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单词 力
释义

力

See also: カ, 九, 丸, and ㄌ
力 U+529B, 力
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-529B
← 劚
[U+529A]		CJK Unified Ideographs劜 →
[U+529C]
⼒ U+2F12, ⼒
KANGXI RADICAL POWER
← ⼑
[U+2F11]		Kangxi Radicals⼓ →
[U+2F13]
力 U+F98A, 力
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F98A
← 黎
[U+F989]		CJK Compatibility Ideographs曆 →
[U+F98B]

Translingual

Stroke order
Stroke order

Han character

力 (Kangxi radical 19, 力+0, 2 strokes, cangjie input 大尸 (KS), four-corner 40027, composition ⿻𠃌丿)

  1. Kangxi radical #19, ⼒.

Derived characters

  • Appendix:Chinese radical/力
  • 仂, 伤, 𭂇, 㔹, 叻, 㘦, 㘯, 𭒹, 𡯄, 𡴽, 幼, 忇, 扐, 氻, 𤜜, 阞, 边, 攰, 㫑, 朸, 𣦺, 牞, 玏, 肋, 𥘋, 㽖, 糼, 𦔳, 𦘓, 𬜑, 𧖩, 助, 𡖎, 㱝, 𪵶, 觔, 𧲡, 𧴧, 赲, 𧾼, 䡃, 䣦, 釛, 飭(饬), 𩖙, 𤟋, 䯇, 𩱹, 𭱛, 𬂿, 𬈆, 𩵓, 鳨, 𫜋, 𪋾, 𣾗, 𢣛
  • 𬩳, 𫻧, 𣂒, 𭤧, 历, 另, 夯, 屴, 𢆲, 艻, 𪭊, 男, 穷, 竻, 虏, 𩫸, 𪧔, 𩾜, 𣪤, 𤼶, 𡉂, 𢖰, 𤰛, 𧴥, 𬮅, 为, 辦, 𫝓, 䏮, 朂, 䇟

Descendants

  • ㄌ

See also

  • カ (Japanese katakana)

References

  • KangXi: page 146, character 5
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 2288
  • Dae Jaweon: page 327, character 31
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 364, character 4
  • Unihan data for U+529B
  • Unihan data for U+F98A

Chinese

simp. and trad.
力
alternative forms𠠲
⿻力丶

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 力
ShangWestern ZhouSpring and AutumnWarring StatesShuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone scriptBronze inscriptionsBronze inscriptionsBronze inscriptionsChu slip and silk scriptQin slip scriptSmall seal scriptTranscribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (力) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
勒*rɯːɡ
肋*rɯːɡ
扐*rɯːɡ
仂*rɯːɡ, *rɯɡ
艻*rɯːɡ
朸*rɯːɡ, *rɯɡ
玏*rɯːɡ
泐*rɯːɡ, *rɯɡ
阞*rɯːɡ
竻*rɯːɡ
力*rɯɡ
屴*rɯɡ
鳨*rɯɡ

Pictogram (象形) – alternative interpretation, either an arm bending out from the side of the body, or a wooden plough.

Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *k-ra (“strength; to win; classifier for people”) + *-k (STEDT; Schuessler, 2007). Cognate with Burmese အား (a:, “strength; force”); Proto-Loloish *ra² (“strength”), whence Sichuan Yi ꊋ (we); Northern Bai [script needed] (ɣɯ̱⁴², “strength”); Central Bai hhep (“strength”). A causative derivative is 飭 (OC rhək) (Shcuessler, 2007).

Schuessler (2007) also suggests an etymological connection with 來 (OC *m·rɯːɡ, “to come”).

Pronunciation

  • Mandarin
    (Standard)
    (Pinyin): lì (li4)
    (Zhuyin): ㄌㄧˋ
    (Chengdu, SP): ni2
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): ли (li, I)
  • Cantonese
    (Guangzhou, Jyutping): lik6
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): let5
  • Gan (Wiktionary): lit6
  • Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): li̍t
    (Meixian, Guangdong): lid6
  • Jin (Wiktionary): lieh4
  • Min Bei (KCR): lì / sā̤
  • Min Dong (BUC): lĭk
  • Min Nan
    (Hokkien, POJ): la̍t / le̍k / lia̍k
    (Teochew, Peng'im): lag8
  • Wu (Wiktionary): liq (T5)
  • Xiang (Wiktionary): li6
  • Mandarin
    • (Standard Chinese)+
      • Hanyu Pinyin: lì
      • Zhuyin: ㄌㄧˋ
      • Tongyong Pinyin: lì
      • Wade–Giles: li4
      • Yale: lì
      • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: lih
      • Palladius: ли (li)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /li⁵¹/
    • (Chengdu)
      • Sichuanese Pinyin: ni2
      • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: li
      • Sinological IPA (key): /ni²¹/
    • (Dungan)
      • Cyrillic and Wiktionary: ли (li, I)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /li²⁴/
      (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
  • Cantonese
    • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
      • Jyutping: lik6
      • Yale: lihk
      • Cantonese Pinyin: lik9
      • Guangdong Romanization: lig6
      • Sinological IPA (key): /lɪk̚²/
    • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
      • Wiktionary: let5
      • Sinological IPA (key): /let̚³²/
  • Gan
    • (Nanchang)
      • Wiktionary: lit6
      • Sinological IPA (key): /lit̚⁵/
  • Hakka
    • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
      • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: li̍t
      • Hakka Romanization System: lid
      • Hagfa Pinyim: lid6
      • Sinological IPA: /lit̚⁵/
    • (Meixian)
      • Guangdong: lid6
      • Sinological IPA: /lit̚⁵/
  • Jin
    • (Taiyuan)+
      • Wiktionary: lieh4
      • Sinological IPA (old-style): /liəʔ²/
  • Min Bei
    • (Jian'ou)
      • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: lì / sā̤
      • Sinological IPA (key): /li⁴²/, /sɛ⁵⁵/
Note:
  • lì - literary;
  • sā̤ - vernacular.
  • Min Dong
    • (Fuzhou)
      • Bàng-uâ-cê: lĭk
      • Sinological IPA (key): /l̃iʔ⁵/
  • Min Nan
    • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: la̍t
      • Tâi-lô: la̍t
      • Phofsit Daibuun: lat
      • IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /lat̚⁴/
      • IPA (Zhangzhou): /lat̚¹²¹/
      • IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /lat̚²⁴/
    • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: le̍k
      • Tâi-lô: li̍k
      • Phofsit Daibuun: lek
      • IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /liɪk̚⁴/
      • IPA (Zhangzhou): /liɪk̚¹²¹/
    • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Jinjiang)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lia̍k
      • Tâi-lô: lia̍k
      • Phofsit Daibuun: liak
      • IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /liak̚²⁴/
Note:
  • la̍t - vernacular;
  • le̍k/lia̍k - literary.
    • (Teochew)
      • Peng'im: lag8
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: la̍k
      • Sinological IPA (key): /lak̚⁴/
  • Wu
    • (Shanghainese)
      • Wiktionary: liq (T5)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /li̯ɪʔ¹²/
  • Xiang
    • (Changsha)
      • Wiktionary: li6
      • Sinological IPA (key): /li²⁴/
  • Dialectal data
VarietyLocation
edit
力
MandarinBeijing/li⁵¹/
Harbin/li⁵³/
Tianjin/li⁵³/
Jinan/li²¹/
Qingdao/li⁴²/
Zhengzhou/li²⁴/
Xi'an/li²¹/
Xining/l̩⁴⁴/
Yinchuan/li¹³/
Lanzhou/li¹³/
Ürümqi/li²¹³/
Wuhan/ni²¹³/
Chengdu/ni³¹/
Guiyang/ni²¹/
Kunming/li³¹/
Nanjing/liʔ⁵/
Hefei/liəʔ⁵/
JinTaiyuan/liəʔ²/
Pingyao/liʌʔ⁵³/
Hohhot/liəʔ⁴³/
WuShanghai/liɪʔ¹/
Suzhou/liəʔ³/
Hangzhou/liəʔ²/
Wenzhou/lei²¹³/
HuiShexian/li²²/
Tunxi/li¹¹/
XiangChangsha/li²⁴/
Xiangtan/ni²⁴/
GanNanchang/liʔ⁵/
HakkaMeixian/lit̚⁵/
Taoyuan/lit̚⁵⁵/
CantoneseGuangzhou/lek̚²/
Nanning/lek̚²²/
Hong Kong/lik̚²/
MinXiamen (Min Nan)/lik̚⁵/
/lat̚⁵/
Fuzhou (Min Dong)/liʔ⁵/
Jian'ou (Min Bei)/li⁴²/
Shantou (Min Nan)/lak̚⁵/
Haikou (Min Nan)/lek̚⁵/
/lak̚³/
  • Middle Chinese: /lɨk̚/
Rime
Character力
Reading #1/1
Initial (聲)來 (37)
Final (韻)蒸 (134)
Tone (調)Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)Open
Division (等)III
Fanqie林直切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		/lɨk̚/
Pan
Wuyun		/lɨk̚/
Shao
Rongfen		/liek̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		/lik̚/
Li
Rong		/liək̚/
Wang
Li		/lĭək̚/
Bernard
Karlgren		/li̯ək̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		lì
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		lik6
  • Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*k.rək/
    (Zhengzhang): /*rɯɡ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character力
Reading #1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		lì
Middle
Chinese		‹ lik ›
Old
Chinese		/*k.rək/
Englishstrength

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character力
Reading #1/1
No.7854
Phonetic
component		力
Rime
group		職
Rime
subdivision		0
Corresponding
MC rime		力
Old
Chinese		/*rɯɡ/

Definitions

力

  1. physical strength; physical power; energy
    她個子雖小但力大驚人。 [MSC, trad.]
    她个子虽小但力大惊人。 [MSC, simp.]
    Tā gèzǐ suī xiǎo dàn lì dà jīngrén. [Pinyin]
    For a small woman she has surprising strength.
  2. force; strength; power
    汽力  ―  qìlì  ―  steam power
    藥力／药力  ―  yàolì  ―  efficacy of a drug
    力量  ―  lìliàng  ―  power
    攻擊力／攻击力  ―  gōngjīlì  ―  firepower
  3. (physics) force
    這個力的方向與位移相同。 [MSC, trad.]
    这个力的方向与位移相同。 [MSC, simp.]
    Zhè ge lì de fāngxiàng yǔ wèiyí xiāngtóng. [Pinyin]
    This force is the same direction as the displacement.
  4. ability; capability
    能力  ―  nénglì  ―  ability
    他對古董很有鑑賞力。 [MSC, trad.]
    他对古董很有鉴赏力。 [MSC, simp.]
    Tā duì gǔdǒng hěn yǒu jiànshǎng lì. [Pinyin]
    He has an eye for antiques.
  5. power and influence; might
  6. (literary) to make an effort; to strive; to endeavor; to work hard
  7. with all one's might; doing all in one's power
    力爭／力争  ―  lìzhēng  ―  to work hard for
    力挽狂瀾／力挽狂澜  ―  lìwǎnkuánglán  ―  to do one's utmost to save a desperate situation
  8. a surname: Li

Synonyms

  • (physical strength):
edit
Synonyms of 力
  • (ability):
edit
Synonyms of 力
  • (function):
edit
  • 作用 (zuòyòng)
  • 功能 (gōngnéng)
  • 性能 (xìngnéng)
  • 機能／机能 (jīnéng)
  • 職能／职能 (zhínéng)
  • (to make an effort):
edit
Synonyms of 力

Compounds

Derived terms from 力

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (力):
  • → Japanese: 力(りき) (riki)
  • → Korean: 력(力) (ryeok), 역(力) (yeok)
  • → Vietnamese: lực (力)

Others:

  • → Proto-Vietic: *k-rək
    • Muong: khấc
    • Vietnamese: sức

References

  • “力”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Kanji

力

(grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. power, force, strength

Readings

  • Go-on: りき (riki, Jōyō)
  • Kan-on: りょく (ryoku, Jōyō)
  • Kun: ちから (chikara, 力, Jōyō); りきむ (rikimu, 力む)
  • Nanori: いさお (isao); いさむ (isamu); お (o); か (ka); ちか (chika); ちから (chikara); じから (jikara); つとむ (tsutomu); よし (yoshi)

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
力
ちから
Grade: 1
kun’yomi

From Old Japanese, ultimately from Proto-Japonic *tikara. Compound of Old Japanese elements 霊 (chi, “power, life force, essence”) +‎ 柄 (kara, “source, origin”).

Pronunciation

  • Kun’yomi
    • (Tokyo) ちから​ [chìkáráꜜ] (Odaka – [3])[1][2]
    • IPA(key): [t͡ɕi̥ka̠ɾa̠]

Noun

力(ちから) • (chikara) 

  1. strength; power; force
  2. (physics) force
  3. ability; capacity
  4. effort
  5. (tarot): Strength
Derived terms
Derived terms
  • 力(ちから)足(あし) (chikara ashi): a tensed leg; tensing one's legs; (sumo) the traditional sumo stomp at the beginning of a match
  • 力(ちから)合(あ)わせ (chikara awase): matching strength: a competition of strength; (by extension) a sumo match
  • 力(ちから)軍(いくさ) (chikara ikusa): a test of strength, a competition of strength
  • 力(ちから)石(いし) (chikara ishi): a large stone used as a dumbbell for purposes of tests of strength
  • 力(ちから)一杯(いっぱい) (chikara ippai): with all one's strength, as hard as one can
  • 力(ちから)持(も)ち (chikaramochi): a very strong person
  • 力(ちから)添(ぞ)え (chikarazoe): help, assistance, aid

Proper noun

力(ちから) • (Chikara) 

  1. a male given name
  2. a surname

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
力
りき
Grade: 1
goon

From Middle Chinese 力 (lik). The goon reading, so likely the initial borrowing. Compare modern Cantonese reading lik6.

Pronunciation

  • On’yomi: Goon
    • (Tokyo) り​き [ríꜜkì] (Atamadaka – [1])[2]
    • IPA(key): [ɾʲikʲi]

Affix

力(りき) • (riki) 

  1. power, strength
    力(りき)学(がく)、力(りき)士(し)、二馬(にば)力(りき)
    rikigaku, rikishi, nibariki
    “power studies” (dynamics), “strength person” (sumo wrestler), two horsepower

Noun

力(りき) • (riki) 

  1. physical strength
  2. (Buddhism) capability, especially mystical power
  3. (Buddhism) the suchness of ability, one of the Ten Suchnesses in Mahayana Buddhism
  4. short for 力者 (rikisha): a strong person
  5. (archaic) short for 車力 (shariki), 力車 (rikisha): a rickshaw
  6. (archaic) a rickshaw operator's wages
Derived terms
Derived terms
  • 動(どう)力(りき) (dōriki, “energy, motive force”)
  • 馬(ば)力(りき) (bariki, “horsepower”)
  • 力(りき)士(し) (rikishi, “sumo wrestler”)

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
力
りょく
Grade: 1
kan’on

From Middle Chinese 力, but apparently from a different source dialect or at a different time than 力 (lik). The kan'on reading, so likely a later borrowing. Compare reconstructed Middle Chinese reading /li̯ək/ or Korean reading ryeok.

Only found in compounds and idioms in modern Japanese.

Pronunciation

  • On’yomi: Kan’on
    • IPA(key): [ɾʲo̞kɯ̟ᵝ]

Affix

力(りょく) • (ryoku) 

  1. strength, power
    力(りょく)争(そう)、権(けん)力(りょく)
    ryokusō, kenryoku
    “strength struggle” (a hard fight), “right power” (authority)
Derived terms
Derived terms
  • 引(いん)力(りょく) (inryoku, “attractive force”)
  • 営(えい)力(りょく) (eiryoku, “geomorphic agent”)
  • 気(き)力(りょく) (kiryoku, “spirit; drive; morale; vigor”)
  • 斥(せき)力(りょく) (sekiryoku, “repulsive force”)
  • 動(どう)力(りょく) (dōryoku, “energy, motive force”)
  • 力(りょく)争(そう) (ryokusō, “test of strength; hard fight”)
  • 努(ど)力(りょく) (doryoku, “effort, endeavor”)
  • 協(きょう)力(りょく) (kyōryoku, “cooperation; working together”)
  • 体(たい)力(りょく) (tairyoku, “bodily strength; physical power”)
  • 魅(み)力(りょく) (miryoku, “allure, charm, glamour”)
  • 実(じつ)力(りょく) (jitsuryoku, “merit, true ability; force”)

References

  1. 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
  2. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 力 (MC lɨk̚). Perhaps more specifically from Late Middle Chinese 力 (LMC *liə̌k).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448륵〮 (Yale: lúk)

Pronunciation

  • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ɾjʌ̹k̚] ~ [jʌ̹k̚]
  • Phonetic hangul: [력/역]

Hanja

Wikisource力 (eumhun 힘 력 (him ryeok), South Korea 힘 역 (him yeok))

  1. Hanja form? of 력/역 (“power; force”). [affix]

Compounds

Compounds
  • 마력 (魔力, maryeok)
  • 마력 (馬力, maryeok)
  • 강력 (強力, gangnyeok)
  • 권력 (權力, gwollyeok)
  • 근력 (筋力, geullyeok)
  • 노력 (努力, noryeok)
  • 능력 (能力, neungnyeok)
  • 동력 (動力, dongnyeok)
  • 매력 (魅力, maeryeok)
  • 무력 (武力, muryeok)
  • 부력 (浮力, buryeok)
  • 병력 (兵力, byeongnyeok)
  • 세력 (勢力, seryeok)
  • 속력 (速力, songnyeok)
  • 수력 (水力, suryeok)
  • 시력 (視力, siryeok)
  • 실력 (實力, sillyeok)
  • 압력 (壓力, amnyeok)
  • 약력 (弱力, yangnyeok)
  • 역기 (力器, yeokgi)
  • 역도 (力道, yeokdo)
  • 외력 (外力, oeryeok)
  • 인력 (人力, illyeok)
  • 인력 (引力, illyeok)
  • 조력 (助力, joryeok)
  • 조력 (潮力, joryeok)
  • 중력 (重力, jungnyeok)
  • 지력 (智力, jiryeok)
  • 폭력 (暴力, pongnyeok)
  • 풍력 (風力, pungnyeok)
  • 학력 (學力, hangnyeok)
  • 협력 (協力, hyeomnyeok)
  • 화력 (火力, hwaryeok)
  • 효력 (效力, hyoryeok)

References

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

Vietnamese

Han character

力: Hán Việt readings: lực (林(lâm)直(trực)切(thiết))[1][2][3]
力: Nôm readings: sức[1][3][4], lực[2][3], sực[3][4], sựt[3][4], rực[1]

  1. chữ Hán form of lực (“physical force”).
  2. Nôm form of sức (“strength; power”).

References

  1. Nguyễn (2014).
  2. Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. Trần (2004).
  4. Hồ (1976).
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