化石

化石

Chinese

		to make into; to change into; ‑ization to make into; to change into; ‑ization; to ... ‑ize; to transform	rock; stone; 10 pecks
simp. and trad. (化石)		化	石
anagram		石化

Etymology

Wasei kango (和製漢語), orthographically borrowed from Japanese 化 (か)石 (せき) (kaseki, “fossil”)

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): huàshí

  (Zhuyin): ㄏㄨㄚˋ ㄕˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): faa³ sek⁶
• Min Dong (BUC): huá-siŏh / huá-sĭk
• Min Nan (POJ): hòa-chio̍h / hòa-se̍k
• Wu (Wiktionary): ho zaq (T2)

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Pinyin: huàshí
    • Zhuyin: ㄏㄨㄚˋ ㄕˊ
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: huahshy
    • IPA ^(key): /xu̯ä⁵¹ ʂʐ̩³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: faa³ sek⁶
    • Yale: fa sehk
    • Cantonese Pinyin: faa³ sek⁹
    • Guangdong Romanization: fa³ ség⁶
    • IPA ^(key): /fäː³³ sɛːk̚²/
• Min Dong
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: huá-siŏh / huá-sĭk
    • IPA ^(key): /hua²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ^(s-)luoʔ⁵/, /hua²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ^(s-)liʔ⁵/
• Min Nan
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hòa-chio̍h
    • Tâi-lô: huà-tsio̍h
    • Phofsit Daibuun: hoarcioih
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /hua⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡ɕioʔ²⁴/
    • IPA (Xiamen): /hua²¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕioʔ⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /hua²¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕioʔ¹²¹/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /hua²¹⁻⁴¹ t͡ɕiɤʔ⁴/
    • IPA (Taipei): /hua¹¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕioʔ⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hòa-se̍k
    • Tâi-lô: huà-si̍k
    • Phofsit Daibuun: hoarsek
    • IPA (Xiamen): /hua²¹⁻⁵³ ɕiɪk̚⁴/
• Wu
  • (Shanghainese)
    • Wiktionary: ho zaq (T2)
    • IPA ^(key): /ho³³ z̻a̱ʔ⁴⁴/

Noun

化石

1. fossil

Derived terms

化石燃料 (huàshí ránliào)

活化石 (huóhuàshí)

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Japanese

Kanji in this term
化	石
か Grade: 3	せき Grade: 1
on’yomi

Etymology

化 (ka, “to change into”) +‎ 石 (seki, “stone”)

Pronunciation

• On’yomi
  • (Tokyo) かせき [kàsékí] (Heiban – [0])
  • IPA^(key): [ka̠se̞kʲi]

Noun

化石 (hiragana かせき, rōmaji kaseki, historical hiragana くわせき)

1. a fossil
2. petrifaction
3. (metaphor, insult) out-of-date person, thing

Derived terms

• 化 (か)石 (せき)化 (か) (kasekika): fossilize
• 化 (か)石 (せき)学 (がく) (kasekigaku): paleontology
• 化 (か)石 (せき)層 (そう) (kasekisō): fossil bed
• 化 (か)石 (せき)人 (じん)類 (るい) (kaseki jinrui): fossil men
• 化 (か)石 (せき)燃 (ねん)料 (りょう) (kaseki nenryō): fossil fuel
• 化 (か)石 (せき)類 (るい)人 (じん)猿 (えん) (kaseki ruijin'en): anthropoid fossil

• 微 (び)化 (か)石 (せき) (bikaseki): microfossil
• 糞 (ふん)化 (か)石 (せき) (funkaseki): coprolite, guano
• 示 (じ)準 (じゅん)化 (か)石 (せき) (jijun-kaseki): index fossil, key fossil
• 生 (せい)痕 (こん)化 (か)石 (せき) (seikon kaseki): trace fossil
• 生 (い)きた化 (か)石 (せき) (ikita kaseki): living fossil, relict

Verb

化石する (hiragana かせきする, rōmaji kaseki suru)

1. to fossilize

Conjugation

Conjugation of "化石する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形)	化石し	かせきし	kaseki shi
Continuative (連用形)	化石し	かせきし	kaseki shi
Terminal (終止形)	化石する	かせきする	kaseki suru
Attributive (連体形)	化石する	かせきする	kaseki suru
Hypothetical (仮定形)	化石すれ	かせきすれ	kaseki sure
Imperative (命令形)	化石せよ¹ 化石しろ²	かせきせよ¹ かせきしろ²	kaseki seyo¹ kaseki shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	化石される	かせきされる	kaseki sareru
Causative	化石させる 化石さす	かせきさせる かせきさす	kaseki saseru kaseki sasu
Potential	化石できる	かせきできる	kaseki dekiru
Volitional	化石しよう	かせきしよう	kaseki shiyō
Negative	化石しない	かせきしない	kaseki shinai
Negative continuative	化石せず	かせきせず	kaseki sezu
Formal	化石します	かせきします	kaseki shimasu
Perfective	化石した	かせきした	kaseki shita
Conjunctive	化石して	かせきして	kaseki shite
Hypothetical conditional	化石すれば	かせきすれば	kaseki sureba
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative

Descendants

• → Chinese: 化石
• → Korean: 화석 (hwaseok)
• → Vietnamese: hoá thạch