勉強

勉強

See also: 勉强

Chinese

		exhort	strength; force; power strength; force; power; powerful; better
trad. (勉強)		勉	強
simp. (勉强)		勉	强

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): miǎnqiǎng, miǎnqiáng

  (Zhuyin): ㄇㄧㄢˇ ㄑㄧㄤˇ, ㄇㄧㄢˇ ㄑㄧㄤˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): min⁵ koeng⁵
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): miên-khiòng / miên-khióng
• Min Dong (BUC): miēng-*giōng
• Min Nan

  (Hokkien, POJ): bián-kióng / bián-kiáng

  (Teochew, Peng'im): miêng² giang²

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: miǎnqiǎng [Phonetic: miánqiǎng]
    • Zhuyin: ㄇㄧㄢˇ ㄑㄧㄤˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: miǎnciǎng
    • Wade–Giles: mien³-chʻiang³
    • Yale: myǎn-chyǎng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: meancheang
    • Palladius: мяньцян (mjanʹcjan)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /mjɛn²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡ɕʰjɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
      
  • (Standard Chinese, variant in Mainland)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: miǎnqiáng
    • Zhuyin: ㄇㄧㄢˇ ㄑㄧㄤˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: miǎnciáng
    • Wade–Giles: mien³-chʻiang²
    • Yale: myǎn-chyáng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: meanchyang
    • Palladius: мяньцян (mjanʹcjan)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /mjɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹¹ t͡ɕʰjɑŋ³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: min⁵ koeng⁵
    • Yale: míhn kéuhng
    • Cantonese Pinyin: min⁵ koeng⁵
    • Guangdong Romanization: min⁵ kêng⁵
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /miːn¹³ kʰœːŋ¹³/
• Hakka
  • (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: miên-khiòng
    • Hakka Romanization System: mien´ kiongˇ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: mian¹ kiong²
    • Sinological IPA: /mi̯en²⁴ kʰi̯oŋ¹¹/
  • (Southern Sixian, incl. Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: miên-khióng
    • Hakka Romanization System: mien´ kiong`
    • Hagfa Pinyim: mian¹ kiong³
    • Sinological IPA: /mi̯en²⁴ kʰi̯oŋ³¹/
• Min Dong
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: miēng-*giōng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /mieŋ³³⁻³⁵ kyoŋ³³/
• Min Nan
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Jinjiang, Philippines, Singapore)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bián-kióng
    • Tâi-lô: bián-kióng
    • Phofsit Daibuun: biefnkiorng
    • IPA (Singapore): /biɛn⁴²⁻²⁴ kiɔŋ⁴²/
    • IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Philippines): /biɛn⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kiɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/
    • IPA (Xiamen, Taipei): /biɛn⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kiɔŋ⁵³/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /biɛn⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kiɔŋ⁴¹/
  • (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bián-kiáng
    • Tâi-lô: bián-kiáng
    • Phofsit Daibuun: biefnkiarng
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /biɛn⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kiaŋ⁵³/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: miêng² giang²
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: miéng kiáng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /mieŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ kiaŋ⁵²⁻²¹/

Adjective

勉強

1. forced; inadequate; grudging; reluctant
2. passable; barely acceptable

Synonyms

• (passable):

edit

一般 (yībān) 平常 (píngcháng) (euphemistic) 不大離／不大离 (bùdàlí) (regional) 巴巴結結／巴巴结结 (bāba-jiējiē) (regional) 湊合／凑合 (còuhe) (colloquial)

說得過去／说得过去 (shuōdeguòqù) 過得去／过得去 (guòdeqù) 還可以／还可以 (háikěyǐ) 還好／还好 (háihǎo) 馬馬虎虎／马马虎虎 (mǎmǎhǔhǔ)

Adverb

勉強

1. reluctantly; in a forced manner; grudgingly

Verb

勉強

1. to force somebody to do something
2. to make do; to do with difficulty

Synonyms

• (to make do):

edit

委曲 (wěiqū) 糊弄 (hùnong) (colloquial) 好賴／好赖 (hǎolài)

將就／将就 (jiāngjiù) 湊合／凑合 (còuhe) (colloquial)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (勉強):

• → Japanese: 勉(べん)強(きょう) (benkyō, “study”)
• → Vietnamese: miễn cưỡng (勉強)

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Japanese

Kanji in this term
勉	強
べん Grade: 3	きょう Grade: 2
on’yomi

Alternative spelling
勉強 (kyūjitai)

Alternative forms

• (honorific) お勉強(べんきょう) (o-benkyō)

Etymology

From Sinitic 勉強.

Pronunciation

• On’yomi: Kan’on
• (Tokyo) べんきょー [bèńkyóó] (Heiban – [0])[1]
• IPA^(key): [bẽ̞ŋʲkʲo̞ː]

Noun

勉(べん)強(きょう) • (benkyō) ^{←べんきやう (benkyau)?}

1. studying, studies, study

   成績(せいせき)のためだけの勉強(べんきょう)

   seiseki no tame dake no benkyō

   studying for the sole purpose of getting good grades

   ここは部活(ぶかつ)などよりも勉強(べんきょう)に熱心(ねっしん)な学校(がっこう)だ。

   Koko wa bukatsu nado yori mo benkyō ni nesshin na gakkō da.

   This high school is more serious about studies than clubs or sports.

Verb

勉(べん)強(きょう)する • (benkyō suru) ^{←べんきやう (benkyau)?} suru (stem 勉(べん)強(きょう)し (benkyō shi), past 勉(べん)強(きょう)した (benkyō shita))

1. to study

   英語(えいご)を勉強(べんきょう)する

   eigo o benkyō suru

   to study English

2. to discount, to reduce the price of something

   勉強(べんきょう)させてもらいます。

   Benkyō sasete moraimasu.

   Let me discount / I'll give you a discount.

Conjugation

Conjugation of "勉強する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形)	勉強し	べんきょうし	benkyō shi
Continuative (連用形)	勉強し	べんきょうし	benkyō shi
Terminal (終止形)	勉強する	べんきょうする	benkyō suru
Attributive (連体形)	勉強する	べんきょうする	benkyō suru
Hypothetical (仮定形)	勉強すれ	べんきょうすれ	benkyō sure
Imperative (命令形)	勉強せよ¹ 勉強しろ²	べんきょうせよ¹ べんきょうしろ²	benkyō seyo¹ benkyō shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	勉強される	べんきょうされる	benkyō sareru
Causative	勉強させる 勉強さす	べんきょうさせる べんきょうさす	benkyō saseru benkyō sasu
Potential	勉強できる	べんきょうできる	benkyō dekiru
Volitional	勉強しよう	べんきょうしよう	benkyō shiyō
Negative	勉強しない	べんきょうしない	benkyō shinai
Negative continuative	勉強せず	べんきょうせず	benkyō sezu
Formal	勉強します	べんきょうします	benkyō shimasu
Perfective	勉強した	べんきょうした	benkyō shita
Conjunctive	勉強して	べんきょうして	benkyō shite
Hypothetical conditional	勉強すれば	べんきょうすれば	benkyō sureba
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative

Derived terms

• 勉強家(べんきょうか) (benkyōka): a studious person

See also

• 学修(がくしゅう) (gakushū), 学習: learning, study
• 学(まな)ぶ (manabu): study
• 割引(わりびき) (waribiki): discount (noun)

References

1. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

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Vietnamese

Hán tự in this term
勉	強

Adverb

勉強

1. chữ Hán form of miễn cưỡng (“reluctantly”).

Adjective

勉強

1. chữ Hán form of miễn cưỡng (“reluctant”).