凍

See also: 冻

凍	U+51CD, 凍 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-51CD

← 凌
[U+51CC]

CJK Unified Ideographs

凎 →
[U+51CE]

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

凍 (Kangxi radical 15, 冫+8, 10 strokes, cangjie input 戈一木田 (IMDW), four-corner 3519₆, composition ⿰冫東)

Derived characters

𢟞

References

KangXi: page 132, character 46
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1670
Dae Jaweon: page 297, character 2
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 298, character 7
Unihan data for U+51CD

Chinese

trad.		凍
simp.		冻

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (東) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
東	*toːŋ
菄	*toːŋ
鶇	*toːŋ
倲	*toːŋ
涷	toːŋ, toːŋs
蝀	toːŋ, toːŋʔ
凍	toːŋ, toːŋs
鯟	*toːŋ
崠	*toːŋ
埬	*toːŋ
棟	*toːŋs

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *toːŋ, *toːŋs) : semantic 冫 + phonetic 東 (OC *toːŋ).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): dòng (dong⁴)
(Zhuyin): ㄉㄨㄥˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): dung³
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): tung
Min Dong (BUC): dáe̤ng
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): tàng / tòng
(Teochew, Peng'im): dang³ / dong³
Wu (Wiktionary): ton (T2)

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: dòng
  - Zhuyin: ㄉㄨㄥˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: dòng
  - Wade–Giles: tung⁴
  - Yale: dùng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: donq
  - Palladius: дун (dun)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʊŋ⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: dung³
  - Yale: dung
  - Cantonese Pinyin: dung³
  - Guangdong Romanization: dung³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʊŋ³³/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: tung
  - Hakka Romanization System: dung
  - Hagfa Pinyim: dung⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /tuŋ⁵⁵/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: dáe̤ng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tɔyŋ²¹³/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tàng / tòng
  - Tâi-lô: tàng / tòng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: daxng, doxng
  - IPA (Xiamen): /taŋ²¹/, /tɔŋ²¹/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /taŋ⁴¹/, /tɔŋ⁴¹/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /taŋ²¹/, /tɔŋ²¹/
  - IPA (Taipei): /taŋ¹¹/, /tɔŋ¹¹/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /taŋ²¹/, /tɔŋ²¹/

Note:

tàng - vernacular;
tòng - literary.

- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: dang³ / dong³
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tàng / tòng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /taŋ²¹³/, /toŋ²¹³/

Note:

dang3 - vernacular;
dong3 - literary.

Wu
- (Shanghainese)
  - Wiktionary: ton (T2)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʊŋ³⁴/

Middle Chinese: /tuŋ/, /tuŋ^H/

Rime
Character	凍	凍
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Initial (聲)	端 (5)	端 (5)
Final (韻)	東 (1)	東 (1)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	I
Fanqie	德紅切	多貢切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/tuŋ/	/tuŋ^H/
Pan Wuyun	/tuŋ/	/tuŋ^H/
Shao Rongfen	/tuŋ/	/tuŋ^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/təwŋ/	/təwŋ^H/
Li Rong	/tuŋ/	/tuŋ^H/
Wang Li	/tuŋ/	/tuŋ^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/tuŋ/	/tuŋ^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	dōng	dòng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	dung¹	dung³

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*tˤoŋ-s/
(Zhengzhang): /*toːŋ/, /*toːŋs/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	凍
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	dòng
Middle Chinese	‹ tuwng^H ›
Old Chinese	/*tˁoŋ-s/
English	freeze
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	凍	凍
Reading #	1/2	2/2
No.	2441	2447
Phonetic component	東	東
Rime group	東	東
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	東	涷
Old Chinese	/*toːŋ/	/*toːŋs/

Definitions

凍

cold; (of weather) chilly
to freeze
jelly
a surname

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 冷 (“cold”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		冷, 寒冷 weather
Mandarin	Beijing	冷
	Taiwan	冷
	Yantai (Muping)	冷
	Jinan	冷
	Luoyang	冷
	Wanrong	冷
	Xi'an	冷
	Yinchuan	冷
	Wuhan	冷, 冷凊 weather
	Chengdu	冷, 凊 very cold
	Guilin	冷
	Liuzhou	冷, 凊
	Yangzhou	冷
	Hefei	冷
	Singapore	冷
Cantonese	Guangzhou	凍, 冷
	Hong Kong	凍, 冷 weather
	Taishan	冷
	Yangjiang	凍, 冷 weather
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	凍
	Singapore (Guangfu)	凍
Gan	Nanchang	冷
Gan	Lichuan	冷
Hakka	Meixian	冷
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	冷, 寒
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	冷, 寒人
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	冷
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	冷, 寒
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	冷, 寒
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	冷, 寒
Huizhou	Jixi	冷, 凍
Jin	Taiyuan	冷
Min Bei	Jian'ou	凊, 鎮 very cold
Min Dong	Fuzhou	凊, 凍
Min Nan	Xiamen	冷, 凊, 寒 weather
	Quanzhou	冷, 凊, 寒
	Shishi	寒
	Zhangzhou	冷, 凊, 寒
	Zhao'an	寒
	Dongshan	寒
	Taipei	冷, 凊, 寒
	Penang (Hokkien)	冷, 寒 weather, 凊
	Singapore (Hokkien)	冷, 寒 weather
	Manila (Hokkien)	冷, 寒, 凊
	Chaozhou	凝, 寒 weather, 凊
	Shantou	凝, 寒, 凊, 冷
	Shantou (Chenghai)	凝, 凊
	Shantou (Chaoyang)	凝
	Jieyang	凝, 凊
	Singapore (Teochew)	凝
	Wenchang	寒
	Qionghai	寒
	Singapore (Hainanese)	凊, 寒 weather
Wu	Shanghai	冷
	Shanghai (Chongming)	冷
	Suzhou	冷, 凍 weather
	Danyang	冷
	Hangzhou	冷
	Ningbo	冷
	Wenzhou	冷, 凍
	Jinhua	冷
Xiang	Changsha	冷, 凊 very cold
Xiang	Shuangfeng	冷, 凊 very cold

Compounds

上凍／上冻 (shàngdòng)
不凍／不冻
不凍港／不冻港 (bùdònggǎng)
價格凍結／价格冻结
冰凍／冰冻 (bīngdòng)
冰消凍解／冰消冻解
冰消凍釋／冰消冻释
冰解凍釋／冰解冻释
冷凍／冷冻 (lěngdòng)
冷凍蔬菜／冷冻蔬菜
冷凍食品／冷冻食品 (lěngdòng shípǐn)
凍住／冻住
凍傷／冻伤 (dòngshāng)
凍僵／冻僵
凍凌觜臉／冻凌觜脸
凍剝剝／冻剥剥
凍原／冻原 (dòngyuán)

凍土／冻土 (dòngtǔ)
凍天行／冻天行
凍害／冻害 (dònghài)
凍寒／冻寒
凍斃／冻毙 (dòngbì)
凍欽欽／冻钦钦
凍死／冻死 (dòngsǐ)
凍瘡／冻疮 (dòngchuāng)
凍省／冻省 (dòng shěng)
凍石／冻石
凍結／冻结 (dòngjié)
凍結資金／冻结资金
凍肉／冻肉 (dòngròu)
凍薪／冻薪 (dòngxīn)
凍解冰釋／冻解冰释
凍豆腐／冻豆腐
凍雨／冻雨 (dòngyǔ)

凍餒／冻馁 (dòngněi)
凝凍／凝冻
北極凍原／北极冻原
呵凍／呵冻
天寒地凍／天寒地冻 (tiānhándìdòng)
愛玉凍／爱玉冻 (àiyùdòng)
挨餓受凍／挨饿受冻
擔飢受凍／担饥受冻
果凍／果冻 (guǒdòng)
滴水成凍／滴水成冻
肉凍／肉冻 (ròudòng)
解凍／解冻 (jiědòng)
防凍／防冻 (fángdòng)
霜凍／霜冻 (shuāngdòng)
飢凍交切／饥冻交切
魚凍／鱼冻 (yúdòng)

Japanese

Kanji

凍

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

frozen

Readings

Go-on: つう (tsū)^{←つう (tū, historical)}
Kan-on: とう (tō, Jōyō)^{←とう (tou, historical)}
Kun: こおる (kōru, 凍る, Jōyō)^{←こほる (koforu, historical)}; こごえる (kogoeru, 凍える, Jōyō); いてる (iteru, 凍てる); しみる (shimiru, 凍みる)

Compounds

不(ふ)凍(とう) (futō, “nonfreezing”)

Related terms

凍(い)てる (iteru)
凍(こお)る (kōru)
凍(こご)える (kogoeru)
凍(し)みる (shimiru)
凍(こお)らす (kōrasu)

Korean

Hanja

凍 (eumhun 얼 동 (eol dong))

Hanja form^? of 동 (“freeze”).
Hanja form^? of 동 (“cold, congeal”).
Hanja form^? of 동 (“jelly”).

Vietnamese

Han character

凍: Hán Nôm readings: đống, đông, gióng, rúng, đóng

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