冢

冢

See also: 塚, 家, and 冡

冢 U+51A2, 冢 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-51A2 ← 冡 [U+51A1] CJK Unified Ideographs 冣 → [U+51A3]

Translingual

Han character

冢 (Kangxi radical 14, 冖+8, 10 strokes, cangjie input 月一一人 (BMMO) or 月一尸人 (BMSO) or X月一尸人 (XBMSO), four-corner 3723₂, composition ⿱冖豖)

Derived characters

• 塚, 𡻑, 𣹞, 𬥥

References

• KangXi: page 130, character 25
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1585
• Dae Jaweon: page 293, character 5
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 304, character 9
• Unihan data for U+51A2

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Chinese

trad.		冢/塚
simp.		冢

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (豖) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
冢	*toŋʔ
塚	*toŋʔ
涿	*rtoːɡ
琢	*rtoːɡ
啄	*rtoːɡ, *toːɡ
諑	*rtoːɡ
剢	*toːɡ
瘃	*toɡ
豖	*tʰoɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *toŋʔ) : semantic 勹 (“wrap”) + phonetic 豖 (OC *tʰoɡ) – wrapped in a burial shroud. Top component now simplified to 冖.

Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m/r-duŋ (“mountain; hillock”) (STEDT). Cognate with Burmese တောင် (taung, “mountain”).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): zhǒng (zhong³)

  (Zhuyin): ㄓㄨㄥˇ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): cung²
• Min Nan

  (Hokkien, POJ): thióng

  (Teochew, Peng'im): tong²

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: zhǒng
    • Zhuyin: ㄓㄨㄥˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: jhǒng
    • Wade–Giles: chung³
    • Yale: jǔng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: joong
    • Palladius: чжун (čžun)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂʊŋ²¹⁴/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: cung²
    • Yale: chúng
    • Cantonese Pinyin: tsung²
    • Guangdong Romanization: cung²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰʊŋ³⁵/
• Min Nan
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thióng
    • Tâi-lô: thióng
    • Phofsit Daibuun: tiorng
    • IPA (Xiamen): /tʰiɔŋ⁵³/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /tʰiɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /tʰiɔŋ⁵³/
    • IPA (Taipei): /tʰiɔŋ⁵³/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /tʰiɔŋ⁴¹/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: tong²
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: thóng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰoŋ⁵²/

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• Middle Chinese: /ʈɨoŋ^X/

Rime
Character	冢
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	知 (9)
Final (韻)	鍾 (7)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	知隴切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ʈɨoŋX/
Pan Wuyun	/ʈioŋX/
Shao Rongfen	/ȶioŋX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ʈuawŋX/
Li Rong	/ȶioŋX/
Wang Li	/ȶĭwoŋX/
Bernard Karlgren	/ȶi̯woŋX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	zhǒng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	zung2

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*[t]roŋʔ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*toŋʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	冢
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	zhǒng
Middle Chinese	‹ trjowngX ›
Old Chinese	/*[t]roŋʔ/ (or *[t]<r>oŋʔ ?)
English	tomb mound
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	冢
Reading #	1/1
No.	1616
Phonetic component	豖
Rime group	東
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	冢
Old Chinese	/*toŋʔ/

Definitions

冢

1. Original form of 塚／冢 (zhǒng, “mausoleum; tomb; burial mound”).

   • 項羽燒秦宮室，掘始皇帝冢。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     项羽烧秦宫室，掘始皇帝冢。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE

     Xiàng Yǔ shāo Qín gōngshì, jué Shǐhuángdì zhǒng. [Pinyin]

     (please add an English translation of this example)

   • 一去紫臺連朔漠，獨留青冢向黃昏。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     一去紫台连朔漠，独留青冢向黄昏。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Poem by Du Fu, 杜甫 · 詠懷古跡五首 · 其三

     Yī qù zǐtái lián shuòmò, dú liú qīngzhǒng xiàng huánghūn. [Pinyin]

     (please add an English translation of this example)

2. ^† mountain summit

   • 百川沸騰，山冢崒崩。高岸為谷，深谷為陵。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
     百川沸腾，山冢崒崩。高岸为谷，深谷为陵。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11^th – 7^th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

     Bǎi chuān fèiténg, shān zhǒng zúbēng. Gāo'àn wèi gǔ, shēngǔ wèi líng. [Pinyin]

     (please add an English translation of this example)

3. (prefix) eldest, senior in rank

Compounds

冢中枯骨 冢嗣 冢土 冢埌 冢墓 冢子 (zhǒngzǐ) 冢宰 冢息

冢藏 垌冢 大冢宰 嶓冢 (Bōzhǒng) 汲冢古文 石冢 (shízhǒng) 衣冠冢

青冢 香冢 冢婦／冢妇 叢冢／丛冢 (cóngzhǒng) 喪冢／丧冢 發冢／发冢 筆冢／笔冢

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Japanese

Kanji

冢

(uncommon “Hyōgai” kanji)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings

• On (unclassified): ちょう (chō); ちゅ (chu)
• Kun: つか (tsuka); おか (oka); やしろ (yashiro)

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Korean

Hanja

冢 • (chong) (hangeul 총, revised chong, McCune–Reischauer ch'ong)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

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Vietnamese

Han character

冢: Hán Việt readings: trủng[1][2][3][4]
冢: Nôm readings: trũng[1], trổng[1]

1. chữ Hán form of trủng (“a grand grave or burial mound”).
2. Nôm form of trũng (“a deep hole in the ground”).
3. Nôm form of trổng (“vague, indiscriminate”).

References

1. Trần (2004).
2. Trần (1999).
3. Nguyễn (1974).
4. Thiều Chửu (1942).