushi, embarrassing, shameful). The meaning evolved from shameful to evoking pity, to evoking compassion, and then to lovable.[1] The kanji spelling appears to be jukujikun (熟字訓), from the above reading. Compare Korean 예쁘다 (yeppeu-da), which originally meant poor (as in "poor, poor kid") but now means pretty.

Pronunciation

  • (Irregular reading)
    • (Tokyo) わゆ [kàwáyúꜜì] (Nakadaka – [3])[3]
    • IPA(key): [ka̠ɰᵝa̠jɯ̟ᵝi]

Adjective

()(わゆ) (kawayui) かはゆい (kafayui)? -i (adverbial ()(わゆ) (kawayuku))

  1. embarrassed, having a guilty conscience: see 顔映し (kawahayushi).
  2. (obsolete) pitiable, pitiful
    • 1632, Diego Collado, Dictionarium sive thesauri linguae Iaponicae compendium
      Miſerabilis, e: coſa que cauſa laſtima, cavaij.
      (Latin:) Wretched; (Spanish:) thing that causes pity, kawaii.
  3. lovable, adorable, cute
Inflection

See also

  • 可愛(えの)(だけ) (Enodake)

References

  1. 1988, 国語大辞典(新装版) (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
  2. 1603, Nippo Jisho (in Portuguese), relevant text here. Left-hand column, third entry down, listed as Cauaij.
  3. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  4. 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
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