努

努

努 U+52AA, 努 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-52AA ← 助 [U+52A9] CJK Unified Ideographs 劫 → [U+52AB]

Translingual

Han character

努 (Kangxi radical 19, 力+5, 7 strokes, cangjie input 女水大尸 (VEKS), four-corner 4742₇, composition ⿱奴力)

Derived characters

• 𠴂, 𢭵

References

• KangXi: page 146, character 28
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 2314
• Dae Jaweon: page 331, character 1
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 369, character 4
• Unihan data for U+52AA

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Chinese

trad.		努
simp. #		努

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (女) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
拿	*rnaː
拏	*rnaː
詉	*rnaː
蒘	*rnaː, *na
笯	*rnaː, *naː, *naːs
挐	*rnaː, *na
絮	*rnaːs, *nas, *snas, *nas
呶	*rnaːw
怓	*rnaːw
帑	*n̥ʰaːŋʔ, *naː
奴	*naː
砮	*naː, *naːʔ
駑	*naː
孥	*naː
努	*naːʔ
弩	*naːʔ
怒	*naːʔ, *naːs
袽	*na
帤	*na
女	*naʔ, *nas
籹	*naʔ
恕	*hnjas
如	*nja, *njas
茹	*nja, *njaʔ, *njas
洳	*nja, *njas
鴽	*nja
蕠	*nja
汝	*njaʔ
肗	*njaʔ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *naːʔ) : semantic 力 (“strength”) + phonetic 奴 (OC *naː) – exert one’s strength.

Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *nwar; cognate with Mizo nawr (“push, thrust, urge, compel, attack”) < nɔɔr & Mizo nawrh (“to sulk, to be displeased, disgruntled, offended”) < nuar ~ nɔrʔ ~ nɔrh, & Khami *nuar "get angry" (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): nǔ (nu³)

  (Zhuyin): ㄋㄨˇ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): nou⁵
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): nú
• Min Dong (BUC): nū
• Min Nan

  (Hokkien, POJ): nó͘ / ló͘ / lǒ͘ / nǒ͘

  (Teochew, Peng'im): no³

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: nǔ
    • Zhuyin: ㄋㄨˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: nǔ
    • Wade–Giles: nu³
    • Yale: nǔ
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: nuu
    • Palladius: ну (nu)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /nu²¹⁴/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: nou⁵
    • Yale: nóuh
    • Cantonese Pinyin: nou⁵
    • Guangdong Romanization: nou⁵
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /nou̯¹³/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: nú
    • Hakka Romanization System: nu`
    • Hagfa Pinyim: nu³
    • Sinological IPA: /nu³¹/
• Min Dong
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: nū
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /nˡu³³/
• Min Nan
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: nó͘
    • Tâi-lô: nóo
    • Phofsit Daibuun: nor
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /nɔ̃⁵³/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /nɔ̃⁴¹/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ló͘
    • Tâi-lô: lóo
    • Phofsit Daibuun: lor
    • IPA (Taipei): /lɔ⁵³/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /lɔ⁴¹/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /lɔ⁵⁵⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lǒ͘
    • Tâi-lô: lǒo
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /lɔ²²/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: nǒ͘
    • Tâi-lô: nǒo
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /nɔ̃²²/

Note:

• Quanzhou:
  • nǒ͘/ló͘ - literary;
  • lǒ͘ - vernacular.

• • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: no³
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: nò
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /no²¹³/

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• Middle Chinese: /nuo^X/

Rime
Character	努
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	泥 (8)
Final (韻)	模 (23)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	奴古切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/nuoX/
Pan Wuyun	/nuoX/
Shao Rongfen	/noX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/nɔX/
Li Rong	/noX/
Wang Li	/nuX/
Bernard Karlgren	/nuoX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	nǔ
Expected Cantonese Reflex	nou5

• Old Chinese

  (Zhengzhang): /*naːʔ/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	努
Reading #	1/1
No.	9606
Phonetic component	女
Rime group	魚
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	怒
Old Chinese	/*naːʔ/

Definitions

努

1. to exert; to strive; to make an effort
2. to pout

Compounds

共同努力 努克 (Nǔkè) 努力 (nǔlì) 努嘴 (nǔzuǐ) 努牙突嘴 努瓦克肖特 (Nǔwǎkèxiàotè) 努目 努睛突眼

努筋拔力 努著 唐努山 苫眉努目 努傷／努伤 努勁兒／努劲儿 努庫阿洛法／努库阿洛法 (Nǔkù'āluòfǎ) 努爾哈赤／努尔哈赤 (Nǔ'ěrhāchì)

努目撐眉／努目撑眉 努目訕筋／努目讪筋 努納武特／努纳武特 (Nǔnàwǔtè) 努脣脹嘴／努唇胀嘴 撐眉努眼／撑眉努眼 瓦努阿圖／瓦努阿图 (Wǎnǔ'ātú) 發憤努力／发愤努力 金剛努目／金刚努目

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Japanese

Kanji

努

(grade 4 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings

• Go-on: ぬ (nu)
• Kan-on: ど (do, Jōyō)
• Kun: つとむ (tsutomu, 努む); つとめる (tsutomeru, 努める, Jōyō)
• Nanori: つとむ (tsutomu)

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
努
ど Grade: 4
on’yomi

Middle Chinese 努

Pronunciation

• On’yomi: Kan’on
• (Tokyo) ど​ [dóꜜ] (Atamadaka – [1])[1]
• IPA^(key): [do̞]

Affix

努(ど) • (do) 

1. work, toil

Noun

努(ど) • (do) 

1. the third of the Eight Principles of Yong

Hypernyms

• 永字八法(えいじはっぽう) (eiji happō, “the Eight Principles of Yong”)

Coordinate terms

• 側(そく) (soku, “the first of the Eight Principles of Yong”)
• 勒(ろく) (roku, “the second of the Eight Principles of Yong”)
• 趯(てき) (teki, “the fourth of the Eight Principles of Yong”)
• 策(さく) (saku, “the fifth of the Eight Principles of Yong”)
• 掠(りゃく) (ryaku, “the sixth of the Eight Principles of Yong”)
• 啄(たく) (taku, “the seventh of the Eight Principles of Yong”)
• 磔(たく) (taku, “the eighth of the Eight Principles of Yong”)

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
努
つとむ Grade: 4
kun’yomi

Nominalization of the classical Japanese verb 努む (tsutomu) (modern 努める (tsutomeru, “to work, to toil”)).

Pronunciation

• Kun’yomi
• IPA^(key): [t͡sɨᵝto̞mɯ̟ᵝ]

Proper noun

努(つとむ) • (Tsutomu) 

1. a male given name

References

1. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

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Korean

Hanja

努 (eumhun 힘쓸 노 (himsseul no))

1. Hanja form^? of 노 (“exertion; striving; making an effort”).

Compounds

• 노력 (努力, noryeok, “effort”)

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Vietnamese

Han character

努: Hán Nôm readings: nỗ

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.