免
See also: 兔
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Translingual
| Stroke order | |||
|---|---|---|---|
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| Japanese | 免 |
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| Simplified | 免 |
| Traditional | 免 |
Alternative forms
A variant form with 刀 rather than ⺈ on top exists.
There is another variant, in which the left-handed stroke ㇓ is written as two separate components. This variant is adopted by Japanese shinjitai.
Han character
免 (Kangxi radical 10, 儿+5 in Chinese, 儿+6 in Japanese, 7 strokes in Chinese, 8 strokes in Japanese, cangjie input 弓日竹山 (NAHU), four-corner 27416, composition ⿱⺈⿸⿻口丿乚(GHTK) or ⿳⺈𫩏儿(JV) or ⿱刀⿸⿻口丿乚(U+FA32))
References
- KangXi: page 124, character 23
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1358
- Dae Jaweon: page 264, character 3
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 270, character 9
- Unihan data for U+514D
- Unihan data for U+FA32
- Unihan data for U+2F80E
Derived characters
- 俛, 凂, 𠲶, 𰉲, 娩, 㝃, 𡷭, 㡈, 悗, 挽, 浼, 𮥊, 𨓜, 晚(晩), 梚, 𬊕, 㻊, 脕, 𥙵, 𪽿, 睌, 䅋, 𧚇, 絻(𰬜), 𰰃, 𧖵, 𧨕, 𮚻, 𨁙, 𨉏, 輓(𬨈), 𠬍, 鋔, 𩈦, 鞔, 𩛟, 𡽏, 𣚻, 𩣦, 𰫌, 鮸(𩾃), 𮭵, 𭐅, 𩆊
- 兔, 𪞁, 勉, 𫰲, 𣆶, 𤿯, 𥇅, 𪞂, 𨌜, 𨽺, 𡢎, 𠒾, 𠓄, 𬷖, 𠓍, 𫥎, 𪾐, 𭀰, 𡨚, 𡸊, 莬, 冕, 𤲈, 𥦙, 𬞎, 𪳟, 𭔑, 𫙁, 𡿢, 𨵃
Chinese
| simp. and trad. | 免 | |
|---|---|---|
Glyph origin
| Historical forms of the character 免 | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shang | Western Zhou | Warring States | ||||||||||||
| Bronze inscriptions | Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | |||||||||||
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References: Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
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Characters in the same phonetic series (免) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
| Old Chinese | |
|---|---|
| 免 | *mronʔ |
| 娩 | *mronʔ, *mronʔ, *m̥ʰons, *monʔ, *mons, *muns |
| 勉 | *mronʔ |
| 俛 | *mronʔ |
| 鮸 | *mronʔ |
| 冕 | *mronʔ |
| 絻 | *mronʔ, *moːn, *muns |
| 婏 | *m̥ʰos |
| 浼 | *muːlʔ |
| 鞔 | *moːn |
| 悗 | *moːn |
| 嬎 | *m̥ʰons |
| 晚 | *monʔ |
| 挽 | *monʔ |
| 輓 | *monʔ, *mons |
| 脕 | *monʔ, *mons, *muns |
| 莬 | *muns |
Pictogram (象形) – a man in a hat. Borrowed for abstract meanings. The derivative 冕 (OC *mronʔ) refers to the original word.
Pronunciation 1
Definitions
免
- to take off; to remove from the body
- to avoid; to escape; to evade
- 同官之人，知而訐之上者，自免於罪。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Book of Lord Shang, circa 3rd century BCE, translated based on J.J.L. Duyvendak's version
- Tóng guān zhī rén, zhī ér jié zhī shàng zhě, zì miǎn yú zuì. [Pinyin]
- Colleagues who, knowing their offence, inform their superiors will themselves escape punishment.
同官之人，知而讦之上者，自免于罪。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- to release; to set free
- to excuse from; to exempt
- to discharge; to waive; to forgive
- to remove; to dismiss (from office)
- to be not allowed; to be forbidden to
- (Min Nan) it is not necessary; there is no need
- (obsolete) Alternative form of 娩 (miǎn).
Synonyms
Dialectal synonyms of 不用 (“need not”) [map]
| Variety | Location | Words edit |
|---|---|---|
| Classical Chinese | 不必, 無須, 毋庸 | |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 不必, 毋須, 無須, 無須乎, 不待 | |
| Mandarin | Beijing | 甭, 不用, 甭用 |
| Taiwan | 不用 | |
| Shenyang | 甭 | |
| Jinan | 甭 | |
| Xi'an | 不用 | |
| Wuhan | 不消, 用不著 | |
| Chengdu | 不消 | |
| Kunming | 不用 | |
| Yangzhou | 用不著 | |
| Hefei | 不用 | |
| Malaysia | 不用 | |
| Singapore | 不用, 不必 | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 唔使 |
| Hong Kong | 唔使 | |
| Macau | 唔使 | |
| Taishan | 唔使, 冇使 | |
| Dongguan | 唔使 | |
| Yangjiang | 無使, 使乜 | |
| Hepu (Lianzhou) | 冇使 | |
| Hepu (Shatian) | 冇使 | |
| Beihai | 冇使 | |
| Beihai (Nankang) | 冇使 | |
| Beihai (Yingpan) | 冇使 | |
| Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) | 冇使 | |
| Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) | 冇使 | |
| Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) | 冇使 | |
| Singapore (Guangfu) | 唔使 | |
| Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) | 唔使 | |
| Gan | Nanchang | 不消, 用不著 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 唔使 |
| Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 唔使 | |
| Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 唔使 | |
| Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 唔使 | |
| Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 唔使 | |
| Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 唔使 | |
| Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 唔使 | |
| Kuching (Hepo) | 唔使 | |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 不用 |
| Min Bei | Jian'ou | 伓讓 |
| Min Dong | Fuzhou | 伓使 |
| Matsu | 伓使 | |
| Singapore (Fuqing) | 伓使 | |
| Min Nan | Xiamen | 毋免, 免, 毋使 |
| Quanzhou | 毋免, 免 | |
| Zhangzhou | 毋免, 免, 毋使 | |
| Taipei | 毋免, 免 | |
| Kaohsiung | 毋免, 免 | |
| Penang (Hokkien) | 毋免, 免 | |
| Singapore (Hokkien) | 毋免, 免 | |
| Manila (Hokkien) | 毋免, 免 | |
| Chaozhou | 免, 免用 | |
| Shantou | 免, 免用 | |
| Shantou (Chenghai) | 免 | |
| Shantou (Chaoyang) | 免 | |
| Jieyang | 免, 免用 | |
| Singapore (Teochew) | 免 | |
| Pontianak (Teochew) | 免 | |
| Wenchang | 無用 | |
| Singapore (Hainanese) | 無用 | |
| Wu | Shanghai | 勿要 |
| Suzhou | 用勿著 | |
| Wenzhou | 覅用, 否用 | |
| Xiang | Changsha | 不消 |
| Shuangfeng | 不消, 不要 | |
Compounds
Derived terms from 免
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Pronunciation 2
Definitions
免
- (historical) Alternative form of 絻／𰬜 (wèn, “a kind of mourning apparel”).
- bud
Compounds
Derived terms from 免
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Further reading
- “Entry #2885”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (in Chinese and Min Nan), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2011.
Japanese
| Shinjitai | 免 | |
| Kyūjitai [1] | 免 免or 免+ ︀? | |
| 免󠄁 免+ 󠄁?(Adobe-Japan1) | ||
| 免󠄄 免+ 󠄄?(Hanyo-Denshi) (Moji_Joho) | ||
| The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment. See here for details. | ||
Kanji
免
(common “Jōyō” kanji)
- to avoid, to escape
- to release, to set free, to discharge
- to exempt
- to forgive
- to dismiss, to discharge
- Antonyms : 任
Readings
- Go-on: めん (men, Jōyō)
- Kan-on: べん (ben)
- Kun: まぬかれる (manukareru, 免れる, Jōyō)←まぬかる (manukaru, historical); まぬがれる (manugareru, 免れる)←まぬかる (manukaru, historical); ぬぐ (nugu, 免ぐ); ゆるす (yurusu, 免す)
Compounds
- (to avoid) 免疫
- (to set free) 免許, 放免
- (to exempt) 免除, 免税
- (to forgive) 赦免
- (to dismiss) 免官, 免職, 任免, 罷免
Pronunciation
- On’yomi: Goon
- (Tokyo) めん [méꜜǹ] (Atamadaka – [1])[2]
- IPA(key): [mẽ̞ɴ]
Noun
免 • (men)
- dismissal, being made to quit
References
- “免”, in 漢字ぺディア (Kanjipedia) (in Japanese), 日本漢字能力検定協会, 2015—2023
- 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
Korean
Hanja
免 (eumhun 해산할 문 (haesanhal mun))
- Hanja form? of 문 (“dismiss, discharge, disband”).
免 (eumhun 면할 면 (myeonhal myeon))
- Hanja form? of 면 (“spare, excuse from, evade”).
Vietnamese
Han character
免: Hán Nôm readings: miễn, mấy, mến, mém, mễm
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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