勇武

勇武

Chinese

		brave	martial; military
trad. (勇武)		勇	武
simp. #(勇武)		勇	武

Etymology

Attested earliest in Luxuriant Dew of the Spring and Autumn Annals:

• 夫執介冑而後能拒敵者，故非聖人之所貴也。君子顯之於服，而勇武者消其誌於貌也矣。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]

  ---

  夫执介冑而后能拒敌者，故非圣人之所贵也。君子显之于服，而勇武者消其志于貌也矣。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

  From: Dong Zhongshu, Luxuriant Dew of the Spring and Autumn Annals, [2^nd century BCE]. 2016 translation by Sarah A. Queen & John S. Major)

  Fú zhí jièzhòu ér hòu néng jùdí zhě, gù fēi shèngrén zhī suǒguì yě. Jūnzǐ xiǎn zhī yú fú, ér yǒngwǔ zhě xiāo qí zhì yú mào yě yǐ. [Pinyin]

  Those who are able to stop the enemy only after “grasping armor and helmet” [i.e., resorting to warfare] are certainly not those whom the sage prized. The Noble Man manifested this in his dress. The intentions of the brave and martial were vitiated [when confronted by] his appearance.

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): yǒngwǔ

  (Zhuyin): ㄩㄥˇ ㄨˇ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): jung⁵ mou⁵
• Min Nan (POJ): ióng-bú

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: yǒngwǔ [Phonetic: yóngwǔ]
    • Zhuyin: ㄩㄥˇ ㄨˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: yǒngwǔ
    • Wade–Giles: yung³-wu³
    • Yale: yǔng-wǔ
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yeongwuu
    • Palladius: юнъу (junʺu)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /jʊŋ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ u²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: jung⁵ mou⁵
    • Yale: yúhng móuh
    • Cantonese Pinyin: jung⁵ mou⁵
    • Guangdong Romanization: yung⁵ mou⁵
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /jʊŋ¹³ mou̯¹³/
• Min Nan
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ióng-bú
    • Tâi-lô: ióng-bú
    • Phofsit Daibuun: iofngbuo
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /iɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bu⁵³/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /iɔŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ bu⁵⁵⁴/

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• Middle Chinese: /jɨoŋ^X  mɨo^X/

Rime
Character	勇	武
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	以 (36)	明 (4)
Final (韻)	鍾 (7)	虞 (24)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open	Closed
Division (等)	III	III
Fanqie	余隴切	文甫切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/jɨoŋX/	/mɨoX/
Pan Wuyun	/jioŋX/	/mioX/
Shao Rongfen	/ioŋX/	/mioX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/juawŋX/	/muə̆X/
Li Rong	/ioŋX/	/mioX/
Wang Li	/jĭwoŋX/	/mĭuX/
Bernard Karlgren	/i̯woŋX/	/mi̯uX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yǒng	wǔ
Expected Cantonese Reflex	jung5	mou5

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*loŋʔ  m(r)aʔ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*loŋʔ  maʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	勇	武
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	yǒng	wǔ
Middle Chinese	‹ yowngX ›	‹ mjuX ›
Old Chinese	/*loŋʔ/	/*m(r)aʔ/
English	brave	military
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	勇	武
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	15449	13184
Phonetic component	用	武
Rime group	東	魚
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	勇	武
Old Chinese	/*loŋʔ/	/*maʔ/

Adjective

勇武

1. valiant; courageous (in battle)

   • 今世人舍慈仁，但為勇武，舍其儉約，但為奢泰，舍其後己，但為人先，所行如此，動入死地。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     今世人舍慈仁，但为勇武，舍其俭约，但为奢泰，舍其后己，但为人先，所行如此，动入死地。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: 老子河上公章句 (Heshang Gong's commentaries on the Tao Te Ching), [1st century CE].

     Jīn shìrén shè círén, dàn wéi yǒngwǔ, shè qí jiǎnyuē, dàn wéi shētài, shè qí hòujǐ, dàn wéi rénxiān, suǒxíng rúcǐ, dòng rù sǐdì. [Pinyin]

     Anybody in this world who neglects kindness and humaneness, while acting daringly and bellicosely; who neglects frugality, while acting wastefully; who neglects to put themselves behind others, while putting themselves before others; such actions are like walking into a deathtrap.

Synonyms

• (literary) 麃麃 (biāobiāo)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (勇武):

• → Japanese: 勇(ゆう)武(ぶ) (yūbu)

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Japanese

Kanji in this term
勇	武
ゆう Grade: 4	ぶ Grade: 5
goon	kan’on

Etymology

Appears to be a learned borrowing from Chinese 勇武. First cited to a text from the early 1600s.[1]

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) ゆ​うぶ [yúꜜùbù] (Atamadaka – [1])[2][3][4]
• IPA^(key): [jɯ̟ᵝːbɯ̟ᵝ]

Adjective

勇(ゆう)武(ぶ) • (yūbu) -na (adnominal 勇(ゆう)武(ぶ)な (yūbu na), adverbial 勇(ゆう)武(ぶ)に (yūbu ni))

1. [from early 1600s] valourous or courageous in battle

Inflection

Inflection of 勇武

Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形)	勇武だろ	ゆうぶだろ	yūbu daro
Continuative (連用形)	勇武で	ゆうぶで	yūbu de
Terminal (終止形)	勇武だ	ゆうぶだ	yūbu da
Attributive (連体形)	勇武な	ゆうぶな	yūbu na
Hypothetical (仮定形)	勇武なら	ゆうぶなら	yūbu nara
Imperative (命令形)	勇武であれ	ゆうぶであれ	yūbu de are
Key constructions
Informal negative	勇武ではない 勇武じゃない	ゆうぶではない ゆうぶじゃない	yūbu de wa nai yūbu ja nai
Informal past	勇武だった	ゆうぶだった	yūbu datta
Informal negative past	勇武ではなかった 勇武じゃなかった	ゆうぶではなかった ゆうぶじゃなかった	yūbu de wa nakatta yūbu ja nakatta
Formal	勇武です	ゆうぶです	yūbu desu
Formal negative	勇武ではありません 勇武じゃありません	ゆうぶではありません ゆうぶじゃありません	yūbu de wa arimasen yūbu ja arimasen
Formal past	勇武でした	ゆうぶでした	yūbu deshita
Formal negative past	勇武ではありませんでした 勇武じゃありませんでした	ゆうぶではありませんでした ゆうぶじゃありませんでした	yūbu de wa arimasen deshita yūbu ja arimasen deshita
Conjunctive	勇武で	ゆうぶで	yūbu de
Conditional	勇武なら（ば）	ゆうぶなら（ば）	yūbu nara (ba)
Provisional	勇武だったら	ゆうぶだったら	yūbu dattara
Volitional	勇武だろう	ゆうぶだろう	yūbu darō
Adverbial	勇武に	ゆうぶに	yūbu ni
Degree	勇武さ	ゆうぶさ	yūbusa

Noun

勇(ゆう)武(ぶ) • (yūbu) 

1. [from early 1600s] valour or courage in battle

See also

• Courage on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

References

1. “勇武”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)‎ (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000, →ISBN
2. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
3. 1997, 新明解国語辞典 (Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten), Fifth Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
4. 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN