又

又

See also: ヌ, ﾇ, ㄡ, 攵, 文, and 𠬠

又 U+53C8, 又 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-53C8 ← 叇 [U+53C7] CJK Unified Ideographs 叉 → [U+53C9]

⼜ U+2F1C, ⼜ KANGXI RADICAL AGAIN ← ⼛ [U+2F1B] Kangxi Radicals ⼝ → [U+2F1D]

Translingual

Stroke order

Stroke order

Han character

又 (Kangxi radical 29, 又+0, 2 strokes, cangjie input 弓大 (NK), four-corner 1740₀ or 7740₀, composition ⿻㇇㇏)

1. Kangxi radical #29, ⼜.
2. Shuowen Jiezi radical №76

Derived characters

• Appendix:Chinese radical/又
• 仅, 𠘫, 叹, 𪢲, 奴, 𫲡, 𡯉, 𫵴, 𢎤, 𭠎, 汉, 𨸕, 𡯅, 𪱙, 权, 𤕭, 𪻍, 𤰖, 𥃫, 𥝐, 𣦼, 𣦻, 𮕧, 𥸩, 臤, 𭁥, 𡊋, 𭐶, 𮍍, 𧺉, 𬩴, 𮮃, 𭰇, 𨥁, 𩚄, 𦒺, 𧆤, 馭(驭), 𬴲, 𩵎, 𣕒, 𧧙, 𪎳
• 𠚫, 劝, 𠨏, 对, 邓, 戏, 欢, 艰, 覌(观), 𪠂, 难, 𩑌, 鳮(鸡), 圣, 𠮢, 𡚩, 𤆆, 𦘬, 𦤵, 𧈡, 𧠈(𬢇), 𬥎
• 支, 攴, 殳, 𪠲, 㝊, 𭐟, 𦫿, 𤆌, 𠇀, 𤼦, 𥤦, 𡧌, 𢆼, 㝕, 隻, 𠵬, 𫳓, 曼, 䯭, 𥆣, 𦴋, 𡩠, 𣺎, 𤔪, 燮, 雙, 矍
• 㞋, 𭙎, 𤴨, 𧆛, 𮓚, 𤔔, 𤶯, 𪗅, 𭅄, 夃, 𠕀, 凤, 㘝

Descendants

• ㄡ (Zhuyin letter)

Further reading

• KangXi: page 164, character 43
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 3115
• Dae Jaweon: page 374, character 14
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 390, character 1
• Unihan data for U+53C8

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Chinese

simp. and trad.		又

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 又
Shang	Western Zhou	Warring States	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script	Bronze inscriptions	Chu slip and silk script	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (又) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
絠	*kɯːʔ
醢	*qʰɯːʔ
珛	*qʰʷɯs
栯	*ɢʷɯʔ, *qʷɯ
有	*ɢʷɯʔ
友	*ɢʷɯʔ
右	*ɢʷɯʔ, *ɢʷɯs
宥	*ɢʷɯs
囿	*ɢʷɯs, *ɡʷɯ
侑	*ɢʷɯs
酭	*ɢʷɯs
姷	*ɢʷɯs
又	*ɢʷɯs
佑	*ɢʷɯs
祐	*ɢʷɯs
賄	*qʰʷɯːʔ
蛕	*qʰʷɯːʔ, *ɡʷɯː
烠	*ɡʷɯː
倄	*ɢraːw, *ɢʷɯːʔ
鮪	*ɢʷɯʔ
洧	*ɢʷɯʔ
痏	*ɢʷɯʔ
郁	*qʷɯ
戫	*qʷɯ
哊	*ɡʷɯ

Pictogram (象形) – a right hand. Original form of 右 (OC *ɢʷɯʔ, *ɢʷɯs, “right”).

Etymology

Adverbial derivation of 有 (OC *ɢʷɯʔ, “to have; there is”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Standard)

  (Pinyin): yòu (you⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄧㄡˋ

  (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): ю (i͡u, III)

• Cantonese (Jyutping): jau⁶
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): yu

  (Meixian, Guangdong): yu⁴

• Min Dong (BUC): êu
• Min Nan

  (Hokkien, POJ): iū

  (Teochew, Peng'im): iu⁷ / iu⁶

• Wu (Wiktionary): hhieu (T3)

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: yòu
    • Zhuyin: ㄧㄡˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: yòu
    • Wade–Giles: yu⁴
    • Yale: yòu
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yow
    • Palladius: ю (ju)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /joʊ̯⁵¹/
  • (Dungan)
    • Cyrillic and Wiktionary: ю (i͡u, III)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /iou⁴⁴/

    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)

• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: jau⁶
    • Yale: yauh
    • Cantonese Pinyin: jau⁶
    • Guangdong Romanization: yeo⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /jɐu̯²²/
• Hakka
  • (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yu
    • Hakka Romanization System: iu
    • Hagfa Pinyim: yiu⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /i̯u⁵⁵/
  • (Southern Sixian, incl. Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yu
    • Hakka Romanization System: (r)iu
    • Hagfa Pinyim: yiu⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /(j)i̯u⁵⁵/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: yu⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /iu⁵³/
• Min Dong
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: êu
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /iɛu²⁴²/
• Min Nan
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: iū
    • Tâi-lô: iū
    • Phofsit Daibuun: iu
    • IPA (Xiamen): /iu²²/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /iu⁴¹/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /iu²²/
    • IPA (Taipei): /iu³³/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /iu³³/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: iu⁷ / iu⁶
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: iū / iŭ
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /iu¹¹/, /iu³⁵/
• Wu
  • (Shanghainese)
    • Wiktionary: hhieu (T3)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɦiɜ²³/

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• Middle Chinese: /ɦɨu^H/

Rime
Character	又
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	云 (35)
Final (韻)	尤 (136)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	于救切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɦɨuH/
Pan Wuyun	/ɦiuH/
Shao Rongfen	/ɣiəuH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɦuwH/
Li Rong	/ɣiuH/
Wang Li	/ɣĭəuH/
Bernard Karlgren	/i̯ə̯uH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yòu
Expected Cantonese Reflex	jau6

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɢ]ʷəʔ-s/

  (Zhengzhang): /*ɢʷɯs/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	又
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	yòu
Middle Chinese	‹ hjuwH ›
Old Chinese	/*[ɢ]ʷəʔ-s/
English	also, in addition
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	又
Reading #	1/1
No.	15603
Phonetic component	又
Rime group	之
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	宥
Old Chinese	/*ɢʷɯs/

Definitions

又

1. again; once more

   又下雨了！  ―  Yòu xiàyǔ le!  ―  It's raining again!

   想了又想  ―  xiǎng le yòu xiǎng  ―  to think and think; to deeply think about

   一次又一次的失敗 [MSC, trad.]
   一次又一次的失败 [MSC, simp.]

   yīcì yòu yīcì de shībài [Pinyin]

   failure after failure

   • 自此以後，又長久沒有看見孔乙己。 [MSC, trad.]
     自此以后，又长久没有看见孔乙己。 [MSC, simp.]

     From: 1919, Lu Xun, 孔乙己 (Kung I-chi)

     Zìcǐ yǐhòu, yòu chángjiǔ méiyǒu kànjiàn Kǒng Yǐjǐ. [Pinyin]

     A long time went by after that without our seeing Kung again.

2. Used to express the coexistence of several conditions or qualities; both ... and ...

   聰明又漂亮／聪明又漂亮  ―  cōngmíng yòu piàoliang  ―  smart and pretty

   我又餓又渴。／我又饿又渴。  ―  Wǒ yòu è yòu kě.  ―  I am hungry and thirsty.

   我又想去，又不想去，該怎麼辦？ [MSC, trad.]
   我又想去，又不想去，该怎么办？ [MSC, simp.]

   Wǒ yòu xiǎng qù, yòu bù xiǎng qù, gāi zěnme bàn? [Pinyin]

   I want to go, but I also don't want to go, what should I do?

3. also; in addition

   達·芬奇是科學家，又是藝術家。 [MSC, trad.]
   达·芬奇是科学家，又是艺术家。 [MSC, simp.]

   Dá Fēnqí shì kēxuéjiā, yòu shì yìshùjiā. [Pinyin]

   Leonardo da Vinci was a scientist also an artist.

   • 神就造出大魚和水中所滋生各樣有生命的動物，各從其類。又造出各樣飛鳥，各從其類。神看著是好的。 [MSC, trad.]
     神就造出大鱼和水中所滋生各样有生命的动物，各从其类。又造出各样飞鸟，各从其类。神看着是好的。 [MSC, simp.]

     From: 新標點和合本／新标点和合本 (Chinese Union Version with New Punctuation), 創世記 (Genesis) 1:21

     Shén jiù zào chū dà yú hé shuǐ zhōng suǒ zīshēng gèyàng yǒu shēngmìng de dòngwù, gè cóng qí lèi. Yòu zào chū gèyàng fēiniǎo, gè cóng qí lèi. Shén kàn zhuó shì hǎo de. [Pinyin]

     And God created great whales, and every living creature that moveth, which the waters brought forth abundantly, after their kind, and every winged fowl after his kind: and God saw that it was good.

4. Used between a whole number and a fraction

   四小時又十分鐘／四小时又十分钟  ―  sì xiǎoshí yòu shí fēnzhōng  ―  four hours and ten minutes

   二又三分之一  ―  èr yòu sān fēn zhī yī  ―  two and a third

5. but; on the other hand
6. Used in negative statements and rhetorical questions for emphasis

   這樣做對你又有什麼好處？ [MSC, trad.]
   这样做对你又有什么好处？ [MSC, simp.]

   Zhèyàng zuò duì nǐ yòu yǒu shénme hǎochù? [Pinyin]

   What good for you is there in doing that?

   嗰啲嘢又唔係我做，關我咩事啫。 [Cantonese, trad.]
   嗰啲嘢又唔系我做，关我咩事啫。 [Cantonese, simp.]

   go² di¹ je⁵ jau⁶ m⁴ hai⁶ ngo⁵ zou⁶, gwaan¹ ngo⁵ me¹ si⁶ ze¹. [Jyutping]

   Why should I care about that! It's not like I did it.

   我又唔係冇錢。 [Cantonese, trad.]
   我又唔系冇钱。 [Cantonese, simp.]

   ngo⁵ jau⁶ m⁴ hai⁶ mou⁵ cin². [Jyutping]

   It's not like I'm broke.

Usage notes

Compared to 再 (zài) which is used for something that has not happened, 又 (yòu) is used for something that already happened.

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 又 (“again; once more”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		又
Mandarin	Beijing	又
	Taiwan	又
	Jinan	又
	Xi'an	又
	Wuhan	又
	Chengdu	又
	Guilin	又
	Yangzhou	又
	Hefei	又
Cantonese	Guangzhou	又, 又試
	Hong Kong	又, 又試
	Yangjiang	又
Gan	Nanchang	又
Hakka	Meixian	又
Jin	Taiyuan	又
Min Bei	Jian'ou	又, 已
Min Dong	Fuzhou	復
Min Nan	Xiamen	閣, 閣再, 又閣再, 又閣
	Quanzhou	閣, 閣再, 又閣再, 又閣
	Zhangzhou	閣, 閣再, 又閣再, 又閣
	Taipei	閣 GT, 閣再 GT, 又閣 GT
	Singapore (Hokkien)	閣, 閣再, 又閣
	Manila (Hokkien)	閣, 閣再
	Chaozhou	又, 又再
	Shantou	又
Wu	Suzhou	亦
	Wenzhou	亦
Xiang	Changsha	又
	Shuangfeng	又
Note	GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified)

See also

• (again): 再 (zài)

Compounds

一又 三又 又且 又及 又名 (yòumíng) 又早 又是 又生一秦 又要 又道是 少之又少 (shǎozhīyòushǎo)

日新又新 欲言又止 玄之又玄 (xuánzhīyòuxuán) 卻又／却又 又作別論／又作别论 又作馮婦／又作冯妇 又好笑，又好氣／又好笑，又好气 (yòu hǎo xiào, yòu hǎo qì) 又弱一個／又弱一个 又急又氣／又急又气 又氣又急／又气又急 又當別論／又当别论

又紅又專／又红又专 (yòu hóng yòu zhuān) 又試／又试 又說又笑／又说又笑 又讀／又读 又閣／又阁 又驚又喜／又惊又喜 (yòujīngyòuxǐ) 可又來／可又来 復又／复又 損之又損／损之又损 賠了夫人又折兵／赔了夫人又折兵 (péi le fūrén yòu zhébīng)

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Japanese

Shinjitai	又
Kyūjitai [1][2][3]	又󠄂 又+󠄂? (Moji_Joho)
The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment. See here for details.

Kanji

又

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

1. again, as well
2. and
3. also

Readings

• Go-on: う (u)
• Kan-on: ゆう (yū)^{←いう (iu, historical)}
• Kun: また (mata, 又, Jōyō)

Definitions

Kanji in this term
又
また Grade: S
kun’yomi

For pronunciation and definitions of 又 – see the following entry.

【また】 [adverb] again, as well [conjunction] and, also Alternative spellings 又, 亦, 復, 也

(This term, 又, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

References

1. 白川静 (Shirakawa Shizuka) (2014), “又”, in 字通 普及版 (Jitsū fukyūban, “Jitsū trade edition”)‎ (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Heibonsha, →ISBN
2. 1914, 漢和大辭書 (Kanwa Dai Jisho, “The Great Kanji-Japanese Dictionary”) (in Japanese), page 389 (paper), page 244 (digital), Tōkyō: 興文社 (Kōbunsha)
3. 1927, 新漢和辭典 (Shin Kanwa Jiten, “The New Kanji-Japanese Dictionary”) (in Japanese), page 268 (paper), page 146 (digital), Ōsaka: 松雲堂 (Shōundō)

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Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 又 (MC ɦɨu^H).

Pronunciation

• (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [u(ː)]
• Phonetic hangul: [우(ː)]
  • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

Wikisource又 (eumhun 또 우 (tto u))

1. Hanja form^? of 우 (“again; and, also”). [affix]

Compounds

Compounds

• 우황 (又況, uhwang)

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Old Korean

Alternative forms

• 于 (*wu)

Etymology

Both John B. Whitman and Alexander Francis-Ratté speculate of a connection to Proto-Japonic *wa (“I; me”), although Whitman and Francis-Ratté's belief that Korean and Japanese are genetically linked does not have consensus in the field.

Pronoun

又 (*wu)

1. we, us
   • c. 1170, Interpretive gugyeol glosses to the Avatamsaka Sutra, vol. 35:

     [我]^又衣身^隱薄祐^爲良

     *wu-uy MWOM-un PAK.WU-hoy-a

     our bodies being poor in fortune

     (N.B. Gugyeol glyphs are given in non-abbreviated forms. Bracketed terms were ignored when read.)

Usage notes

This term is given as a native Korean equivalent of the Chinese first-person pronouns 我 and 吾 in plural contexts (Chinese not making the distinction morphologically) in three different sources of Korean-language interpretive gugyeol glosses to the Buddhist canon, made between the tenth and thirteenth centuries. Interpretive gugyeol encodes guidelines by which a Korean speaker could have read out a Classical Chinese text in its native Korean translation, much like Japanese kanbun. These three sources accordingly instruct the Korean reader to pronounce the Chinese first-person pronouns as 又 or 于, allowing us to understand that this is the Old Korean word for "we; us".

The Middle Korean first-person plural pronoun 우리 (wuli, “we; us”) is almost certainly derived from it, although the second syllable remains as of yet inexplicable.

Derived terms

• 吾里 (*WUli)

Descendants

• Middle Korean: 우리 (wuli, “we; us”)
  • Korean: 우리 (uri, “we; us”)

References

• 황선엽 (Hwang Seon-yeop), 이전경 (Yi Jeon-gyeong), 하귀녀 (Ha Gwi-nyeo), 이용 (Yi Yong), 박진호 (Park Jin-ho), 김성주 (Kim Seong-ju), 장경준 (Jang Gyeong-jun), 서민욱 (Seo Min-uk), 이지영 (Yi Ji-yeong), 서형국 (Seo Hyeong-guk). (2009) 석독구결사전/釋讀口訣辭典 [Dictionary of interpretive gugyeol], Bakmunsa, →ISBN
• 이병기 (Yi Byeong-gi) (2014), “Gugyeol jaryo-ui eohwi [Vocabulary in the gugyeol sources]”, in Gugyeol Yeon'gu, volume 33, pages 23–61

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Vietnamese

Han character

又: Hán Việt readings: hựu[1][2][3][4][5], hữu[5]
又: Nôm readings: lại[1]

1. chữ Hán form of hựu (“again”).
2. Nôm form of lại (“again”).

References

1. Trần (2004).
2. Bonet (1899).
3. Génibrel (1898).
4. Hồ (1976).
5. Trần (1999).

• https://hvdic.thivien.net/wnom/%E5%8F%88

References