勉

勉

勉 U+52C9, 勉 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-52C9 ← 勈 [U+52C8] CJK Unified Ideographs 勊 → [U+52CA]

勉 U+FA33, 勉 CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-FA33 ← 免 [U+FA32] CJK Compatibility Ideographs 勤 → [U+FA34]

勉 U+2F826, 勉 CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F826 ← 勇 [U+2F825] CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement 勤 → [U+2F827]

Translingual

Japanese	勉
Simplified	勉
Traditional	勉

Alternative forms

Note that in Japanese shinjitai, the bottom left handed stroke ㇓ of 免 is written as two separate components (𫩏+儿).

Han character

勉 (Kangxi radical 19, 力+7 in Chinese, 力+8 in Japanese, 9 strokes in Chinese, 10 strokes in Japanese, cangjie input 弓山大尸 (NUKS), four-corner 2421₂, composition ⿺免力)

References

• KangXi: page 147, character 37
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 2384
• Dae Jaweon: page 333, character 2
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 372, character 3
• Unihan data for U+52C9
• Unihan data for U+FA33
• Unihan data for U+2F826

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Chinese

simp. and trad.		勉

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (免) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
免	*mronʔ
娩	*mronʔ, *mronʔ, *m̥ʰons, *monʔ, *mons, *muns
勉	*mronʔ
俛	*mronʔ
鮸	*mronʔ
冕	*mronʔ
絻	*mronʔ, *moːn, *muns
婏	*m̥ʰos
浼	*muːlʔ
鞔	*moːn
悗	*moːn
嬎	*m̥ʰons
晚	*monʔ
挽	*monʔ
輓	*monʔ, *mons
脕	*monʔ, *mons, *muns
莬	*muns

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *mronʔ) : phonetic 免 (OC *mronʔ) + semantic 力 (“strong”) – make a strong effort.

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): miǎn (mian³)

  (Zhuyin): ㄇㄧㄢˇ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): min⁵
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): miên

  (Meixian, Guangdong): mên¹ / mên³

• Min Dong (BUC): miēng
• Min Nan

  (Hokkien, POJ): bián

  (Teochew, Peng'im): miang² / miêng²

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: miǎn
    • Zhuyin: ㄇㄧㄢˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: miǎn
    • Wade–Giles: mien³
    • Yale: myǎn
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: mean
    • Palladius: мянь (mjanʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /mjɛn²¹⁴/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: min⁵
    • Yale: míhn
    • Cantonese Pinyin: min⁵
    • Guangdong Romanization: min⁵
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /miːn¹³/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: miên
    • Hakka Romanization System: mien´
    • Hagfa Pinyim: mian¹
    • Sinological IPA: /mi̯en²⁴/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: mên¹ / mên³
    • Sinological IPA: /mɛn⁴⁴/, /mɛn³¹/
• Min Dong
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: miēng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /mieŋ³³/
• Min Nan
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bián
    • Tâi-lô: bián
    • Phofsit Daibuun: biern
    • IPA (Xiamen): /biɛn⁵³/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /biɛn⁵⁵⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /biɛn⁵³/
    • IPA (Taipei): /biɛn⁵³/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /biɛn⁴¹/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: miang² / miêng²
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: miáng / miéng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /miaŋ⁵²/, /mieŋ⁵²/

Note:

• miang2 - Shantou;
• miêng2 - Chaozhou.

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• Middle Chinese: /mˠiᴇn^X/

Rime
Character	勉
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	明 (4)
Final (韻)	仙 (79)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	亡辨切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/mˠiᴇnX/
Pan Wuyun	/mᵚiɛnX/
Shao Rongfen	/miænX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/mianX/
Li Rong	/mjɛnX/
Wang Li	/mĭɛnX/
Bernard Karlgren	/mi̯ɛnX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	miǎn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	min5

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*mr[o][r]ʔ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*mronʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	勉
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	miǎn
Middle Chinese	‹ mjenX ›
Old Chinese	/*mr[o][r]ʔ/
English	make an effort
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	勉
Reading #	1/1
No.	9068
Phonetic component	免
Rime group	元
Rime subdivision	3
Corresponding MC rime	免
Old Chinese	/*mronʔ/

Definitions

勉

1. to endeavor; to make an effort; to strive

   • 公子勉之矣！老臣不能從。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     公子勉之矣！老臣不能从。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE

     Gōngzǐ miǎnzhī yǐ! Lǎochén bùnéng cóng. [Pinyin]

     Strive, my prince! Your old servant is unable to help.

2. to encourage; to urge
3. to force; to do something reluctantly
4. ^† to hurry; quickly
5. ^† Alternative form of 娩 (miǎn, “to give birth to a child”).
6. a surname

Compounds

互勉 (hùmiǎn) 勉力 (miǎnlì) 勉思 勉生 勗勉 勤勉 (qínmiǎn) 嘉勉 (jiāmiǎn) 困知勉行

慰勉 (wèimiǎn) 戒勉 期勉 淬勉 自勉 (zìmiǎn) 僶勉／𠊟勉 勉勵／勉励 (miǎnlì) 勉強／勉强 (miǎnqiǎng)

勉為其難／勉为其难 (miǎnwéiqínán) 勸勉／劝勉 (quànmiǎn) 奮勉／奋勉 (fènmiǎn) 強勉／强勉 獎勉／奖勉 訓勉／训勉 黽勉／黾勉

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Japanese

Shinjitai	勉
Kyūjitai [1]	勉 勉 or 勉+︀?
	勉󠄀 勉+󠄀? (Adobe-Japan1)
	勉󠄃 勉+󠄃? (Hanyo-Denshi) (Moji_Joho)
The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment. See here for details.

Kanji

勉

(grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji, shinjitai kanji, kyūjitai form 勉)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings

• Go-on: めん (men)
• Kan-on: べん (ben, Jōyō)
• Kun: つとめる (tsutomeru, 勉める)^{←つとむ (tutomu, historical)}; はげます (hagemasu, 勉ます); ひこ (hiko); やつ (yatsu)
• Nanori: かつ (katsu); すすむ (susumu); つとむ (tsutomu); まさる (masaru); ます (masu); やす (yasu)

Compounds

• 勉(べん)学(がく) (bengaku): study
• 勉(べん)強(きょう) (benkyō): study, studies
• 勉(べん)励(れい) (benrei): effort, striving

Proper noun

勉(つとむ) • (Tsutomu) 

1. a male given name

References

1. “勉”, in 漢字ぺディア (Kanjipedia)‎ (in Japanese), 日本漢字能力検定協会, 2015—2023

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Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 勉 (MC mˠiᴇn^X).

Hanja

Wikisource勉 (eumhun 힘쓸 면 (himsseul myeon))

1. Hanja form^? of 면 (“strive; make an effort”).

Compounds

Compounds

• 근면 (勤勉, geunmyeon)
• 면학 (勉學, myeonhak)
• 권면 (勸勉, gwonmyeon)

References

• 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

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Vietnamese

Han character

勉: Hán Nôm readings: miễn, mến, mễn, mịn

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.