共

共	U+5171, 共 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5171

← 兰
[U+5170]

CJK Unified Ideographs

兲 →
[U+5172]

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

共 (Kangxi radical 12, 八+4, 6 strokes, cangjie input 廿金 (TC), four-corner 4480₁, composition ⿱龷八)

Shuowen Jiezi radical №64

Derived characters

供㓋哄垬娂㤨拱洪𤞒䧆晎栱㬴烘珙䀧硔粠舼𧋄鿁(䜤) 谼輁鉷(𫟹) 𧶯䱋䢼䳍巷恭拲㭟㳟蛬輂䢽𢩉烡異粪巽髸龔(龚) 衖閧鬨𢮪𨂚𦜞殿蕻

References

KangXi: page 127, character 5
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1458
Dae Jaweon: page 283, character 6
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 243, character 2
Unihan data for U+5171

Chinese

simp. and trad.		共
alternative forms		𦱹𠔏𩇿

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 共

Shang

Western Zhou

Warring States

Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)

Liushutong (compiled in Ming)

Oracle bone script

Bronze inscriptions

Chu slip and silk script

Small seal script

Transcribed ancient scripts

**Bronze inscriptions**
b03459	b03460	b03461	b03462	b03463	b03464	b03465	b03466
b03467	b03468	b03469	b03470	b03471

**Small seal script**
s01989

**Transcribed ancient scripts**
L35581	L35582	L19017	L19018	L19019	L19020	L19021	L19022

References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).

Characters in the same phonetic series (共) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
港	kroːŋʔ, ɡloːŋs
巷	*ɡroːŋs
衖	*ɡroːŋs
鬨	ɡroːŋs, ɡloːŋs
烘	qʰloːŋ, qʰloːŋs, ɡoːŋ, ɡloːŋs
洪	*ɡloːŋ
鉷	*ɡloːŋ
谼	*ɡloːŋ
葓	*ɡoːŋ
哄	*ɡloːŋs
蕻	*ɡloːŋs
恭	*kloŋ
供	kloŋ, kloŋs
龔	*kloŋ
珙	kloŋ, kloŋʔ
共	kloŋ, ɡloŋs
髸	*kloŋ
拱	*kloŋʔ
拲	kloŋʔ, kloɡ
蛬	kloŋʔ, ɡloŋ
栱	*kloŋʔ
輁	kloŋʔ, ɡloŋ
舼	*ɡloŋ
輂	*kloɡ

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 廾 (“two hands”) + 口 (“an object”) – holding up an object with two hands. Eventually 口 (not “mouth”) came to be written 廿 (not “twenty”), which later fused with 廾 to form the modern 共.

Possibly the original form of 供 (“to provide; to offer”).

Etymology

Etymology not clear. An OC medial *r should be assumed if related to 恭 and 龔. CVST 5: 57 relates this word to Western Tibetan ’kʰyoŋ-ba, kʰyoŋs ‘to bring’, WB kuiŋ ‘take hold of, apply hand’. An allofam may perhaps be 貢.

Pronunciation 1

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): gòng (gong⁴)
(Zhuyin): ㄍㄨㄥˋ
(Chengdu, SP): gong⁴
(Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): гун (gun, III)
Cantonese
(Guangzhou, Jyutping): gung⁶
(Taishan, Wiktionary): guung⁵
Gan (Wiktionary): qiung⁵ / kung⁵
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): khiung
(Meixian, Guangdong): kiung⁴
Jin (Wiktionary): gung³
Min Bei (KCR): gō̤ng
Min Dong (BUC): gâe̤ng / gê̤ṳng
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): kāng / kā / kiōng
(Teochew, Peng'im): gang⁷
Wu (Wiktionary): gon (T3)
Xiang (Wiktionary): gong⁵ / gong⁴

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: gòng
  - Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄥˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: gòng
  - Wade–Giles: kung⁴
  - Yale: gùng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gonq
  - Palladius: гун (gun)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʊŋ⁵¹/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: gong⁴
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: gung
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /koŋ²¹³/
- (Dungan)
  - Cyrillic and Wiktionary: гун (gun, III)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kuŋ⁴⁴/
  (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: gung⁶
  - Yale: guhng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: gung⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: gung⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʊŋ²²/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: guung⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɵŋ³²/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: qiung⁵ / kung⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕʰiuŋ¹¹/, /kʰuŋ¹¹/

Note:

qiung5 - vernacular;
kung5 - literary.

Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khiung
  - Hakka Romanization System: kiung
  - Hagfa Pinyim: kiung⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /kʰi̯uŋ⁵⁵/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: kiung⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /cʰiʊŋ⁵³/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: gung³
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /kũŋ⁴⁵/
Min Bei
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: gō̤ng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɔŋ⁵⁵/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: gâe̤ng / gê̤ṳng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɔyŋ²⁴²/, /køyŋ²⁴²/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kāng
  - Tâi-lô: kāng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kang
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kaŋ³³/
  - IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /kaŋ⁴¹/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kaŋ²²/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kā
  - Tâi-lô: kā
  - Phofsit Daibuun: ka
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /ka²²/
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /ka³³/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiōng
  - Tâi-lô: kiōng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kiong
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kiɔŋ³³/
  - IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /kiɔŋ⁴¹/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kiɔŋ²²/

Note:

kāng, kā - vernacular (kā - also written as 甲);
kiōng - literary.

- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: gang⁷
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kāng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kaŋ¹¹/
Wu
- (Shanghainese)
  - Wiktionary: gon (T3)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɡ̊ʊŋ²³/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: gong⁵ / gong⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key) (old-style): /kʊŋ²¹/, /kʊŋ⁴⁵/
  - Sinological IPA ^(key) (new-style): /kən²¹/, /kən⁴⁵/

Note:

gong5 - vernacular;
gong4 - literary.

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 共
Mandarin	Beijing	/kuŋ⁵¹/
	Harbin	/kuŋ⁵³/
	Tianjin	/kuŋ⁵³/
	Jinan	/kuŋ²¹/
	Qingdao	/kəŋ⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/kuŋ³¹²/
	Xi'an	/kuŋ⁴⁴/
	Xining	/kuə̃²¹³/
	Yinchuan	/kuŋ¹³/
	Lanzhou	/kũn¹³/
	Ürümqi	/kuŋ²¹³/
	Wuhan	/koŋ³⁵/
	Chengdu	/koŋ¹³/
	Guiyang	/koŋ²¹³/
	Kunming	/koŋ¹/
	Nanjing	/koŋ⁴⁴/
	Hefei	/kəŋ⁵³/
Jin	Taiyuan	/kuəŋ⁴⁵/
	Pingyao	/kuŋ³⁵/
	Hohhot	/kũŋ⁵⁵/
Wu	Shanghai	/goŋ²³/
	Suzhou	/goŋ³¹/
	Hangzhou	/goŋ¹³/
	Wenzhou	/d͡ʑyɔ²²/
Hui	Shexian	/kʰuʌ̃²²/
Hui	Tunxi	/kan⁴²/
Xiang	Changsha	/koŋ⁵⁵/ /koŋ¹¹/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/gən²¹/
Gan	Nanchang	/t͡ɕʰiuŋ²¹/ ～雙筷子 /kʰuŋ²¹/
Hakka	Meixian	/kʰiuŋ⁵³/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/kʰioŋ⁵⁵/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/koŋ²²/
	Nanning	/kuŋ²²/
	Hong Kong	/kuŋ²²/
Min	Xiamen (Min Nan)	/kiɔŋ²²/ /iŋ²²/ /kaŋ²²/
	Fuzhou (Min Dong)	/køyŋ²⁴²/
	Jian'ou (Min Bei)	/kɔŋ⁴⁴/
	Shantou (Min Nan)	/kaŋ³¹/
	Haikou (Min Nan)	/koŋ³³/ /kaŋ²³/

Middle Chinese: /ɡɨoŋ^H/

Rime
Character	共
Reading #	2/2
Initial (聲)	群 (30)
Final (韻)	鍾 (7)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	渠用切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɡɨoŋ^H/
Pan Wuyun	/ɡioŋ^H/
Shao Rongfen	/ɡioŋ^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/guawŋ^H/
Li Rong	/ɡioŋ^H/
Wang Li	/ɡĭwoŋ^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/gi̯woŋ^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jiòng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gung⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*N-k(r)oŋʔ-s/
(Zhengzhang): /*ɡloŋs/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	共
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	gòng
Middle Chinese	‹ gjowng^H ›
Old Chinese	/*N-k(r)oŋʔ-s/
English	together, all
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	共
Reading #	2/2
No.	4182
Phonetic component	共
Rime group	東
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	共
Old Chinese	/*ɡloŋs/

Definitions

共

common
共識／共识 ― gòngshí ― common understanding; consensus
together
共進晚餐／共进晚餐 ― gòng jìn wǎncān ― to have dinner together
- 興起！地上大小邦，響應諸天共頌揚 [MSC, trad.]
  兴起！地上大小邦，响应诸天共颂扬 [MSC, simp.]
  From: 1984, translation edited by 滕近輝 [Philip Teng] and 何統雄 [Richard Ho], 天使報信 [Hark! the Herald Angels Sing], in 《生命聖詩》 [Hymns of Life]
  Xīngqǐ! Dìshang dà xiǎo bāng, Xiǎngyìng zhūtiān gòng sòngyáng [Pinyin]
  Joyful, all ye nations, rise, Join the triumph of the skies [Original English lyrics]
  Rise up! nations of the earth, big and small, Sing praises together in response to the skies [Literal English translation]
to share
altogether
我前後共買了五雙鞋。 [MSC, trad.]
我前后共买了五双鞋。 [MSC, simp.]
Wǒ qiánhòu gòng mǎi le wǔ shuāng xié. [Pinyin]
From beginning to end, I altogether bought five pairs of shoes.
Short for 共產黨／共产党 (gòngchǎndǎng, “communist party”).
反共 ― fǎngòng ― anti-communist
1. (specifically) the Communist Party of China
  國共／国共 ― guógòng ― Kuomintang and the Communist Party of China
(literary or dialectal) and
- 蜆肉桶肚裡全係坭共水 [Cantonese, trad.]
  蚬肉桶肚里全系泥共水 [Cantonese, simp.]
  From: 1828, Robert Morrison, Vocabulary of the Canton Dialect, part III, section XII
  hin² juk⁶ tung² tou⁵ leoi⁵ cyun⁴ hai⁶ nai⁴ gung⁶ seoi² [Jyutping]
  A muscle cask, a belly (or mind) full of nothing but mud and water.
- 唐人有𢬿牛乳共糖嚟攪茶有冇呢 [Cantonese, trad.]
  唐人有𢬿牛乳共糖嚟搅茶有冇呢 [Cantonese, simp.]
  From: 1841, Elijah Coleman Bridgman, Chinese Chrestomathy in the Canton Dialect, page 181
  tong⁴ jan⁴ jau⁵ kaai⁵ ngau⁴ jyu⁵ gung⁶ tong⁴ lai⁴ gaau² caa⁴ jau⁵ mou⁵ ne¹ [Jyutping]
  Do the Chinese use milk and sugar with their tea?
(literary or Min Dong, Hokkien) with; to
我共你講。／我共你讲。 [Hokkien] ― Góa kā lí kóng. [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― I tell you.
- 死蔭幽谷中，祢伴我過渡，歡欣裡，風光裡祢共我同在 [Literary Cantonese, trad.]
  死荫幽谷中，祢伴我过渡，欢欣里，风光里祢共我同在 [Literary Cantonese, simp.]
  From: 鄧婉玲, lyrics by 西伯, 全因為祢
  sei² jam³ jau¹ guk¹ zung¹, nei⁴ bun⁶ ngo⁵ gwo³ dou⁶, fun¹ jan¹ leoi⁵, fung¹ gwong¹ leoi⁵ nei⁴ gung⁶ ngo⁵ tung⁴ zoi⁶ [Jyutping]
  (please add an English translation of this example)
(Min Dong, Hokkien, dated in Cantonese) for
共我開門。／共我开门。 [Hokkien] ― Kā góa khui-mn̂g. [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― Open the door for me.
- 你共我呌個木匠黎 [Cantonese, trad.]
  你共我叫个木匠黎 [Cantonese, simp.]
  From: 1828, Robert Morrison, Vocabulary of the Canton Dialect, part III, section I
  nei⁵ gung⁶ ngo⁵ giu³ go³ muk⁶ zoeng⁶ lai⁴ [Jyutping]
  You for me call a carpenter.
(Hokkien) Used in imperative sentences for emphasis
你共我會記咧！ [Hokkien, trad.]
你共我会记咧！ [Hokkien, simp.]
Lí kā góa ē kì leh! [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
Remember this!
(Min Dong, Hokkien) Particle introducing the object of the verb
共伊放袂記／共伊放袂记 [Hokkien] ― kā i pàng bē-kì [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― Forget about him.
(Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) same
共款 [Hokkien] ― kāng-khoán [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― the same
無共／无共 [Hokkien] ― bô-kāng [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― not the same; different

Synonyms

(and):

Dialectal synonyms of 和 (“and”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		與, 及
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		和, 與, 及
Mandarin	Beijing	跟, 和
	Taiwan	跟, 和
	Yantai (Muping)	和
	Jinan	和, 跟, 給
	Wanrong	和
	Wanrong (Ronghe)	連
	Xi'an	跟, 連
	Yinchuan	連
	Lanzhou	跟, 和
	Xining	帶, 和
	Ürümqi	跟, 連, 和
	Wuhan	跟
	Chengdu	跟, 給, 和
	Guiyang	跟, 同, 和
	Guilin	跟, 和
	Liuzhou	跟, 同, 和
	Xuzhou	給
	Yangzhou	跟, 交
	Nanjing	告, 跟
	Hefei	跟
	Malaysia	和, 跟
	Singapore	和, 跟
	Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan)	帶
Cantonese	Guangzhou	同, 同埋
	Hong Kong	同, 同埋
	Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou)	同
	Hong Kong (Ting Kok)	同
	Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau)	同
	Macau	同, 同埋
	Taishan	同埋
	Kaiping (Chikan)	同, 同埋
	Dongguan	同, 同埋
	Yangjiang	鄧, 同
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	同
	Penang (Guangfu)	同
	Singapore (Guangfu)	同
Gan	Nanchang	跟, 同
	Lichuan	和
	Pingxiang	同, 跟
Hakka	Meixian	同, 摎
	Yudu	澗
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	摎
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	同
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	摎
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	同
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	摎
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	和
	Hong Kong	摎
	Kuching (Hepo)	佮
Huizhou	Jixi	搭
Jin	Taiyuan	和, 跟
Jin	Xinzhou	給
Min Bei	Jian'ou	邀
	Jian'ou (Dikou)	邀, 儉, 教
	Zhenghe (Zhenqian)	邀
	Pucheng (Shibei)	邀, 跟
Min Dong	Fuzhou	共
	Changle	共
	Fuqing	共
	Yongtai	共
	Gutian	共
	Fu'an	共
	Ningde	共
	Shouning	隨
	Zhouning	傮, 共
	Fuding	跟
Min Nan	Xiamen	佮, 交
	Xiamen (Tong'an)	佮
	Quanzhou	佮, 交
	Zhangzhou	佮
	Tainan	佮
	Penang (Hokkien)	佮
	Singapore (Hokkien)	佮
	Manila (Hokkien)	佮, 交
	Chaozhou	佮, 共
	Shantou	佮
	Jieyang	佮
	Singapore (Teochew)	佮
	Pontianak (Teochew)	佮
	Leizhou	共
	Wenchang	共
	Haikou	共
	Qionghai	共
Waxiang	Guzhang (Gaofeng)	跟, 邀
Wu	Shanghai	脫, 脫仔, 得, 得仔, 搭, 搭仔, 交, 幫, 同, 跟
	Shanghai (Chongming)	脫
	Shanghai (Songjiang)	搭
	Suzhou	搭, 搭仔
	Danyang	同, 跟
	Hangzhou	同
	Ningbo	搭, 搭仔
	Wenzhou	伉
	Jinhua	亨, 跟
Xiang	Changsha	跟
	Loudi	跟
	Shuangfeng	跟, 同

(for):

Dialectal synonyms of 替 (“for”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		替, 為
Mandarin	Beijing	給, 替
	Taiwan	給, 替
	Jinan	給, 替
	Xi'an	替, 給
	Wuhan	跟, 幫
	Chengdu	幫, 給, 跟
	Yangzhou	代, 替
	Hefei	代, 幫
	Singapore	替
Cantonese	Guangzhou	同, 幫
	Hong Kong	同, 幫
	Yangjiang	替, 幐
Gan	Nanchang	跟, 幫
Hakka	Meixian	同, 代
Jin	Taiyuan	替, 給
Min Bei	Jian'ou	替, 幫
Min Dong	Fuzhou	替, 共
Min Nan	Xiamen	替, 共
	Quanzhou	共
	Zhangzhou	共
	Tainan	替, 共
	Singapore (Hokkien)	替, 共
	Chaozhou	代, 個
Wu	Suzhou	替, 搭
Wu	Wenzhou	代
Xiang	Changsha	幫, 跟, 代
Xiang	Shuangfeng	幫

(particle introducing the object of the verb):

Dialectal synonyms of 把 (“particle introducing the object of the verb”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		將, 把
Mandarin	Beijing	把
	Taiwan	把
	Jinan	把
	Xi'an	把
	Wuhan	把
	Chengdu	把
	Guilin	把
	Yangzhou	把
	Hefei	把, 幫
	Singapore	把
Cantonese	Guangzhou	將, 𢬿 dated
	Hong Kong	將
	Jiangmen (Xinhui)	將
	Taishan	將
	Kaiping (Chikan)	將, 𢬿, 討
	Enping (Niujiang)	𢬿, 討
	Yangjiang	將
	Singapore (Guangfu)	將
Gan	Nanchang	把
Hakka	Meixian	將, 將把
	Xingning	捉到
	Huidong (Daling)	將
	Shaoguan (Qujiang)	將
	Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang)	將
	Changting	將
	Wuping	拿
	Wuping (Pingyu)	捉
	Ninghua	把
	Ruijin	將
	Shicheng	拿
	Shangyou (Shexi)	拿
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	將
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	將
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	將
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	將
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	將
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	將
Jin	Taiyuan	把
Min Bei	Jian'ou	拿, 邀
Min Dong	Fuzhou	將, 共, 揢
Min Dong	Matsu	揢
Min Nan	Xiamen	將, 共
	Quanzhou	將, 共
	Zhangzhou	將, 共
	Taipei	將, 共
	Kaohsiung	將, 共
	Singapore (Hokkien)	將
	Manila (Hokkien)	共
	Chaozhou	將, 對, 個
	Shantou	將, 把將, 對
	Jieyang	個
	Singapore (Teochew)	將, 把將
	Haikou	把
Waxiang	Guzhang (Gaofeng)	跟
Waxiang	Yuanling (Shaojiwan)	跟
Wu	Suzhou	拿
	Ningbo	搭, 把 rare
	Wenzhou	逮
Xiang	Changsha	把
Xiang	Shuangfeng	把

Compounds

Derived terms

共餐
共產黨
共產國際
共產主義
共產主義青年團
共處
共度
共犯
共匪
共管
共和
共和國
共和制
共話
共計
共進
共居
共勉
共鳴
共謀
共棲
共青團
共生
共識
共事
共同
共同市場
共同體
共同語言
共享
共性
共議
共用
共有
共振
一共
不共天地
不共戴天
不共鑣
中共
五族共和
人神共憤
休戚與共
兄弟共妻
兩虎共鬥
公共
公共事業
公共保險
公共場所
公共安全
公共廁所
公共建設
公共投資
公共支出
公共收入
公共政策
公共救助
公共汽車
公共浴場
公共環境
公共給水
公共行政
公共衛生
公共設施
公共財政
公共部門

公共關係
公共電視
公共電話
公同共有
共乘
共事一夫
共享軟體
共分
共同代理
共同代表
共同企業
共同保證
共同努力
共同基金
共同感覺
共同正犯
共同科目
共同管道
共同經營
共同繼承
共同訴訟
共同語
共同財產
共同趨向
共同運銷
共同點
共命鳥
共和時代
共商大計
共存
共寢
共審制度
共工
共患
共患難
共挽鹿車
共敘舊姻
共有人
共枕
共業
共榮辱
共歲
共治
共洩
共濟一堂
共為脣齒
共營
共犯罪
共生礦
共產國家
共產宣言
共產集團
共登
共益權
共相
共相脣齒
共知
共禦外侮
共筆硯
共線點
共總
共聚
共聚一堂
共舞
共衾

共襄盛舉
共話衷腸
共語
共談
共論
共識決
共軛弧
共軛角
共通
共通意志
共閱
共體時艱
共點線
分憂共患
分甘共苦
反共
反共義士
同休共戚
同條共貫
同甘共苦
同生共死
同胞共乳
同舟共濟
同衾共枕
周召共和
和平共存
和平共處
和衷共濟
國際共管
多共少
天人共棄
奇文共賞
患難與共
攏共
普天共友
有目共睹
有目共見
有目共賞
松蘿共倚
核磁共振
榮辱與共
汽電共生
牛驥共牢
生死與共
眾目共睹
眾目共視
神人共悅
神人共戮
禍福與共
統共
總共
與共
通共
雅俗共賞
首尾共濟
鹿車共挽
共產
中華人民共和國
共慘黨
共沸物
老共
阿共仔 (a-kiōng-á) (Min Nan)
港共
綠共
共格

Pronunciation 2

Mandarin
(Pinyin): Gòng, Gōng (Gong⁴, Gong¹)
(Zhuyin): ㄍㄨㄥˋ, ㄍㄨㄥ
Cantonese (Jyutping): gung¹

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: Gòng
  - Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄥˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: Gòng
  - Wade–Giles: Kung⁴
  - Yale: Gùng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Gonq
  - Palladius: Гун (Gun)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʊŋ⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese, standard in Taiwan, variant in Mainland)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: Gōng
  - Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄥ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: Gong
  - Wade–Giles: Kung¹
  - Yale: Gūng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Gong
  - Palladius: Гун (Gun)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʊŋ⁵⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: gung¹
  - Yale: gūng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: gung¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: gung¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʊŋ⁵⁵/

Middle Chinese: /kɨoŋ/

Rime
Character	共
Reading #	1/2
Initial (聲)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	鍾 (7)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	九容切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kɨoŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/kioŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/kioŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kuawŋ/
Li Rong	/kioŋ/
Wang Li	/kĭwoŋ/
Bernard Karlgren	/ki̯woŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jiōng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gung¹

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*kloŋ/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	共
Reading #	1/2
No.	4170
Phonetic component	共
Rime group	東
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	恭
Old Chinese	/*kloŋ/

Definitions

共

a surname

Pronunciation 3

Mandarin
(Pinyin): gōng (gong¹)
(Zhuyin): ㄍㄨㄥ
Cantonese (Jyutping): gung¹
Min Nan (Teochew, Peng'im): giong¹

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: gōng
  - Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄥ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: gong
  - Wade–Giles: kung¹
  - Yale: gūng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gong
  - Palladius: гун (gun)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʊŋ⁵⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: gung¹
  - Yale: gūng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: gung¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: gung¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʊŋ⁵⁵/
Min Nan
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: giong¹
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kiong
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kioŋ³³/

Middle Chinese: /kɨoŋ/

Rime
Character	共
Reading #	1/2
Initial (聲)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	鍾 (7)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	九容切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kɨoŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/kioŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/kioŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kuawŋ/
Li Rong	/kioŋ/
Wang Li	/kĭwoŋ/
Bernard Karlgren	/ki̯woŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jiōng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gung¹

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*kloŋ/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	共
Reading #	1/2
No.	4170
Phonetic component	共
Rime group	東
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	恭
Old Chinese	/*kloŋ/

Definitions

共

^† Alternative form of 供 (gōng, “to provide”).
^† Alternative form of 恭 (gōng, “respectful”).
^† Alternative form of 宮／宫 (gōng, “castration (as punishment)”).

Pronunciation 4

Mandarin
(Pinyin): gǒng (gong³)
(Zhuyin): ㄍㄨㄥˇ
Cantonese (Jyutping): gung²

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: gǒng
  - Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄥˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: gǒng
  - Wade–Giles: kung³
  - Yale: gǔng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: goong
  - Palladius: гун (gun)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʊŋ²¹⁴/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: gung²
  - Yale: gúng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: gung²
  - Guangdong Romanization: gung²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʊŋ³⁵/

Definitions

共

^† Alternative form of 拱 (gǒng, “to fold the hands in front of the breast; to surround”).

References

“共”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學／香港中文大学 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Kanji

共

(grade 4 “Kyōiku” kanji)

together
both
all
with
co-

Readings

Go-on: く (ku); くう (kū)
Kan-on: きょう (kyō, Jōyō)
Kan’yō-on: ぐ (gu)
Kun: とも (tomo, 共, Jōyō)

Pronunciation

Kun’yomi

(Tokyo) とも [tòmó] (Heiban – [0])[1]
(Tokyo) とも [tóꜜmò] (Atamadaka – [1])
IPA^(key): [to̞mo̞]

Compounds

両(りょう)方(ほう)共(とも) (ryōhōtomo)
中(ちゅう)共(きょう) (chūkyō)
事(こと)共(ども) (kotodomo)
何(なん)共(とも) (nantomo)
公(こう)共(きょう) (kōkyō)
共(きょう)依(い)存(ぞん) (kyōizon)
共(きょう)催(さい) (kyōsai)
共(きょう)助(じょ) (kyōjo)
共(きょう)同(どう) (kyōdō)
共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) (kyōwakoku)
共(きょう)営(えい) (kyōei)
共(きょう)存(ぞん) (kyōzon)
共(きょう)学(がく) (kyōgaku)
共(きょう)感(かん) (kyōkan)
共(きょう)晶(しょう) (kyōshō)
共(きょう)有(ゆう) (kyōyū)
共(きょう)栄(えい) (kyōei)
共(きょう)済(さい) (kyōsai)
共(きょう)演(えん) (kyōen)
共(きょう)犯(はん) (kyōhan)
共(きょう)産(さん) (kyōsan)
共(きょう)産(さん)党(とう) (kyōsantō)
共(きょう)用(よう) (kyōyō)
共(きょう)益(えき) (kyōeki)
共(きょう)著(ちょ) (kyōcho)
共(きょう)謀(ぼう) (kyōbō)
共(きょう)起(き) (kyōki)
共(きょう)通(つう) (kyōtsū)
共(きょう)通(つう)語(ご) (kyōtsūgo)
共(きょう)鳴(めい) (kyōmei)
共(とも)々(ども) (tomodomo), 共(とも)共(ども) (tomodomo)
共(とも)襟(えり) (tomoeri)
容(よう)共(きょう) (yōkyō)
是(ぜ)非(ひ)共(とも) (zehitomo)
社(しゃ)共(きょう) (shakyō)
私(わたくし)共(ども) (watakushidomo)
諸(もろ)共(とも) (morotomo)
身(み)共(ども) (midomo)
防(ぼう)共(きょう) (bōkyō)

Noun

共(とも) • (tomo)

both, all

Prefix

共(きょう) • (kyō-)

co-

Suffix

共(とも) • (-tomo)

altogether
...included
送(そう)料(りょう)共(とも)
sōryō-tomo
including shipping fees, including postage

Synonyms

込(こみ) (komi)

Suffix

共(ども) • (-domo)

indicates plural

Usage notes

Affixing 共 to oneself indicates humbleness. Affixing 共 to other people is disrespectful compared to 達 (たち, -tachi).

Synonyms

達(たち) (tachi)

Related terms

其(そ)れ共(とも) (soretomo)
共(とも)食(ぐ)い (tomogui)
共(とも)に (tomo ni)
共(とも)稼(かせ)ぎ (tomokasegi)

References

2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja

共 (eumhun 함께 공 (hamkke gong))

Hanja form^? of 공 (“common; together”).

Compounds

공산주의 (共産主義, gongsanjuui)
공산주의자 (共産主義者, gongsanjuuija)
공동체 (共同體, gongdongche)
공통점 (共通點, gongtongjeom)
반공 (反共, ban'gong)

Vietnamese

Han character

共: Hán Việt readings: cung, cộng, củng
共: Nôm readings: cùng, cũng, cọng, cụng, gọng

chữ Hán form of cộng (“to add; plus”).
Nôm form of cùng (“with, and; same”).

References

Thiều Chửu : Hán Việt Tự Điển Hà Nội 1942
Trần Văn Chánh: Từ Điển Hán Việt NXB Trẻ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999
Vũ Văn Kính: Đại Tự Điển Chữ Nôm, NXB Văn Nghệ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999

[DJR-1] 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

共

Translingual

Han character

Derived characters

See also

References

Chinese

Glyph origin

Etymology

Pronunciation 1

Definitions

Synonyms

Compounds

Pronunciation 2

Definitions

Pronunciation 3

Definitions

Pronunciation 4

Definitions

References

Japanese

Kanji

Readings

Pronunciation

Compounds

Noun

Prefix

Suffix

Synonyms

Suffix

Usage notes

Synonyms

Related terms

References

Korean

Hanja

Compounds

Vietnamese

Han character

References