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单词 千
释义

千

See also: 于, 仟, 壬, 干, 韆, チ, and 手
千 U+5343, 千
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5343
← 卂
[U+5342]		CJK Unified Ideographs卄 →
[U+5344]

Translingual

Stroke order
Stroke order

Han character

千 (Kangxi radical 24, 十+1, 3 strokes, cangjie input 竹十 (HJ), four-corner 20400, composition ⿱丿十)

Derived characters

  • 仟 吀 圲 奷 忏 扦 汘 迁 阡 杄 歼 𬆼 瓩 䀒 䄭 竏 粁 䊹 (纤) 兛 釺 (钎) 𠦳 𡶨 刋 㔓 圱 谸 舌 忎 乖 芊 秊 䄹
  • 禾 垂 乗 重 熏 挿 㰱

Descendants

  • チ (Katakana character derived from man'yōgana)

Further reading

  • KangXi: page 155, character 19
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 2697
  • Dae Jaweon: page 351, character 2
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 59, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+5343

Chinese

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 千
ShangWestern ZhouWarring StatesShuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone scriptBronze inscriptionsChu slip and silk scriptSmall seal scriptTranscribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (人) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
千*sn̥ʰiːn
仟*sn̥ʰiːn
芊*sn̥ʰiːn, *sn̥ʰiːns
阡*sn̥ʰiːn
汘*sn̥ʰiːn
迁*sn̥ʰiːn
杄*sn̥ʰiːn
人*njin
仁*njin
朲*njin
佞*neːŋs

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sn̥ʰiːn) : semantic 一 (“one, signifying a number”) + phonetic 人 (OC *njin). The Old Chinese pronunciations of 千 (OC *sn̥ʰiːn) and 人 (OC *njin) were similar. For the component 人, compare its combining form 亻.

The traditional explanation holds that the extra line indicates an extension (see the etymologies of 年 and 延). 千 has the meaning one thousand because one thousand is a number that is reached by extending one's counting.

Etymology 1

simp. and trad.
千
alternative forms仟 financial

Unclear. Schuessler (2007) notes similar forms in Mon-Khmer, though their initials and finals do not match Old Chinese; compare Vietnamese nghìn and Old Mon lṅim (whence Mon လ္ၚီ (ŋìm)), all meaning "thousand". Also compare Proto-Hlai *C-ŋin. Cognate with Burmese ထောင် (htaung, “thousand”).

Pronunciation

  • Mandarin
    (Standard)
    (Pinyin): qiān (qian1)
    (Zhuyin): ㄑㄧㄢ
    (Chengdu, SP): qian1
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): чян (či͡an, I)
  • Cantonese
    (Guangzhou, Jyutping): cin1
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): ten1
  • Gan (Wiktionary): qien1
  • Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): chhiên
    (Meixian, Guangdong): qiên1
  • Jin (Wiktionary): qie1
  • Min Bei (KCR): cháing
  • Min Dong (BUC): chiĕng
  • Min Nan
    (Hokkien, POJ): chheng / chhuiⁿ / chhian
    (Teochew, Peng'im): coin1 / cain1
  • Wu (Wiktionary): qi (T1)
  • Xiang (Wiktionary): cienn1
  • Mandarin
    • (Standard Chinese)+
      • Hanyu Pinyin: qiān
      • Zhuyin: ㄑㄧㄢ
      • Tongyong Pinyin: cian
      • Wade–Giles: chʻien1
      • Yale: chyān
      • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chian
      • Palladius: цянь (cjanʹ)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕʰjɛn⁵⁵/
    • (Chengdu)
      • Sichuanese Pinyin: qian1
      • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: kian
      • Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕʰiɛn⁵⁵/
    • (Dungan)
      • Cyrillic and Wiktionary: чян (či͡an, I)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕʰiæ̃²⁴/
      (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
  • Cantonese
    • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
      • Jyutping: cin1
      • Yale: chīn
      • Cantonese Pinyin: tsin1
      • Guangdong Romanization: qin1
      • Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sʰiːn⁵⁵/
    • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
      • Wiktionary: ten1
      • Sinological IPA (key): /tʰen³³/
  • Gan
    • (Nanchang)
      • Wiktionary: qien1
      • Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕʰiɛn⁴²/
  • Hakka
    • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
      • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhiên
      • Hakka Romanization System: qien´
      • Hagfa Pinyim: qian1
      • Sinological IPA: /t͡ɕʰi̯en²⁴/
    • (Meixian)
      • Guangdong: qiên1
      • Sinological IPA: /t͡ɕʰiɛn⁴⁴/
  • Jin
    • (Taiyuan)+
      • Wiktionary: qie1
      • Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡ɕʰie¹¹/
  • Min Bei
    • (Jian'ou)
      • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: cháing
      • Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sʰaiŋ⁵⁴/
  • Min Dong
    • (Fuzhou)
      • Bàng-uâ-cê: chiĕng
      • Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sʰieŋ⁵⁵/
  • Min Nan
    • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese, Penang, Singapore)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chheng
      • Tâi-lô: tshing
      • Phofsit Daibuun: zhefng
      • IPA (Penang): /t͡sʰeŋ³³/
      • IPA (Singapore): /t͡sʰeŋ⁴⁴/
      • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /t͡ɕʰiɪŋ⁴⁴/
    • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhuiⁿ
      • Tâi-lô: tshuinn
      • Phofsit Daibuun: zhvuy
      • IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sʰuĩ³³/
    • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhian
      • Tâi-lô: tshian
      • Phofsit Daibuun: chiefn
      • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /t͡ɕʰiɛn⁴⁴/
      • IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡ɕʰiɛn³³/
Note:
  • chheng/chhuiⁿ - vernacular;
  • chhian - literary.
    • (Teochew)
      • Peng'im: coin1 / cain1
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tshoiⁿ / tshaiⁿ
      • Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sʰõĩ³³/, /t͡sʰãĩ³³/
Note:
  • cain1 - Huilai, Jieyang, Chaoyang;
  • coin1 - other places.
  • Wu
    • (Shanghainese)
      • Wiktionary: qi (T1)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕʰi⁵³/
  • Xiang
    • (Changsha)
      • Wiktionary: cienn1
      • Sinological IPA (key) (old-style): /t͡sʰiẽ³³/
      • Sinological IPA (key) (new-style): /t͡ɕʰiẽ³³/
  • Dialectal data
VarietyLocation
edit
千
MandarinBeijing/t͡ɕʰian⁵⁵/
Harbin/t͡ɕʰian⁴⁴/
Tianjin/t͡ɕʰian²¹/
Jinan/t͡ɕʰiã²¹³/
Qingdao/t͡sʰiã²¹³/
Zhengzhou/t͡sʰian²⁴/
Xi'an/t͡ɕʰiã²¹/
Xining/t͡ɕʰiã⁴⁴/
Yinchuan/t͡ɕʰian⁴⁴/
Lanzhou/t͡ɕʰiɛ̃n³¹/
Ürümqi/t͡ɕʰian⁴⁴/
Wuhan/t͡ɕʰiɛn⁵⁵/
Chengdu/t͡ɕʰian⁵⁵/
Guiyang/t͡ɕʰian⁵⁵/
Kunming/t͡ɕʰiɛ̃⁴⁴/
Nanjing/t͡sʰien³¹/
Hefei/t͡ɕʰiĩ²¹/
JinTaiyuan/t͡ɕʰie¹¹/
Pingyao/t͡ɕʰie̞¹³/
Hohhot/t͡ɕʰie³¹/
WuShanghai/t͡ɕʰi⁵³/
Suzhou/t͡sʰiɪ⁵⁵/
Hangzhou/t͡ɕʰiẽ̞³³/
Wenzhou/t͡ɕʰi³³/
HuiShexian/t͡sʰe³¹/
Tunxi/t͡sʰiɛ¹¹/
XiangChangsha/t͡sʰiẽ³³/
Xiangtan/t͡sʰiẽ³³/
GanNanchang/t͡ɕʰiɛn⁴²/
HakkaMeixian/t͡sʰien⁴⁴/
Taoyuan/t͡sʰien²⁴/
CantoneseGuangzhou/t͡sʰin⁵³/
Nanning/t͡sʰin⁵⁵/
Hong Kong/t͡sʰin⁵⁵/
MinXiamen (Min Nan)/t͡sʰian⁵⁵/
/t͡sʰiŋ⁵⁵/
Fuzhou (Min Dong)/t͡sʰieŋ⁴⁴/
Jian'ou (Min Bei)/t͡sʰaiŋ⁵⁴/
Shantou (Min Nan)/t͡sʰõi³³/
Haikou (Min Nan)/sin²³/
/sai²³/
  • Middle Chinese: /t͡sʰen/
Rime
Character千
Reading #1/1
Initial (聲)清 (14)
Final (韻)先 (85)
Tone (調)Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)Open
Division (等)IV
Fanqie蒼先切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		/t͡sʰen/
Pan
Wuyun		/t͡sʰen/
Shao
Rongfen		/t͡sʰɛn/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		/t͡sʰɛn/
Li
Rong		/t͡sʰen/
Wang
Li		/t͡sʰien/
Bernard
Karlgren		/t͡sʰien/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		qiān
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		cin1
  • Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*s.n̥ˤi[ŋ]/
    (Zhengzhang): /*sn̥ʰiːn/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character千
Reading #1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		qiān
Middle
Chinese		‹ tshen ›
Old
Chinese		/*s.n̥ˁi[ŋ]/
Englishthousand

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character千
Reading #1/1
No.10792
Phonetic
component		人
Rime
group		眞
Rime
subdivision		1
Corresponding
MC rime		千
Old
Chinese		/*sn̥ʰiːn/
Notes小徐人聲，甲文乃借人加一

Definitions

千

  1. thousand
    幾千／几千  ―  jǐ qiān  ―  several thousand
  2. many; numerous
    千山萬水／千山万水  ―  qiānshānwànshuǐ  ―  many rivers and mountains
  3. (Cantonese) to swindle; to defraud
    • 佢收手不再千　走去撈製片 [Cantonese, trad.]
      佢收手不再千　走去捞制片 [Cantonese, simp.]
      From: 2019, 尹光 [Wan Kwong], 荷里活有個大老千 [I Bet Your Pardon]
      keoi5 sau1 sau2 bat1 zoi3 cin1, zau2 heoi3 lou1 zai3 pin3-2 [Jyutping]
      She quit swindling and went to be a film producer
See also
Chinese numbers
0123456789101021031041081012
Normal
(小寫／小写)		〇, 零一二三四五六七八九十百千萬／万
十千 (Malaysia, Singapore)		億／亿兆 (Taiwan)
萬億／万亿 (Mainland China)
Financial
(大寫／大写)		零壹貳／贰參／叁肆伍陸／陆柒捌玖拾佰仟

Compounds

Derived terms from 千

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (千):
  • → Japanese: 千(せん) (sen)
  • → Korean: 천(千) (cheon)
  • → Vietnamese: thiên (千)

Others:

  • → Zhuang: cien (“thousand”)

Etymology 2

For pronunciation and definitions of 千 – see 韆 (“and”).
(This character, 千, is the simplified form of 韆.)
Notes:
  • Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia and Singapore.
  • Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.

Further reading

  • “Entry #188”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (in Chinese and Min Nan), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2011.

Japanese

Kanji

千

(grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings

  • Go-on: せん (sen, Jōyō)
  • Kan-on: せん (sen, Jōyō)
  • Kun: ち (chi, 千, Jōyō)
  • Nanori: かず (kazu); ゆき (yuki)

Compounds

  • 千(ち)早(はや)ぶ (chihayabu)

Alternative forms

Kanji in this term
千
せん
Grade: 1
on’yomi
  • (financial) 仟, 阡

Etymology 1

From Middle Chinese 千 (MC t͡sʰen).

Pronunciation

  • (Tokyo) せ​ん [séꜜǹ] (Atamadaka – [1])[1][2]
  • IPA(key): [sẽ̞ɴ]

Numeral

千(せん) • (sen) 

  1. a thousand, 1000
Derived terms
Derived terms
  • 千(せん)万(まん) (senman), 千(せん)万(ばん) (senban)
  • 千(せん)日(にち) (sennichi)
  • 千(せん)人(にん) (sennin)
  • 千(せん)年(ねん) (sennen)
  • 千(せん)羽(ば)鶴(づる) (senbazuru)
  • 千(せん)百(ひゃく) (senhyaku)
  • 千(せん)本(ぼん) (senbon)
  • 千(せん)里(り) (senri)
  • 千(せん)両(りょう)箱(ばこ) (senryōbako)
Japanese numerical compounds with 千(せん) (sen)
1,0002,0003,0004,0005,0006,0007,0008,0009,000Thousands of
千(せん) (sen)
一(いっ)千(せん) (issen)		二(に)千(せん) (nisen)三(さん)千(ぜん) (sanzen)四(よん)千(せん) (yonsen)五(ご)千(せん) (gosen)六(ろく)千(せん) (rokusen)七(なな)千(せん) (nanasen)八(はっ)千(せん) (hassen)九(きゅう)千(せん) (kyūsen)何(なん)千(ぜん) (nanzen)
数(すう)千(せん) (sūsen)
Idioms
  • 千(せん)に一(ひと)つ (sen ni hitotsu)
  • 千(せん)も万(まん)もいらぬ (sen mo man mo iranu)
  • 海(うみ)千(せん)山(やま)千(せん) (umisen yamasen)

Affix

千(せん) • (sen) 

  1. thousand
  2. (by extension) very large number
Derived terms
Derived terms
  • 千(せん)客(きゃく) (senkyaku)
  • 千(せん)言(げん) (sengen)
  • 千(せん)差(さ) (sensa)
  • 千(せん)載(ざい), 千(せん)歳(ざい) (senzai)
  • 千(せん)秋(しゅう) (senshū)
  • 千(せん)草(そう) (sensō)
  • 数(すう)千(せん) (sūsen)
  • 当(とう)千(せん) (tōsen)

Proper noun

千(せん) • (Sen) 

  1. a surname, especially from the line of tea ceremony masters

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
千
ち
Grade: 1
kun’yomi

⟨ti⟩ → /t͡ɕi/

From Old Japanese.

Pronunciation

  • (Tokyo) ち​ [chíꜜ] (Atamadaka – [1])[1]
  • IPA(key): [t͡ɕi]

Numeral

千(ち) • (chi) 

  1. a thousand, 1000
Derived terms
Derived terms
  • 千(ち)々(ぢ) (chiji)
  • 千(ち)草(ぐさ) (chigusa)
  • 千(ち)里(さと) (chisato)
  • 千(ち)歳(とせ) (Chitose)
  • 千(ち)鳥(どり) (chidori)
  • 千(ち)本(もと) (chimoto)
  • 千(ち)代(よ) (chiyo)
  • 千(ち)万(よろず) (chiyorozu)

References

  1. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 千 (MC t͡sʰen).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448쳔 (Yale: chyèn)
Middle Korean
TextEumhun
Gloss (hun)Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527즈〮믄〮 (Yale: cúmún)쳔 (Yale: chyèn)

Pronunciation

  • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [t͡ɕʰʌ̹n]
  • Phonetic hangul: [천]

Hanja

Wikisource千 (eumhun 일천(一千) 천 (ilcheon cheon))

  1. Hanja form? of 천 (“thousand”).

Compounds

Compounds
  • 천금 (千金, cheon'geum)
  • 천도 (千島, cheondo)
  • 천추 (千秋, cheonchu)
  • 수천 (數千, sucheon)
  • 차천 (且千, chacheon)
  • 천리마 (千里馬, cheollima)
  • 천리안 (千里眼, cheollian)
  • 천군만마 (千軍萬馬, cheon'gunmanma)
  • 천추만대 (千秋萬代, cheonchumandae)

References

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

Old Japanese

Etymology

From Proto-Japonic *ti. (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?)

Numeral

千 (ti) (kana ち)

  1. a thousand, 1000
    • c. 759, Man'yōshū (book 12, poem 3059), text here
      百爾千爾人者雖言月草之移情吾將持八方
      momo ni ti ni pi1to2 pa ipu to2 mo tuki2kusa no2 uturo2pu ko2ko2ro2 ware motame2 ya mo
      (please add an English translation of this usage example)

Derived terms

  • 千秋 (tiaki1)
  • 千名 (tina)
  • 千代 (tiyo2)
  • 千萬 (tiyo2ro2du)

Descendants

  • Japanese: 千 (chi)

Vietnamese

Han character

千: Hán Việt readings: thiên (倉(thương)先(tiên)切(thiết))[1][2][3][4][5]
千: Nôm readings: thiên[1][2][4][6], xiên[1]

  1. chữ Hán form of thiên (“thousand”).

Compounds

Compounds
  • 一笑千金 (nhất tiếu thiên kim)
  • 千古 (thiên cổ)
  • 千金 (thiên kim)
  • 千官 (thiên quan)
  • 千載一時 (thiên tải nhất thì)
  • 千秋 (thiên thu)
  • 千歲 (thiên tuế)
  • 千變萬化 (thiên biến vạn hóa/thiên biến vạn hoá)
  • 千年紀 (thiên niên kỉ)
  • 千乘之國 (thiên thặng chi quốc)
  • 千歲 (thiên tuếlong live)

References

  1. Nguyễn (2014).
  2. Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. Trần (2004).
  4. Bonet (1899).
  5. Génibrel (1898).
  6. Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
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