偽

See also: 伪 and 僞

偽	U+507D, 偽 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-507D

← 偼
[U+507C]

CJK Unified Ideographs

偾 →
[U+507E]

Translingual

Han character

偽 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+9, 11 strokes, cangjie input 人戈大火 (OIKF), four-corner 2222₇, composition ⿰亻為)

Derived characters

𠼮

References

KangXi: not present, would follow page 112, character 7
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 927
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 195, character 4
Unihan data for U+507D

Chinese

trad.		偽/僞
simp.		伪

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 偽

Warring States

Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)

Guwen Sishengyun (compiled in Song)

Jizhuan Guwen Yunhai (compiled in Song)

Liushutong (compiled in Ming)

Qin slip script

Small seal script

Transcribed ancient scripts

**Small seal script**
s05848

**Transcribed ancient scripts**
L21811	L21812

References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).

Characters in the same phonetic series (爲) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
譌	*ŋʷaːl
嬀	*kʷral
潙	kʷral, ɢʷal
蟡	kʷralʔ, qʷral
僞	*ŋʷrals
噅	*qʰʷral
撝	*qʰʷral
爲	ɢʷal, ɢʷal, *ɢʷals
鄬	ɢʷal, ɢʷalʔ
蔿	*ɢʷalʔ
儰	*ɢʷalʔ
寪	*ɢʷalʔ
蘤	*ɢʷalʔ

Simplified from 僞 (爲 → 為). Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *ŋʷrals) : semantic 亻 (“man”) + phonetic 為 (OC *ɢʷal, *ɢʷals, “to make”), originally “artificial”.

Etymology

Often thought to be derived from 為 (OC *ɢʷal, “to act as”) (Kalgren, 1956; Baxter and Sagart, 2014).

Alternatively, it may be cognate to 訛 (OC *ŋʷaːl, “erroneous”) (Schuessler, 2007); this may be compared to Tibetan རྔོད (rngod, “to deceive”), though the -d in Tibetan is unexplained (Gong, 1995; Schuessler, 2007; Hill, 2014).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): wěi, wèi
(Zhuyin): ㄨㄟˇ, ㄨㄟˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): ngai⁶
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): ngúi
(Meixian, Guangdong): ngui³
Min Dong (BUC): ngôi
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): gūi / ūi / ûi
(Teochew, Peng'im): ngui⁶
Wu (Wiktionary): hhue (T3)

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland; variant in Taiwan)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: wěi
  - Zhuyin: ㄨㄟˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: wěi
  - Wade–Giles: wei³
  - Yale: wěi
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: woei
  - Palladius: вэй (vɛj)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /weɪ̯²¹⁴/
- (Standard Chinese, standard in Taiwan)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: wèi
  - Zhuyin: ㄨㄟˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: wèi
  - Wade–Giles: wei⁴
  - Yale: wèi
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: wey
  - Palladius: вэй (vɛj)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /weɪ̯⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: ngai⁶
  - Yale: ngaih
  - Cantonese Pinyin: ngai⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: ngei⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋɐi̯²²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngúi
  - Hakka Romanization System: ngui`
  - Hagfa Pinyim: ngui³
  - Sinological IPA: /ŋu̯i³¹/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: ngui³
  - Sinological IPA: /ŋuɪ³¹/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: ngôi
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋui²⁴²/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gūi
  - Tâi-lô: guī
  - Phofsit Daibuun: gui
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /ɡui²²/
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /ɡui³³/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /ɡui⁴¹/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ūi
  - Tâi-lô: uī
  - Phofsit Daibuun: ui
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /ui²²/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Jinjiang)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ûi
  - Tâi-lô: uî
  - Phofsit Daibuun: uii
  - IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /ui²⁴/

Note:

gūi - literary;
ûi/ūi - colloquial variant.

- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: ngui⁶
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ngŭi
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋui³⁵/
Wu
- (Shanghainese)
  - Wiktionary: hhue (T3)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɦɯe̞²³/

Middle Chinese: /ŋˠiuᴇ^H/

Rime
Character	偽
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	疑 (31)
Final (韻)	支 (14)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Closed
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	危睡切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ŋˠiuᴇ^H/
Pan Wuyun	/ŋʷᵚiɛ^H/
Shao Rongfen	/ŋiuɛ^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ŋjwiə̆^H/
Li Rong	/ŋjue^H/
Wang Li	/ŋǐwe^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/ŋwie̯^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	wèi
Expected Cantonese Reflex	ngai⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*N-ɢʷ(r)aj-s/, /*m-ɢʷ(r)aj-s/
(Zhengzhang): /*ŋʷrals/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	偽	偽
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	wěi	wěi
Middle Chinese	‹ ngjwe^H ›	‹ ngjwe^H ›
Old Chinese	/*N-ɢʷ(r)aj-s/	/*m-ɢʷ(r)aj-s/
English	FALSE	falsify; deceive
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	偽
Reading #	1/1
No.	12867
Phonetic component	爲
Rime group	歌
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	僞
Old Chinese	/*ŋʷrals/

Definitions

偽

false; counterfeit; bogus; fake; pseudo-; artificial
虛偽／虚伪 ― xūwěi ― hypocritical; hypocrisy
偽造／伪造 ― wěizào ― to forge; to counterfeit
偽鈔／伪钞 ― wěichāo ― counterfeit banknote
偽麻黃鹼／伪麻黄碱 ― wěimáhuángjiǎn ― pseudoephedrine
- 人之性惡，其善者偽也。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  人之性恶，其善者伪也。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: Xunzi, c. 3^rd century BCE
  Rén zhī xìng è, qí shàn zhě wěi yě. [Pinyin]
  Man's nature is bad; his goodness is artificial.
falsehood; untruthfulness
illegal; illegitimate
偽政權／伪政权 ― wěizhèngquán ― puppet government
偽滿洲國／伪满洲国 ― Wěi-Mǎnzhōuguó ― Manchukuo
偽北京大學／伪北京大学 ― Wěi Běijīng Dàxué ― the Peking University under the control of Chinese puppet state of the Empire of Japan

Compounds

Derived terms from 偽

世偽／世伪
乖偽／乖伪
乘偽行詐／乘伪行诈
以偽亂真／以伪乱真
作偽／作伪 (zuòwěi)
侈偽／侈伪
假偽／假伪
偽人／伪人
偽作／伪作 (wěizuò)
偽俗／伪俗
偽傳／伪传
偽冒／伪冒
偽劣／伪劣 (wěiliè)
偽化／伪化
偽史／伪史 (wěishǐ)
偽名／伪名
偽君子／伪君子 (wěijūnzǐ)
偽命／伪命
偽品／伪品
偽善／伪善 (wěishàn)
偽國／伪国
偽塗／伪涂
偽夫／伪夫
偽妄／伪妄
偽娘／伪娘 (wěiniáng)
偽媮／伪偷
偽孔／伪孔
偽孔傳／伪孔传
偽字／伪字
偽學／伪学
偽定／伪定
偽客／伪客
偽局／伪局
偽巧／伪巧
偽師／伪师
偽幣／伪币 (wěibì)
偽庭／伪庭
偽廉／伪廉
偽廷／伪廷
偽從／伪从
偽心／伪心
偽怠／伪怠
偽情／伪情
偽惑／伪惑
偽意／伪意
偽態／伪态
偽戾／伪戾
偽托／伪托
偽撰／伪撰
偽政府／伪政府
偽政權／伪政权 (wěizhèngquán)
偽方／伪方
偽易／伪易
偽書／伪书 (wěishū)
偽服／伪服
偽朝／伪朝
偽本／伪本
偽民／伪民

偽滿／伪满 (Wěimǎn)
偽滿洲國／伪满洲国 (Wěi-Mǎnzhōuguó)
偽物／伪物
偽皇／伪皇 (wěihuáng)
偽真／伪真
偽科學／伪科学 (wěikēxué)
偽端／伪端
偽筍／伪笋
偽組織／伪组织
偽經／伪经 (wěijīng)
偽繆／伪缪
偽臣／伪臣
偽荊卿／伪荆卿
偽蔽／伪蔽
偽薄／伪薄
偽藥／伪药
偽蠶／伪蚕
偽行／伪行
偽裝／伪装 (wěizhuāng)
偽裝滲透／伪装渗透
偽言／伪言
偽託／伪托 (wěituō)
偽詐／伪诈
偽說／伪说
偽論／伪论
偽謬／伪谬
偽證／伪证 (wěizhèng)
偽譔／伪撰
偽議／伪议
偽讓／伪让
偽貌／伪貌
偽足／伪足 (wěizú)
偽跡／伪迹
偽蹟／伪迹
偽軍／伪军 (wěijūn)
偽辭／伪辞
偽辯／伪辩
偽造／伪造 (wěizào)
偽造文書／伪造文书
偽道／伪道
偽金錢／伪金钱
偽鈔／伪钞 (wěichāo)
偽錢／伪钱
偽飾／伪饰
偽體／伪体
偽鳳／伪凤
偽麻黃鹼／伪麻黄碱 (wěimáhuángjiǎn)
偽黨／伪党
僭偽／僭伪
凶偽／凶伪
別裁偽體／别裁伪体
化性起偽／化性起伪
南偽／南伪
厭偽／厌伪
去偽存真／去伪存真 (qùwěicúnzhēn)
妖偽／妖伪
姦偽／奸伪
巧偽／巧伪

幻偽／幻伪
彫偽／雕伪
情偽／情伪
慝偽／慝伪
敵偽／敌伪 (díwěi)
晦偽／晦伪
智偽／智伪
棄偽從真／弃伪从真
樹偽／树伪
機偽／机伪
欺偽／欺伪
汙偽／污伪
浮偽／浮伪
淫偽／淫伪
淺偽／浅伪
澆偽／浇伪
濫偽／滥伪
煩偽／烦伪
狡偽／狡伪
猾偽／猾伪
番偽／番伪
百偽／百伪
真偽／真伪 (zhēnwěi)
真偽莫辨／真伪莫辨
眾偽／众伪
矜偽／矜伪
矯偽／矫伪
矯言偽行／矫言伪行
矯飾偽行／矫饰伪行
祅偽／祅伪
積偽／积伪
空偽／空伪
篡偽／篡伪
苦偽／苦伪
華偽／华伪
虛偽／虚伪 (xūwěi)
蠱偽／蛊伪
行偽／行伪
託偽／托伪
訛偽／讹伪
詐偽／诈伪
詭偽／诡伪
詿偽／诖伪
誠偽／诚伪 (chéngwěi)
誣偽／诬伪
諂偽／谄伪
請偽／请伪
讎偽／雠伪
輕偽／轻伪
遂偽／遂伪
邀偽／邀伪
邪偽／邪伪
酢偽／酢伪
闇偽／暗伪
隱偽／隐伪
雕偽／雕伪
雜偽／杂伪
飾偽／饰伪

References

“偽”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Shinjitai	偽
Kyūjitai	僞

Kanji

偽

(common “Jōyō” kanji, shinjitai kanji, kyūjitai form 僞)

falsehood, lie
fake, forgery

Readings

Go-on: が (ga)^{←ぐわ (gwa, historical)}; ぎ (gi, Jōyō)^{←ぎ (gi, historical)}^{←ぐゐ (gwi, ancient)}
Kan-on: が (ga)^{←ぐわ (gwa, historical)}; ぎ (gi, Jōyō)^{←ぎ (gi, historical)}^{←ぐゐ (gwi, ancient)}
Kan’yō-on: か (ka)^{←くわ (kwa, historical)}
Kun: いつわり (itsuwari, 偽り)^{←いつはり (itufari, historical)}; いつわる (itsuwaru, 偽る, Jōyō)^{←いつはる (itufaru, historical)}; にせ (nise, 偽, Jōyō)

Compounds

疑(ぎ)似(じ) (giji)
偽(ぎ)装(そう) (gisō)
偽(ぎ)造(ぞう) (gizō)
偽(ぎ)善(ぜん) (gizen)
偽(ぎ)名(めい) (gimei)
偽(ぎ)薬(やく) (giyaku)
虚(きょ)偽(ぎ) (kyogi), 虚(こ)偽(ぎ) (kogi)
詐(さ)偽(ぎ) (sagi)
真(しん)偽(ぎ) (shingi)

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
偽
ぎ Grade: S
on’yomi

Alternative spelling
僞 (kyūjitai)

/ŋui/ → /ɡwi/ → /ɡi/

From Middle Chinese 僞 (MC ŋˠiuᴇ^H).

Pronunciation

On’yomi

(Tokyo) ぎ [gíꜜ] (Atamadaka – [1])[1]
IPA^(key): [ɡʲi]

Noun

偽(ぎ) • (gi)

a falsehood, lie
Synonym: 偽り (itsuwari)
(logic) a false statement (usually based without facts)
Antonyms: 真 (shin), 真理 (shinri)

Derived terms

偽(ぎ)印(いん) (giin)
偽(ぎ)札(さつ) (gisatsu)
偽(ぎ)陰(いん)性(せい) (giinsei)
偽(ぎ)陽(よう)性(せい) (giyōsei)

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
偽
にせ Grade: S
kun’yomi

Alternative spelling
僞 (kyūjitai)

The 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 似せる (niseru, “copy, imitate, forge”).[2]

Alternative forms

贋

Pronunciation

Kun’yomi

(Tokyo) にせ [nìsé] (Heiban – [0])[1]
IPA^(key): [ɲ̟ise̞]

Adjective

偽(にせ) • (nise)

a counterfeit, forgery
an imitation, replica
prefixed to nouns:
1. counterfeit, forged
  偽(にせ)札(さつ)
  nisesatsu
  counterfeit paper money
2. fake, false
  偽(にせ)学(がく)生(せい)
  nise-gakusei
  student with a false identity

Usage notes

This is an example of a word that can be spelled with katakana to convey an informal conversational tone, as ニセ.

Derived terms

偽(にせ)アカウント (nise-akaunto), 偽(にせ)アカ (niseaka)
偽(にせ)印(いん) (nisein)
偽(にせ)書(がき), 偽(にせ)書(が)き (nisegaki)
偽(にせ)金(がね) (nisegane)
偽(にせ)首(くび) (nisekubi)
偽(にせ)札(さつ) (nisesatsu)
偽(にせ)証(じょう)文(もん) (nise-jōmon)
偽(にせ)電(でん)話(わ)詐(さ)欺(ぎ) (nise denwa sagi)
偽(にせ)判(はん) (nise-han)
偽(にせ)者(もの) (nisemono)
偽(にせ)物(もの) (nisemono)

References

2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
1995, 大辞泉 (Daijisen) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja

偽 (eum 위 (wi))

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

偽: Hán Nôm readings: ngụy/nguỵ

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

[DJR-1] 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[2] 1995, 大辞泉 (Daijisen) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN