共和

Chinese

		all together; in while; to share all together; in while; to share; common; general; together; total	mix together; peace; harmony mix together; peace; harmony; and; with; union; cap (a poem); respond in singing; soft; warm
simp. and trad. (共和)		共	和

Etymology

Gonghe Regency: Traditionally interpreted as "joint harmony", as during the Gonghe regency, the Zhou Dynasty was considered to be ruled jointly by two dukes; but according to the Bamboo Annals, the Gonghe regency was ruled by a single person—the Count of Gong (共伯), whose name was He (和). This reading has been confirmed by the Tsinghua Bamboo Slips.[1][2]

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): gònghé
(Zhuyin): ㄍㄨㄥˋ ㄏㄜˊ
(Chengdu, SP): gong⁴ ho²
(Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): гунхә (gunhə, I-I)
Cantonese (Jyutping): gung⁶ wo⁴
Gan (Wiktionary): kung⁵ fo⁴
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): khiung-fò
(Meixian, Guangdong): kiung⁴ fo²
Jin (Wiktionary): gung³ hue¹
Min Bei (KCR): gō̤ng-uǎ
Min Dong (BUC): gê̤ṳng-huò
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): kiōng-hô͘ / kiōng-hô
(Teochew, Peng'im): gang⁷ hua⁵
Wu (Wiktionary): gon hhu (T3)
Xiang (Wiktionary): gong⁵ ho²

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: gònghé
  - Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄥˋ ㄏㄜˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: gònghé
  - Wade–Giles: kung⁴-ho²
  - Yale: gùng-hé
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gonqher
  - Palladius: гунхэ (gunxɛ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʊŋ⁵¹ xɤ³⁵/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: gong⁴ ho²
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: gungxo
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /koŋ²¹³ xo²¹/
- (Dungan)
  - Cyrillic and Wiktionary: гунхә (gunhə, I-I)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kuŋ²⁴ xə²⁴/
  (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: gung⁶ wo⁴
  - Yale: guhng wòh
  - Cantonese Pinyin: gung⁶ wo⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: gung⁶ wo⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʊŋ²² wɔː²¹/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: kung⁵ fo⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰuŋ¹¹ fo³⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khiung-fò
  - Hakka Romanization System: kiung foˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: kiung⁴ fo²
  - Sinological IPA: /kʰi̯uŋ⁵⁵ fo¹¹/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: kiung⁴ fo²
  - Sinological IPA: /cʰiʊŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ fo¹¹/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: gung³ hue¹
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /kũŋ⁴⁵ xuɤ¹¹/
Min Bei
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: gō̤ng-uǎ
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɔŋ⁵⁵ ua²¹/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: gê̤ṳng-huò
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kyŋ²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ^(h-)ŋuo⁵³/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiōng-hô͘
  - Tâi-lô: kiōng-hôo
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kioxnghoo
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kiɔŋ⁴¹⁻²² hɔ²⁴/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiōng-hô
  - Tâi-lô: kiōng-hô
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kioxnghooi
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /kiɔŋ²²⁻²¹ ho¹³/
  - IPA (Xiamen): /kiɔŋ²²⁻²¹ ho²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /kiɔŋ³³⁻²¹ hɤ²³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /kiɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ ho²⁴/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: gang⁷ hua⁵
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kāng huâ
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kaŋ¹¹ hua⁵⁵/
Wu
- (Shanghainese)
  - Wiktionary: gon hhu (T3)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɡ̊ʊŋ²² ɦv̩ʷ⁴⁴/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: gong⁵ ho²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key) (old-style): /kʊŋ²¹⁻¹¹ xo¹³/
  - Sinological IPA ^(key) (new-style): /kən²¹⁻¹¹ xo¹³/

Middle Chinese: /ɡɨoŋ^H ɦuɑ/

Rime
Character	共	和
Reading #	2/2	1/2
Initial (聲)	群 (30)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	鍾 (7)	戈 (95)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Closed
Division (等)	III	I
Fanqie	渠用切	戸戈切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɡɨoŋ^H/	/ɦuɑ/
Pan Wuyun	/ɡioŋ^H/	/ɦuɑ/
Shao Rongfen	/ɡioŋ^H/	/ɣuɑ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/guawŋ^H/	/ɦwa/
Li Rong	/ɡioŋ^H/	/ɣuɑ/
Wang Li	/ɡĭwoŋ^H/	/ɣuɑ/
Bernard Karlgren	/gi̯woŋ^H/	/ɣuɑ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jiòng	huó
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gung⁶	wo⁴

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*N-k(r)oŋʔ-s [ɢ]ˤoj/
(Zhengzhang): /*ɡloŋs ɡoːl/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	共	和
Reading #	1/1	1/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	gòng	hé
Middle Chinese	‹ gjowng^H ›	‹ hwa ›
Old Chinese	/*N-k(r)oŋʔ-s/	/*[ɢ]ˁoj/
English	together, all	harmonious
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	共	和
Reading #	2/2	1/2
No.	4182	4932
Phonetic component	共	禾
Rime group	東	歌
Rime subdivision	0	3
Corresponding MC rime	共	和
Old Chinese	/*ɡloŋs/	/*ɡoːl/

Noun

共和

republicanism; republic

Derived terms

五族共和 (wǔzú gònghé)
共和制 (gònghézhì)
中華人民共和國／中华人民共和国 (Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó)

共和國／共和国 (gònghéguó)
共和聯邦／共和联邦 (Gònghé Liánbāng)
共和黨／共和党 (Gònghédǎng)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (共和):

→ Japanese: 共和(きょうわ) (kyōwa)
→ Korean: 공화(共和) (gonghwa)
→ Vietnamese: cộng hòa (共和)

Proper noun

共和

(historical) Gonghe Regency (interregnum period in Chinese history from 841 to 828 BCE)
- 共和十四年，大旱，火焚其屋，伯和篡位立，秋，又大旱。其年周厲王死，宣王立。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  共和十四年，大旱，火焚其屋，伯和篡位立，秋，又大旱。其年周厉王死，宣王立。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: Bamboo Annals, circa 475 – 221 BCE
  Gònghé shísì nián, dàhàn, huǒ fén qí wū, bó Hé cuànwèi lì, qiū, yòu dàhàn. Qí nián zhōu Lìwáng sǐ, Xuānwáng lì. [Pinyin]
  In the fourteenth year of Gong['s ]He, there was a great drought; a fire burnt his residence. Earl He, by usurping the throne, was established [as ruler]. In autumn, there was another great drought. That year, King Li died; King Xuan was established.
(～縣) Gonghe County (a county of Qinghai, China)

Derived terms

周召共和

References

華東師範大學中文系戰國簡讀書小組 (2011 December 29), “讀《清華大學藏戰國竹簡（貳）․繫年》書後（一）”, in 簡帛網‎, archived from the original on 2012-01-27, retrieved 9 March 2020
“Where is King Ping? The History and Historiography of the Zhou Dynasty's Eastward Relocation”, in Asia Major‎, volume 31.1, Academica Sinica, 2018, retrieved 2022-06-15, pages 1–27 (at pp 16–17)

Japanese

Etymology

Kanji in this term
共	和
きょう Grade: 4	わ Grade: 3
on’yomi

From Middle Chinese 共和 (gjowngH hwa).

Pronunciation

On’yomi

(Tokyo) きょーわ [kyòówá] (Heiban – [0])[1][2][3]
IPA^(key): [kʲo̞ːɰᵝa̠]

Noun

共(きょう)和(わ) • (kyōwa)

collaboration; cooperation; working together in harmony
republicanism

Derived terms

共和国(きょうわこく) (kyōwakoku)

References

2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
1997, 新明解国語辞典 (Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten), Fifth Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja in this term
共	和

Noun

共和 • (gonghwa) (hangeul 공화)

Hanja form^? of 공화 (“universal harmony, republicanism”).

Vietnamese

Hán tự in this term
共	和

Noun

共和

chữ Hán form of cộng hoà (“republic”).

[1] 華東師範大學中文系戰國簡讀書小組 (2011 December 29), “讀《清華大學藏戰國竹簡（貳）․繫年》書後（一）”, in 簡帛網‎, archived from the original on 2012-01-27, retrieved 9 March 2020

[2] “Where is King Ping? The History and Historiography of the Zhou Dynasty's Eastward Relocation”, in Asia Major‎, volume 31.1, Academica Sinica, 2018, retrieved 2022-06-15, pages 1–27 (at pp 16–17)

[DJR-3] 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[NHK-4] 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN

[SMK5-5] 1997, 新明解国語辞典 (Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten), Fifth Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

共和

Chinese

Etymology

Pronunciation

Noun

Derived terms

Descendants

See also

Proper noun

Derived terms

References

Japanese

Etymology

Pronunciation

Noun

Derived terms

References

Korean

Noun

Vietnamese

Noun