刑戮

Chinese

		punishment	kill
simp. and trad. (刑戮)		刑	戮
variant forms		刑僇

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): xínglù
(Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄥˊ ㄌㄨˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): jing⁴ luk⁶

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)
  - Pinyin: xínglù
  - Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄥˊ ㄌㄨˋ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shyngluh
  - IPA ^(key): /ɕiŋ³⁵ lu⁵¹/
  - Homophones:
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Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: jing⁴ luk⁶
  - Yale: yìhng luhk
  - Cantonese Pinyin: jing⁴ luk⁹
  - Guangdong Romanization: ying⁴ lug⁶
  - IPA ^(key): /jɪŋ²¹ lʊk̚²/

Middle Chinese: /ɦeŋ lɨuk̚/▼

Rime
Character	刑	戮
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	匣 (33)	來 (37)
Final (韻)	青 (125)	屋 (4)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	IV	III
Fanqie	戸經切	力竹切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɦeŋ/	/lɨuk̚/
Pan Wuyun	/ɦeŋ/	/liuk̚/
Shao Rongfen	/ɣɛŋ/	/liuk̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɦɛjŋ/	/luwk̚/
Li Rong	/ɣeŋ/	/liuk̚/
Wang Li	/ɣieŋ/	/lĭuk̚/
Bernard Karlgren	/ɣieŋ/	/li̯uk̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	xíng	lǜ

Old Chinese▼
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɢ]ˤeŋ [r]iwk/
(Zhengzhang): /*ɡeːŋ rɯwɢ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	刑	刑	戮
Reading #	1/2	2/2	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	xíng	xíng	lù
Middle Chinese	‹ heng ›	‹ heng ›	‹ ljuwk ›
Old Chinese	/*[ɢ]ˁeŋ/	/*[ɢ]ˁeŋ/	/*[r]iwk/
English	punish(ment)	model, form	kill
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	刑	戮
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	6861	8401
Phonetic component	井	翏
Rime group	耕	覺
Rime subdivision	0	2
Corresponding MC rime	㓝	六
Old Chinese	/*ɡeːŋ/	/*rɯwɢ/

Noun

刑戮

(literary) punishment and execution
- 故刑戮者，所以止姦也；而官爵者，所以勸功也。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  故刑戮者，所以止奸也；而官爵者，所以劝功也。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Book of Lord Shang, circa 3^rd century BCE, translated based on J.J.L. Duyvendak's version
  Gù xínglù zhě, suǒyǐ zhǐ jiān yě; ér guānjué zhě, suǒyǐ quàn gōng yě. [Pinyin]
  So punishments and executions are the means whereby wickedness is stopped, and office and rank are the means whereby merit is encouraged.
- 子謂南容，「邦有道，不廢；邦無道，免於刑戮。」以其兄之子妻之。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  子谓南容，“邦有道，不废；邦无道，免于刑戮。”以其兄之子妻之。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Analects of Confucius, circa 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
  Zǐ wèi Nán Róng, “Bāng yǒu dào, bù fèi; bāng wú dào, miǎn yú xínglù.” Yǐ qí xiōng zhī zǐ qì zhī. [Pinyin]
  The Master said of Nan Rong that if the country were well governed he would not be out of office, and if it were ill governed, he would escape punishment and disgrace. He gave him the daughter of his own elder brother to wife.
- 故國家殘亡，身為刑戮，宗廟破滅，絕無後類。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  故国家残亡，身为刑戮，宗庙破灭，绝无后类。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: Mozi, circa 4^th century BCE, translated based on Y. P. Mei's version
  Gù guójiā cánwáng, shēn wéi xínglù, zōngmiào pòmiè, jué wú hòulèi. [Pinyin]
  Therefore their states were ruined and they were executed, their ancestral temples were destroyed and descendants annihilated.