参

See also: 參, 叁, and 薓

参	U+53C2, 参 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-53C2

← 叁
[U+53C1]

CJK Unified Ideographs

參 →
[U+53C3]

Translingual

Stroke order

Japanese	参
Simplified	参
Traditional	參

Han character

参 (Kangxi radical 28, 厶+6, 8 strokes, cangjie input 戈大竹竹竹 (IKHHH), composition ⿱⿱厶大彡)

Derived characters

㡎惨掺渗骖椮毶碜䅟糁鯵鲹黪毵㟥𦲞𥮾瘆

References

KangXi: not present, would follow page 164, character 21

Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 3090

Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 386, character 15

Unihan data for U+53C2

Chinese

Glyph origin

Simplified from 參, which is in turn simplified from 曑.

Definitions

For pronunciation and definitions of 参 – see 參 (“Three Stars mansion; etc.”). (This character, 参, is the simplified form of 參.)
Notes: Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia and Singapore. Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.

Japanese

Shinjitai	参
Kyūjitai	參

Kanji

参

(grade 4 “Kyōiku” kanji, shinjitai kanji, kyūjitai form 參)

Readings

From Middle Chinese 參 (MC ʃˠiɪm, “Three Stars mansion; carrot, ginseng”) and 參 (MC t͡ʃʰˠiɪm, “jagged, uneven”):

Go-on: しん (shin)^{←しん (sin, historical)}^{←しむ (simu, ancient)}
Kan-on: しん (shin)^{←しん (sin, historical)}^{←しむ (simu, ancient)}
Nanori: ほし (hoshi)

From Middle Chinese 參 (MC t͡sʰʌm, “add, influence, join”):

Go-on: そん (son)^{←そん (son, historical)}^{←そむ (somu, ancient)}
Kan-on: さん (san, Jōyō)^{←さん (san, historical)}^{←さむ (samu, ancient)}
Kun: まいる (mairu, 参る, Jōyō)^{←まゐる (mawiru, historical)}; まじわる (majiwaru, 参わる)^{←まじはる (mazifaru, historical)}
Nanori: かず (kazu); ちか (chika); なか (naka); はかる (hakaru); みち (michi)

From Middle Chinese 參 (MC sɑm, “3, three”):

Go-on: さん (san, Jōyō)^{←さん (san, historical)}^{←さむ (samu, ancient)}
Kan-on: さん (san, Jōyō)^{←さん (san, historical)}^{←さむ (samu, ancient)}
Kun: みつ (mitsu, 参つ); みっつ (mittsu, 参つ)
Nanori: み (mi)

Compounds

苦参(クララ) (kurara)
海参(いりこ) (iriko)

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
参
しん Grade: 4
on’yomi

Alternative spelling
參 (kyūjitai)

/ɕimʉ/ → /ɕiɴ/

The “Three Stars mansion” and “carrot, ginseng” senses are from Middle Chinese 參 (MC ʃˠiɪm).

The “jagged, uneven” affix is from Middle Chinese 參 (MC t͡ʃʰˠiɪm).

Pronunciation

On’yomi

(Tokyo) しん [shíꜜǹ] (Atamadaka – [1])[1]
IPA^(key): [ɕĩɴ]

Affix

参(しん) • (shin)

jagged, uneven
carrot, ginseng

Derived terms

参(しん)差(し) (shinshi)
苦(く)参(じん) (kujin)
玄(げん)参(じん) (genjin)
紫(し)参(じん) (shijin)
沙(しゃ)参(じん) (shajin)
独(どく)参(じん)湯(とう) (dokujintō)
人(にん)参(じん) (ninjin)
バラモン参(ジン) (baramonjin)

Proper noun

参(しん) • (Shin)

(Chinese astronomy) the Three Stars constellation, one of the Twenty-Eight Mansions
Synonyms: 参宿 (Shinshuku), 唐鋤星 (Karasuki-boshi)

Derived terms

参(しん)宿(しゅく) (Shinshuku)

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
参
さん Grade: 4
kan’on

Alternative spelling
參 (kyūjitai)

/ɕamʉ/ → /samʉ/ → /saɴ/

From Middle Chinese 參 (MC t͡sʰʌm).

Pronunciation

On’yomi: Kan’on

(Tokyo) さん [sáꜜǹ] (Atamadaka – [1])[1]
IPA^(key): [sã̠ɴ]

Noun

参(さん) • (san)

a calling, coming
(Zen Buddhism) a gathering of Zen members in meditation, preaching, and invocation

Derived terms

参(さん)する (sansuru)
参(さん)ずる (sanzuru), 参(さん)じる (sanjiru)

Affix

参(さん) • (san)

check, verify
add, increase, join (a group, etc.)
go (for a specific purpose, for example)
Short for 参議院 (Sangiin): the House of Councillors (upper house of the Diet)

Derived terms

参(さん)加(か) (sanka)
参(さん)賀(が) (sanga)
参(さん)画(かく) (sankaku)
参(さん)観(かん) (sankan)
参(さん)議(ぎ) (sangi)
参(さん)考(こう) (sankō)
参(さん)照(しょう) (sanshō)
参(さん)政(せい) (sansei)
参(さん)拝(ぱい) (sanpai)
参(さん)謀(ぼう) (sanbō)
参(さん)篭(ろう) (sanrō)
帰(き)参(さん) (kisan)
古(こ)参(さん) (kosan)
持(じ)参(さん) (jisan)
衆(しゅう)参(さん) (shūsan)
新(しん)参(ざん) (shinzan)
日(にっ)参(さん) (nissan)
墓(ぼ)参(さん) (bosan)

Proper noun

参(さん) • (San)

(Chinese astronomy, rare) the Three Stars constellation, one of the Twenty-Eight Mansions
Synonyms: 参宿 (Sanshuku), 唐鋤星 (Karasuki-boshi)
a surname

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
参
さん Grade: 4
on’yomi

Alternative spelling
參 (kyūjitai)

/samʉ/ → /saɴ/

From Middle Chinese 參 (MC sɑm).

Pronunciation

On’yomi

(Tokyo) さん [sàń] (Heiban – [0])[1]
IPA^(key): [sã̠ɴ]

Numeral

参(さん) • (san)

(law) Financial form of 三 (san): 3, three

Usage notes

This form of 3 is only used in legal documents.

Affix

参(さん) • (san)

Alternative spelling of 三 (san): 3, three
Short for 三河国 (Mikawa-no-kuni): Mikawa Province

Derived terms

参(さん)州(しゅう) (Sanshū)

References

2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[DJR-1] 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN