傾く

傾く

See also: 傾ぐ

Japanese

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
傾
かたむ(く) Grade: S
kun’yomi

/katabuku/ → /katamuku/

Shift from katabuku (see Etymology 2), the medial /-b-/ loses plosive and becomes a nasal /-m-/.

Pronunciation

• Kun’yomi
• (Tokyo) かたぶ​く [kàtábúꜜkù] (Nakadaka – [3])[1]
• IPA^(key): [ka̠ta̠bɯ̟ᵝkɯ̟ᵝ]

• Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of "傾く"

Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Stem forms
Terminal (終止形) Attributive (連体形)	傾く	かたむ​く	[kàtámúꜜkù]
Imperative (命令形)	傾け	かたむ​け	[kàtámúꜜkè]
Key constructions
Passive	傾かれる	かたむかれ​る	[kàtámúkáréꜜrù]
Causative	傾かせる	かたむかせ​る	[kàtámúkáséꜜrù]
Potential	傾ける	かたむけ​る	[kàtámúkéꜜrù]
Volitional	傾こう	かたむこ​ー	[kàtámúkóꜜò]
Negative	傾かない	かたむか​ない	[kàtámúkáꜜnàì]
Negative perfective	傾かなかった	かたむか​なかった	[kàtámúkáꜜnàkàttà]
Formal	傾きます	かたむきま​す	[kàtámúkímáꜜsù]
Perfective	傾いた	かたむ​いた	[kàtámúꜜìtà]
Conjunctive	傾いて	かたむ​いて	[kàtámúꜜìtè]
Hypothetical conditional	傾けば	かたむ​けば	[kàtámúꜜkèbà]

Verb

傾(かたむ)く • (katamuku) intransitive godan (stem 傾(かたむ)き (katamuki), past 傾(かたむ)いた (katamuita))

Japanese verb pair
active	傾(かたむ)ける
mediopassive	傾(かたむ)く

1. to tilt, lean, incline

   Synonyms: 傾ぐ (katagu); 偏る, 片寄る (katayoru)

2. to favor
3. to wane
4. to lose force, power, or momentum (Can we verify⁽⁺⁾ this sense?)
5. to set in the west, setting of the sun or moon

   太陽(たいよう)が傾(かたむ)く

   taiyō ga katamuku

   the sun sets

Conjugation

Conjugation of "傾く" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形)	傾か	かたむか	katamuka
Continuative (連用形)	傾き	かたむき	katamuki
Terminal (終止形)	傾く	かたむく	katamuku
Attributive (連体形)	傾く	かたむく	katamuku
Hypothetical (仮定形)	傾け	かたむけ	katamuke
Imperative (命令形)	傾け	かたむけ	katamuke
Key constructions
Passive	傾かれる	かたむかれる	katamukareru
Causative	傾かせる 傾かす	かたむかせる かたむかす	katamukaseru katamukasu
Potential	傾ける	かたむける	katamukeru
Volitional	傾こう	かたむこう	katamukō
Negative	傾かない	かたむかない	katamukanai
Negative continuative	傾かず	かたむかず	katamukazu
Formal	傾きます	かたむきます	katamukimasu
Perfective	傾いた	かたむいた	katamuita
Conjunctive	傾いて	かたむいて	katamuite
Hypothetical conditional	傾けば	かたむけば	katamukeba

Classical conjugation of "傾く" (カ行四段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形)	傾か	かたむか	katamuka
Continuative (連用形)	傾き	かたむき	katamuki
Terminal (終止形)	傾く	かたむく	katamuku
Attributive (連体形)	傾く	かたむく	katamuku
Realis (已然形)	傾け	かたむけ	katamuke
Imperative (命令形)	傾け	かたむけ	katamuke
Key constructions
Negative	傾かず	かたむかず	katamukazu
Contrasting conjunction	傾けど	かたむけど	katamukedo
Causal conjunction	傾けば	かたむけば	katamukeba
Conditional conjunction	傾かば	かたむかば	katamukaba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge)	傾きき	かたむきき	katamukiki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge)	傾きけり	かたむきけり	katamukikeri
Perfect tense (conscious action)	傾きつ	かたむきつ	katamukitu
Perfect tense (natural event)	傾きぬ	かたむきぬ	katamukinu
Perfect-continuative tense	傾けり 傾きたり	かたむけり かたむきたり	katamukeri katamukitari
Volitional	傾かむ	かたむかむ	katamukamu

Derived terms

• 傾(かたむ)き (katamuki)
• 傾(かたむ)ける (katamukeru)
• 傾(かたむき)山(やま) (Katamuki-yama)

Idioms

• 気持(きも)ちが傾(かたむ)く (kimochi ga katamuku)

Proverbs

• 哲婦(てっぷ)城(しろ)を傾(かたむ)く (teppu shiro o katamuku)
• 一行(いっこう)失(しっ)すれば百行(はっこう)ともに傾(かたむ)く (ikkō shissureba hakkō tomo ni katamuku)

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
傾
かたぶ(く) Grade: S
kun’yomi

From Old Japanese.

Pronunciation

• Kun’yomi
• (Tokyo) かたぶ​く [kàtábúꜜkù] (Nakadaka – [3])[1]
• IPA^(key): [ka̠ta̠bɯ̟ᵝkɯ̟ᵝ]

Verb

傾(かたぶ)く • (katabuku) intransitive godan (stem 傾(かたぶ)き (katabuki), past 傾(かたぶ)いた (katabuita))

1. (archaic) to tilt, lean

   日(ひ)の道(みち)や　葵(あふひ)傾(かたぶ)く　五月(さつき)雨(あめ)

   hi no michi ya, aoi katabuku, satsuki-ame

   The sun's way: hollyhocks turn toward it through all the rain of May.[2]

   Synonym: 傾ぐ (katagu)

2. (archaic) to think something strange or odd
3. (archaic) to set in the west, said of the sun or moon
   • c. 759, Man'yōshū (book 17, poem 3955), text here

     奴婆多麻乃(ぬばたまの)欲波布氣奴良之(よはふけぬらし)多末久之氣(たまくしげ)敷多我美夜麻尓(ふたがみやまに)月(つき)加多夫伎奴(かたぶきぬ) [Man'yōgana]

     ぬばたまの夜(よ)は更(ふ)けぬらし玉(たま)櫛(くし)笥(げ)二上山(ふたがみやま)に月(つき)かたぶきぬ [Modern spelling]

     nubatama no yo wa fukenurashi tama-kushige futagami-yama ni tsuki katabukinu

     It seems that the night, [dark] as pitch-black jade, has deepened. The moon has declined over [Futagami] mountain.[3]

   • 1086, Goshūi Wakashū (book 12, poem 680; also Hyakunin Isshu, poem 59)

     やすらはで寝(ね)なましものをさ夜(よ)更(ふ)けてかたぶくまでの月(つき)を見(み)しかな

     yasura wa de ne na mashi mono o sayo fukete katabuku made no tsuki o mishi kana

     I should not have waited. It would have been better to have slept and dreamed, than to have watched night pass, and this slow moon sink.[4]

4. (archaic) to lose force, power, or momentum (Can we verify⁽⁺⁾ this sense?)
   • 711–712, Kojiki (poem 106)

     意富美夜能(おほみやの)袁登都波多傳(をとつはたで)須美(すみ)加多夫祁理(かたぶけり) [Man'yōgana]

     大宮(おほみや)の彼(をと)つ端(はた)手(で)隅(すみ)傾(かたぶ)けり [Modern spelling]

     ōmiya no oto tsu hatade sumi katabukeri

     At the great palace yonder eaveline's comets are slumping to the ground.[5]

5. to favor
6. to blame; to criticize (US)/criticise (UK) (Can we verify⁽⁺⁾ this sense?)

   Synonym: 非難する (hinan suru)

Conjugation

Conjugation of "傾く" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形)	傾か	かたぶか	katabuka
Continuative (連用形)	傾き	かたぶき	katabuki
Terminal (終止形)	傾く	かたぶく	katabuku
Attributive (連体形)	傾く	かたぶく	katabuku
Hypothetical (仮定形)	傾け	かたぶけ	katabuke
Imperative (命令形)	傾け	かたぶけ	katabuke
Key constructions
Passive	傾かれる	かたぶかれる	katabukareru
Causative	傾かせる 傾かす	かたぶかせる かたぶかす	katabukaseru katabukasu
Potential	傾ける	かたぶける	katabukeru
Volitional	傾こう	かたぶこう	katabukō
Negative	傾かない	かたぶかない	katabukanai
Negative continuative	傾かず	かたぶかず	katabukazu
Formal	傾きます	かたぶきます	katabukimasu
Perfective	傾いた	かたぶいた	katabuita
Conjunctive	傾いて	かたぶいて	katabuite
Hypothetical conditional	傾けば	かたぶけば	katabukeba

Classical conjugation of "傾く" (カ行四段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形)	傾か	かたぶか	katabuka
Continuative (連用形)	傾き	かたぶき	katabuki
Terminal (終止形)	傾く	かたぶく	katabuku
Attributive (連体形)	傾く	かたぶく	katabuku
Realis (已然形)	傾け	かたぶけ	katabuke
Imperative (命令形)	傾け	かたぶけ	katabuke
Key constructions
Negative	傾かず	かたぶかず	katabukazu
Contrasting conjunction	傾けど	かたぶけど	katabukedo
Causal conjunction	傾けば	かたぶけば	katabukeba
Conditional conjunction	傾かば	かたぶかば	katabukaba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge)	傾きき	かたぶきき	katabukiki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge)	傾きけり	かたぶきけり	katabukikeri
Perfect tense (conscious action)	傾きつ	かたぶきつ	katabukitu
Perfect tense (natural event)	傾きぬ	かたぶきぬ	katabukinu
Perfect-continuative tense	傾けり 傾きたり	かたぶけり かたぶきたり	katabukeri katabukitari
Volitional	傾かむ	かたぶかむ	katabukamu

Derived terms

• 傾(かたぶ)き (katabuki)
• 傾(かたむ)く (katamuku)
• 傾(かたぶ)ける (katabukeru)

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
傾
かぶ(く) Grade: S
irregular

From 頭 (kabu, “head”) + く (-ku, verbal suffix).

The kanji is jukujikun (熟字訓), likely from the tilt sense. (Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?)

Verb

傾(かぶ)く • (kabuku) intransitive godan (stem 傾(かぶ)き (kabuki), past 傾(かぶ)いた (kabuita))

1. (archaic) to tilt one's head
2. (archaic) to dress or act in a strange or eccentric way to attract one's attention
3. (archaic) to perform kabuki

Conjugation

Classical conjugation of "傾く" (カ行四段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形)	傾か	かぶか	kabuka
Continuative (連用形)	傾き	かぶき	kabuki
Terminal (終止形)	傾く	かぶく	kabuku
Attributive (連体形)	傾く	かぶく	kabuku
Realis (已然形)	傾け	かぶけ	kabuke
Imperative (命令形)	傾け	かぶけ	kabuke
Key constructions
Negative	傾かず	かぶかず	kabukazu
Contrasting conjunction	傾けど	かぶけど	kabukedo
Causal conjunction	傾けば	かぶけば	kabukeba
Conditional conjunction	傾かば	かぶかば	kabukaba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge)	傾きき	かぶきき	kabukiki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge)	傾きけり	かぶきけり	kabukikeri
Perfect tense (conscious action)	傾きつ	かぶきつ	kabukitu
Perfect tense (natural event)	傾きぬ	かぶきぬ	kabukinu
Perfect-continuative tense	傾けり 傾きたり	かぶけり かぶきたり	kabukeri kabukitari
Volitional	傾かむ	かぶかむ	kabukamu

Derived terms

• 歌舞伎(かぶき) (kabuki, “kabuki”)

References

1. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
2. Harold Gould Henderson (2012) Intro to Haiku: An Anthology of Poems and Poets from Basho to Shiki, Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, →ISBN
3. Alexander Vovin (2015) Man’yōshū (Book 17): A New English Translation Containing the Original Text, Kana Transliteration, Romanization, Glossing and Commentary, BRILL, →ISBN, page 88
4. Kenneth Rexroth (1964) One Hundred Poems from the Japanese, illustrated edition, New Directions Publishing, →ISBN, page 9
5. Edwin A. Cranston (1998) The Gem-Glistening Cup (Volume 1 of A Waka Anthology), illustrated, reprint edition, Stanford University Press, →ISBN, page 64