凡
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Translingual
Stroke order | |||
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Han character
凡 (Kangxi radical 16, 几+1, 3 strokes, cangjie input 竹弓戈 (HNI), four-corner 77210, composition ⿵几丶)
Derived characters
- 𠆩, 𪞖, 㕨, 𪢵, 𫰉, 𭒺, 帆, 𫶿, 忛, 汎, 䏎, 杋, 𬂢, 𤆘, 𤖫, 𤜦, 㺬, 𤬨, 𡴉, 𥃵, 矾, 𬗄, 舤, 舧, 䖠, 訉, 𨈔, 軓, 𨟱, 釩(钒), 𨥵, 𠙜, 𩖛, 𩚑, 䭵, 𣔗, 𢔫, 骪, 𠔮, 𠥷, 𬹐, 𣋰, 𨙮, 𩾨
- 𪜠, 㞩, 竼, 芃, 𠘻, 𭴄, 𭃓, 𠫨, 梵, 𤈺, 𫷵, 𪎒, 𩬰, 䴟, 𠙩, 𠙮, 𠙱, 𮚝
- 風, 鳳 (originally contain 凡)
References
- KangXi: page 134, character 2
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1739
- Dae Jaweon: page 299, character 10
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 276, character 3
- Unihan data for U+51E1
Chinese
Glyph origin
Historical forms of the character 凡 | |||||
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Shang | Western Zhou | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) | |
Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Qin slip script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
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Old Chinese | |
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嵐 | *b·ruːm |
葻 | *b·uːm |
釩 | *pʰomʔ |
汎 | *pʰoms, *bum |
凡 | *bom |
帆 | *bom, *boms |
颿 | *bom, *boms |
軓 | *bomʔ |
梵 | *bloms, *bum |
芃 | *boːŋ, *bum |
風 | *plum, *plums |
飌 | *plum |
楓 | *plum |
猦 | *plum |
偑 | *plum |
檒 | *plum |
瘋 | *plum |
諷 | *plums |
堸 | *blum |
渢 | *blum |
鳳 | *bums |
Pictogram (象形) – a plate, a flat dish.
Borrowed for abstract meanings. Another character 盤 (OC *baːn) was created to refer to the original word.
Etymology 1
simp. and trad. | 凡 |
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(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Pronunciation
Definitions
凡
- in general; every, all, any; indicates that the statement applies generally, to all cases.
- 凡為人子之禮:冬溫而夏凊,昏定而晨省,在醜夷不爭。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Book of Rites, c. 4th – 2nd century BCE
- Fán wèi rénzǐ zhī lǐ: dōng wēn ér xià qìng, hūn dìng ér chén xǐng, zài chǒuyí bù zhēng. [Pinyin]
- For all sons it is the rule: In winter, to warm [the bed for their parents], and to cool it in summer; in the evening, to adjust everything [for their repose], and to inquire [about their health] in the morning; and, when with their companions, not to quarrel.
凡为人子之礼:冬温而夏凊,昏定而晨省,在丑夷不争。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]- 凡被造的,沒有一樣不是藉著他造的。 [MSC, trad.]
- From: 新標點和合本/新标点和合本 (Chinese Union Version with New Punctuation), 約翰福音 (John) 1:3
- Fán bèi zào de, méiyǒu yīyàng bùshì jièzhe tā zào de. [Pinyin]
- Without him was not any thing made that was made.
凡被造的,没有一样不是借着他造的。 [MSC, simp.]
- altogether; in total (of numbers)
- 君一位,卿一位,大夫一位,上士一位,中士一位,下士一位,凡六等。 [Classical Chinese, trad. and simp.]
- From: Mencius, c. 4th century BCE
- Jūn yī wèi, qīng yī wèi, dàfū yī wèi, shàngshì yī wèi, zhōngshì yī wèi, xiàshì yī wèi, fán liù děng. [Pinyin]
- The Ruler again constituted one dignity; the Chief Minister one; the Great Officers one; the Scholars of the First Class one; those of the Middle Class one; and those of the Lowest Class one - altogether six degrees of dignity.
- ordinary; commonplace
- 非凡 ― fēifán ― extraordinary
- 凡人 ― fánrén ― common people
- worldly; mortal; earthly
- (literary) outline; gist
- a surname
Antonyms
- (ordinary): 偉/伟 (extraordinary)
Compounds
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Etymology 2
simp. and trad. | 凡 |
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Pronunciation
Definitions
凡
- (music) Kunqu gongche notation for the note fa (4).
- Synonym: 反 (fǎn) (Cantonese opera)
Derived terms
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Japanese
Kanji
(common “Jōyō” kanji)
- in general, by and large
- ordinary, common, mediocre
- outline, gist
Readings
- Go-on: ぼん (bon, Jōyō)←ぼん (bon, historical)←ぼむ (bomu, ancient)
- Kan-on: はん (han, Jōyō †)←はん (fan, historical)←はむ (famu, ancient)
- Kun: おお (ō, 凡)←おほ (ofo, historical); おおし (ōshi, 凡)←おほし (ofosi, historical); おおよそ (ōyoso, 凡)←おほよそ (ofoyoso, historical); およそ (oyoso, 凡そ); すべて (subete, 凡て)
- Nanori: おおち (ōchi)←おほち (ofoti, historical); おし (oshi); ただし (tadashi); ちか (chika); つね (tsune); なみ (nami); ひろし (hiroshi)
Compounds
- 凡凡 (bonbon)
- 凡界 (bonkai)
- 凡眼 (bongan)
- 凡器 (bonki)
- 凡境 (bonkyō), 凡境 (bonkei)
- 凡近 (bonkin)
- 凡愚 (bongu)
- 凡下 (bonge)
- 凡骨 (bonkotsu)
- 凡才 (bonsai)
- 凡作 (bonsaku)
- 凡策 (bonsaku)
- 凡失 (bonshitsu)
- 凡主 (bonshu)
- 凡手 (bonshu)
- 凡庶 (bonsho)
- 凡書 (bonsho)
- 凡小 (bonshō)
- 凡常 (bonjō)
- 凡情 (bonjō)
- 凡将 (bonshō)
- 凡聖 (bonshō)
- 凡人 (bonjin)
- 凡身 (bonshin)
- 凡戦 (bonsen)
- 凡僧 (bonsō), 凡僧 (bonzō)
- 凡走 (bonsō)
- 凡俗 (bonzoku)
- 凡打 (bonda)
- 凡退 (bontai)
- 凡知, 凡智 (bonchi)
- 凡人 (bonnin)
- 凡百 (bonpyaku)
- 凡夫 (bonpu), 凡夫 (bonbu)
- 凡庸 (bon'yō)
- 凡流 (bonryū)
- 凡慮 (bonryo)
- 凡百 (hanpyaku)
- 凡例 (hanrei)
- 退凡下乗 (daibongejō)
- 常凡 (jōbon)
- 超凡 (chōbon)
- 非凡 (hibon)
- 平凡 (heibon)
- 大凡 (ōyoso)
Etymology 1
Kanji in this term |
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凡 |
ぼん Grade: S |
goon |
Alternative spelling |
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凢 (rare) |
*/bɨəm/ → /bomʉ/ → /boɴ/
From Middle Chinese 凡 (MC bɨɐm).
Pronunciation
- (Tokyo) ぼん [bóꜜǹ] (Atamadaka – [1])[1]
- IPA(key): [bõ̞ɴ]
Adjective
凡 • (bon) -na (adnominal 凡な (bon na), adverbial 凡に (bon ni))
- mediocre, ordinary
- Antonym: 非凡 (hibon)
Inflection
Stem forms | |||
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Imperfective (未然形) | 凡だろ | ぼんだろ | bon daro |
Continuative (連用形) | 凡で | ぼんで | bon de |
Terminal (終止形) | 凡だ | ぼんだ | bon da |
Attributive (連体形) | 凡な | ぼんな | bon na |
Hypothetical (仮定形) | 凡なら | ぼんなら | bon nara |
Imperative (命令形) | 凡であれ | ぼんであれ | bon de are |
Key constructions | |||
Informal negative | 凡ではない 凡じゃない | ぼんではない ぼんじゃない | bon de wa nai bon ja nai |
Informal past | 凡だった | ぼんだった | bon datta |
Informal negative past | 凡ではなかった 凡じゃなかった | ぼんではなかった ぼんじゃなかった | bon de wa nakatta bon ja nakatta |
Formal | 凡です | ぼんです | bon desu |
Formal negative | 凡ではありません 凡じゃありません | ぼんではありません ぼんじゃありません | bon de wa arimasen bon ja arimasen |
Formal past | 凡でした | ぼんでした | bon deshita |
Formal negative past | 凡ではありませんでした 凡じゃありませんでした | ぼんではありませんでした ぼんじゃありませんでした | bon de wa arimasen deshita bon ja arimasen deshita |
Conjunctive | 凡で | ぼんで | bon de |
Conditional | 凡なら(ば) | ぼんなら(ば) | bon nara (ba) |
Provisional | 凡だったら | ぼんだったら | bon dattara |
Volitional | 凡だろう | ぼんだろう | bon darō |
Adverbial | 凡に | ぼんに | bon ni |
Degree | 凡さ | ぼんさ | bonsa |
Derived terms
- 凡ミス (bon misu)
Noun
凡 • (bon)
- mediocrity
- Antonym: 非凡 (hibon)
Etymology 2
Kanji in this term |
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凡 |
おお Grade: S |
kun’yomi |
/opo/ → /ofo/ → /oho/ → /oː/
From Old Japanese.
Cognate with 大 (ō, “great, large”), and the oho- element in おほほし (ohohoshi, “unclear, indistinct; depressed, gloomy; stupid, imbecilic”).[2][1]
Historically also realized as obo in old texts, and cognate with the obo- element in 朧 (oboro, “hazy, vague, dim, indistinct”).[2][1]
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [o̞ː]
Adjective
凡 • (ō) ←おほ (ofo)? †-nari
- (archaic) dim, faint
- c. 759, Man'yōshū (book 2, poem 219), text here
- 天數凡津子之相日於保尓見敷者今叙悔 [Man'yōgana]
- 空数ふ大津の子が逢ひし日におぼに見しかば今ぞ悔しき [Modern spelling]
- sora kazou Ōtsu no ko ga aishi hi ni oboni mishikaba ima zo kuyashiki
- (please add an English translation of this example)
- Synonym: 仄か (honoka)
- c. 759, Man'yōshū (book 2, poem 219), text here
- (archaic) moderate
- c. 759, Man'yōshū (book 14, poem 3535), text here
- 於能我乎遠於保尓奈於毛比曽尓波尓多知恵麻須我可良尓古麻尓安布毛能乎 [Man'yōgana]
- 己が命をおほにな思ひそ庭に立ち笑ますがからに駒に逢ふものを [Modern spelling]
- onoga o o ōni na omoi so niwa ni tachi emasu ga kara ni koma ni au mono o
- (please add an English translation of this example)
- Synonym: いい加減 (iikagen)
- c. 759, Man'yōshū (book 14, poem 3535), text here
- (archaic) mediocre, ordinary
- c. 759, Man'yōshū (book 6, poem 965), text here
- 凡有者左毛右毛将為乎恐跡振痛袖乎忍而有香聞 [Man'yōgana]
- おほならばかもかもせむを畏みと振りたき袖を忍びてあるかも [Modern spelling]
- ōnaraba ka mo ka mo semu o kashikomi to furitaki sode o shinobite aru ka mo
- (please add an English translation of this example)
- Synonyms: 普通 (futsū), 平凡 (heibon)
- c. 759, Man'yōshū (book 6, poem 965), text here
- (archaic) 大: large, big; roomy, loose
Derived terms
- 朧 (oboro, “hazy”)
Etymology 3
Kanji in this term |
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凡 |
おおし Grade: S |
kun’yomi |
From Old Japanese.
Appears to be a lexicalized adverbial use of the 終止形 (shūshikei, “terminal form”) of classical adjective 多し (ōshi, “many”, modern 多い (ōi), same opo → ofo → oho → ō root).
Alternatively, might be adjective stem ō + conjunctive particle し (shi).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [o̞ːɕi]
Adverb
凡 • (ōshi) ←おほし (ofosi)?
- about, generally, in general
- Synonyms: 凡そ (oyoso), 大体 (daitai)
Derived terms
- 凡河内 (Ōshikouchi, a surname)
References
- 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- 1988, 国語大辞典(新装版) (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
Korean
Hanja
凡 (eumhun 무릇 범 (mureut beom))
- Hanja form? of 범 (“all, any, every”).
- Hanja form? of 범 (“ordinary, common”).
Vietnamese
Han character
凡: Hán Nôm readings: phàm
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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