出づ

Japanese

Kanji in this term
出
い Grade: 1
kun’yomi

Etymology

⟨idu⟩ → /id͡zu/ → /izu//idu//id͡zu/

From Old Japanese.[1][2][3]

The further shift of dzu to zu is attested for most modern Japanese dialects; see Yotsugana on Wikipedia.

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) いづ [íꜜzù] (Atamadaka – [1])[2][4]
IPA^(key): [izɨᵝ]

Verb

出づ(いず) • (izu) ^{←いづ (idu)^?} transitive or intransitive ^†nidan

(archaic, intransitive) to come out, go out
(archaic, intransitive) to leave, depart
(archaic, intransitive) to show up
(archaic, intransitive) to become apparent
- 905–914, Kokin Wakashū (book 17, poem 877)
  遅(おそ)くいづる月(つき)にもあるかなあしひきの山(やま)のあなたも惜(を)しむべらなり
  osoku izuru tsuki ni mo aru kana ashi hiki no yama no anata mo oshimuberanari
  How slow to emerge the shining moon seems tonight! They, too, must feel loath to part from it―those others beyong the foot-wearying hills.[5]
(archaic, transitive) to produce, pull out
(archaic, transitive) to make apparent
- 905–914, Kokin Wakashū (book 2, poem 104)
  花(はな)見(み)れば心(こころ)さへにぞうつりける色(いろ)にはいでじ人(ひと)もこそ知(し)れ
  hana mireba kokoro sae ni zo utsurikeru iro ni ideji hito mo koso shire
  When I gaze on fading blossoms this heart, too, would fade with them: may my feelings not be seen lest others come to know.[6]
(archaic, transitive, suffixed to stem or continuative form of verbs) to appear doing [verb]

Usage notes

This is the ancient form, also used somewhat in Classical Japanese. The modern equivalents are 出る (deru, intransitive) and 出す (dasu, transitive).

Although the conjugation pattern is consistently described in references[1][2][3] as 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”), the existence of causative / transitive form 出だす (idasu) and compound forms such as 泉 (izumi, “spring, water source”, literally “come out + water”) and 出石 (Izushi, a place in Hyogo Prefecture, literally “come out + stone”) suggest an earlier 四段活用 (yodan katsuyō, “quadrigrade conjugation”) pattern.

Conjugation

Classical conjugation of "出づ" (ダ行下二段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形)	出で	いで	ide
Continuative (連用形)	出で	いで	ide
Terminal (終止形)	出づ	いづ	idu
Attributive (連体形)	出づる	いづる	iduru
Realis (已然形)	出づれ	いづれ	idure
Imperative (命令形)	出でよ	いでよ	ideyo
Key constructions
Negative	出でず	いでず	idezu
Contrasting conjunction	出づれど	いづれど	iduredo
Causal conjunction	出づれば	いづれば	idureba
Conditional conjunction	出でば	いでば	ideba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge)	出でき	いでき	ideki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge)	出でけり	いでけり	idekeri
Perfect tense (conscious action)	出でつ	いでつ	idetu
Perfect tense (natural event)	出でぬ	いでぬ	idenu
Perfect-continuative tense	出でたり	いでたり	idetari
Volitional	出でむ	いでむ	idemu

Derived terms

出(い)だす (idasu, classical transitive)
- 出(だ)す (dasu, modern transitive)
出(で)る (deru, “modern intransitive”)
お出(い)で (oide)
出(い)で会(あ)ふ (ideau)
出(い)で入(い)り (ideiri)
出石(いずし) (Izushi)
出(い)で座(ま)し (idemashi)
泉(いずみ) (izumi)
出雲(いずも) (Izumo)
出(い)で湯(ゆ) (ideyu)
打(う)ち出(い)づ (uchiizu)
思(おも)い出(い)づ (omoiizu)
書(か)き出(い)づ (kakiizu)
漕(こ)ぎ出(い)づ (kogiizu)
言(こと)に出(い)づ (koto ni izu)
秀(ひ)づ (hizu), 秀(ひい)づ (hīzu)
- 秀(ひい)でる (hīderu)

Idioms

色(いろ)に出(い)づ (iro ni izu)
好(こう)事(じ)門(もん)を出(い)でず (Kōjimon o idezu)
乃(だい)公(こう)出(い)でずんば (daikō idezunba)

Proverbs

青(あお)は藍(あい)より出(い)でて藍(あい)より青(あお)し (ao wa ai yori idete ai yori aoshi)
氷(こおり)は水(みず)より出(い)でて水(みず)よりも寒(さむ)し (kōri wa mizu yori idete mizu yori mo samushi)
知(ち)恵(え)出(い)でて大(だい)偽(ぎ)あり (chie idete daigi ari)

References

1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
1995, 大辞泉 (Daijisen) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
Helen Craig McCullough (1985) Kokin Wakashū: The First Imperial Anthology of Japanese Poetry: with Tosa Nikki and Shinsen Waka, illustrated, reprint edition, Stanford University Press, →ISBN, page 192
Haruo Shirane (2012) Traditional Japanese Literature: An Anthology, Beginnings to 1600, Abridged Edition (Translations from the Asian Classics), Columbia University Press, →ISBN, page 96

Old Japanese

Etymology

From Proto-Japonic *intu.

Verb

出づ (idu) (kana いづ)

(intransitive) to come out, go out
- 711–712, Kojiki (poem 3)
  ...阿遠夜麻邇比賀迦久良婆奴婆多麻能用波伊傅那牟...
  ...awoyama ni pi₁ ga kakuraba nubatama no₂ yo₁ pa idenamu...
  When the sun hides in the green mountain, the pitch-black night is about to fall.
- 720, Nihon Shoki (poem 16)
  宇磨佐開瀰和能等能能阿佐妬珥毛伊弟低由介那瀰和能等能渡塢
  umasake₂ Mi₁wa no₂ to₂no₂ no₂ asato₁ ni mo idete yukana Mi₁wa no₂ to₂no₂to₁ wo
  Morning dawns at Miwa, famous for delicious sake: let us open the shrine portals and go out into the day, opening the shrine portals of Miwa.[1]
(intransitive) to leave, depart
(intransitive) to show up
(intransitive) to become apparent
- c. 759, Man'yōshū (book 14, poem 3368), text here
  阿之我利能刀比能可布知爾伊豆流湯能余爾母多欲良爾故呂河伊波奈久爾
  Asigari no₂ To₁pi₁-no₂-kaputi ni iduru yu no₂ yo₂ ni mo tayo₁rani ko₁ro₂ ga ipanaku ni
  (please add an English translation of this usage example)
(transitive) to produce, pull out
- c. 759, Man'yōshū (book 11, poem 2432), text here
  言出云忌忌山川之當都心塞耐在
  ko₂to₂ ni idete ipaba yuyusimi₁ yamagapa no₂ tagi₁tu ko₂ko₂ro₂ wo sekiape₂te ari
  If I said out loud what moves my heart like the swift current of a mountain river, I would break a taboo.[2]
(transitive) to make apparent
(transitive, suffixed to stem or continuative form of verbs) to appear doing [verb]

Conjugation

Classical conjugation of "出づ" (ダ行下二段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形)	出で	いで	ide
Continuative (連用形)	出で	いで	ide
Terminal (終止形)	出づ	いづ	idu
Attributive (連体形)	出づる	いづる	iduru
Realis (已然形)	出づれ	いづれ	idure
Imperative (命令形)	出でよ	いでよ	ideyo
Key constructions
Negative	出でず	いでず	idezu
Contrasting conjunction	出づれど	いづれど	iduredo
Causal conjunction	出づれば	いづれば	idureba
Conditional conjunction	出でば	いでば	ideba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge)	出でき	いでき	ideki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge)	出でけり	いでけり	idekeri
Perfect tense (conscious action)	出でつ	いでつ	idetu
Perfect tense (natural event)	出でぬ	いでぬ	idenu
Perfect-continuative tense	出でたり	いでたり	idetari
Volitional	出でむ	いでむ	idemu

Derived terms

打ち出づ (utiidu)
言に出づ (ko₂to₂ ni idu)
秀づ (pidu)

Descendants

Japanese: 出づ (izu)
- 出だす (idasu) → 出す (dasu)
- 出る (deru)

References

Jin'ichi Konishi (2017), Nicholas Teele, transl.; Earl Roy Miner, editor, A History of Japanese Literature, Volume 1: The Archaic and Ancient Ages (Volume 4935 of Princeton Legacy Library), Princeton University Press, →ISBN, page 142
Herbert E. Plutschow (1990) Chaos and Cosmos: Ritual in Early and Medieval Japanese Literature (Volume 1 of Brill's Japanese Studies Library), BRILL, →ISBN, page 83

[KDJ-1] 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan

[DJR-2] 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[DJS-3] 1995, 大辞泉 (Daijisen) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

[NHK-4] 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN

[5] Helen Craig McCullough (1985) Kokin Wakashū: The First Imperial Anthology of Japanese Poetry: with Tosa Nikki and Shinsen Waka, illustrated, reprint edition, Stanford University Press, →ISBN, page 192

[6] Haruo Shirane (2012) Traditional Japanese Literature: An Anthology, Beginnings to 1600, Abridged Edition (Translations from the Asian Classics), Columbia University Press, →ISBN, page 96

[7] Jin'ichi Konishi (2017), Nicholas Teele, transl.; Earl Roy Miner, editor, A History of Japanese Literature, Volume 1: The Archaic and Ancient Ages (Volume 4935 of Princeton Legacy Library), Princeton University Press, →ISBN, page 142

[8] Herbert E. Plutschow (1990) Chaos and Cosmos: Ritual in Early and Medieval Japanese Literature (Volume 1 of Brill's Japanese Studies Library), BRILL, →ISBN, page 83