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单词 保
释义

保

See also: 俣
保 U+4FDD, 保
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4FDD
← 俜
[U+4FDC]		CJK Unified Ideographs俞 →
[U+4FDE]

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

保 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+7, 9 strokes, cangjie input 人口木 (ORD), four-corner 26294, composition ⿰亻呆)

Derived characters

  • 堢 媬 𠸒 㨐 湺 椺 𤦸 褓 緥 𨩚 䭋 堡 煲 㷛 賲 葆 褒 藵 䳰

Descendants

  • Japanese: ほ, ホ

References

  • KangXi: page 105, character 17
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 702
  • Dae Jaweon: page 222, character 6
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 160, character 4
  • Unihan data for U+4FDD

Chinese

trad.保
simp. #保

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 保
ShangWestern ZhouWarring StatesShuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Oracle bone scriptBronze inscriptionsChu slip and silk scriptSmall seal script
Oracle bone script

j18772

j18773

j18774

j18775

j18776

j18777

j18778

j18779

j18780

j18781

j18782

j18783

j18784

j18785

j18786

j18787

j18788

j18789

j18790

j18791

j18792

j18793

j18794

j18795

Bronze inscriptions

b12171

b12172

b12173

b12174

b12175

b12176

b12177

b12178

b12179

b12180

b12181

b12182

b12183

b12184

b12185

b12186

b12187

b12188

b12189

b12191

b12192

b12193

b12194

b12195

b12196

b12197

b12198

b12199

b12200

b12201

b12202

b12203

b12204

b12205

b12206

b12207

b12208

b12209

b12210

b12211

b12212

b12213

b12214

b12215

b12216

b12217

b12218

b12219

b12220

b12221

b12222

b12223

b12224

b12225

b12226

b12227

b12228

b12229

b12230

b12231

b12232

b12233

b12234

b12235

b12236

b12237

b12238

b12239

b12240

b12241

Small seal script

s05653

s05654

s05655

Transcribed ancient scripts

L34905

L34906

L34907

L34908

L34909

L16820

L16821

L16822

L16823

L16824

L16825

L16826

L16827

L16828

L16829

L16830

L16831

L16832

L16833

References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
Characters in the same phonetic series (保) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
襃*puː, *puː
保*puːʔ
堡*puːʔ
褓*puːʔ
堢*puːʔ
緥*puːʔ
葆*puːʔ
賲*puːʔ
宲*puːʔ
椺*ɦmluːʔ, *ɢʷeːɡs, *ɢeːɡ

In the oracle script, this character was an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 人 (“person”) + 子 (“child”) – a person carrying a child on the back; to carry (a child) > to protect.

In early bronze inscriptions, 爪 (“hand”) was added to the person to emphasize that the person was carrying the child. This was later simplified into one or two strokes. The current form has two.

Pronunciation

  • Mandarin
    (Pinyin): bǎo (bao3)
    (Zhuyin): ㄅㄠˇ
  • Cantonese (Jyutping): bou2
  • Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): pó
    (Meixian, Guangdong): bau3
  • Min Bei (KCR): bǎu
  • Min Dong (BUC): bō̤
  • Min Nan
    (Hokkien, POJ): pó / pó͘
    (Teochew, Peng'im): bao2 / bo2
  • Wu (Wiktionary): pau (T2)
  • Mandarin
    • (Standard Chinese)+
      • Hanyu Pinyin: bǎo
      • Zhuyin: ㄅㄠˇ
      • Tongyong Pinyin: bǎo
      • Wade–Giles: pao3
      • Yale: bǎu
      • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: bao
      • Palladius: бао (bao)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /pɑʊ̯²¹⁴/
  • Cantonese
    • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
      • Jyutping: bou2
      • Yale: bóu
      • Cantonese Pinyin: bou2
      • Guangdong Romanization: bou2
      • Sinological IPA (key): /pou̯³⁵/
  • Hakka
    • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
      • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: pó
      • Hakka Romanization System: bo`
      • Hagfa Pinyim: bo3
      • Sinological IPA: /po³¹/
    • (Meixian)
      • Guangdong: bau3
      • Sinological IPA: /pau³¹/
  • Min Bei
    • (Jian'ou)
      • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: bǎu
      • Sinological IPA (key): /pau²¹/
  • Min Dong
    • (Fuzhou)
      • Bàng-uâ-cê: bō̤
      • Sinological IPA (key): /po³³/
  • Min Nan
    • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pó
      • Tâi-lô: pó
      • Phofsit Daibuun: poir
      • IPA (Quanzhou): /po⁵⁵⁴/
      • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /po⁵³/
      • IPA (Kaohsiung): /pɤ⁴¹/
    • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pó͘
      • Tâi-lô: póo
      • Phofsit Daibuun: por
      • IPA (Quanzhou): /pɔ⁵⁵⁴/
Note:
  • pó͘ - literary (Quanzhou);
  • pó - vernacular (Quanzhou).
    • (Teochew)
      • Peng'im: bao2 / bo2
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: páu / pó
      • Sinological IPA (key): /pau⁵²/, /po⁵²/
Note:
  • bao2 - literary;
  • bo2 - vernacular.
  • Wu
    • (Shanghainese)
      • Wiktionary: pau (T2)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /pɔ³⁴/
  • Middle Chinese: /pɑuX/
Rime
Character保
Reading #1/1
Initial (聲)幫 (1)
Final (韻)豪 (89)
Tone (調)Rising (X)
Openness (開合)Open
Division (等)I
Fanqie博抱切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		/pɑuX/
Pan
Wuyun		/pɑuX/
Shao
Rongfen		/pɑuX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		/pawX/
Li
Rong		/pɑuX/
Wang
Li		/pɑuX/
Bernard
Karlgren		/pɑuX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		bǎo
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		bou2
  • Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*pˤuʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*puːʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character保
Reading #1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		bǎo
Middle
Chinese		‹ pawX ›
Old
Chinese		/*pˁuʔ/
Englishprotect

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character保
Reading #1/1
No.318
Phonetic
component		保
Rime
group		幽
Rime
subdivision		1
Corresponding
MC rime		寶
Old
Chinese		/*puːʔ/

Definitions

保

  1. to raise; to rear
  2. to keep; to maintain
  3. to protect; to safeguard; to defend
    你要保大還是保小？ [MSC, trad.]
    你要保大还是保小？ [MSC, simp.]
    Nǐ yào bǎo dà háishì bǎo xiǎo? [Pinyin]
    Do you want to save the mother (“the big one”) or the baby (“the small one”)? (a common line in obstetrics-themed dramas)
  4. to ensure; to guarantee
  5. guarantor
  6. Short for 保釋／保释 (bǎoshì, “to bail”).
  7. (historical) bao (a unit of the ancient administrative system, consisting of some 100 households)
  8. a surname: Bao

Synonyms

  • (to raise):
edit
Synonyms of 保
  • (to keep):
edit
  • 保守 (bǎoshǒu)
  • 保持 (bǎochí)
  • 守 (shǒu)
  • 把牢 (bǎláo)
  • 維持／维持 (wéichí)
  • 維繫／维系 (wéixì)
  • (to protect):
edit
  • 保庇 (Hokkien)
  • 保障 (bǎozhàng)
  • 保護／保护 (bǎohù)
  • 堅持／坚持 (jiānchí)
  • 掩護／掩护 (yǎnhù)
  • 維持／维持 (wéichí)
  • 維護／维护 (wéihù)
  • 蔽護／蔽护 (bìhù) (literary)
  • 護／护 (hù) (literary, or in compounds)
  • (to ensure):
edit
Synonyms of 保
  • (guarantor):
edit
  • 保人 (bǎorén)
  • 保家 (Min Nan)
  • 保家人 (Min Nan)
  • 保山 (bǎoshān) (literary)
  • 保證人／保证人 (bǎozhèngrén)
  • 擔保人／担保人 (dānbǎorén)

Compounds

Derived terms from 保

Japanese

Kanji

保

(grade 5 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. protection
  2. guarantee

Readings

  • Go-on: ほう (hō)
  • Kan-on: ほう (hō)
  • Kan’yō-on: ほ (ho, Jōyō)
  • Kun: たもつ (tamotsu, 保つ, Jōyō); やすんじる (yasunjiru, 保んじる)

Compounds

Compounds
  • 保(ほ)育(いく) (hoiku)
  • 保(ほ)菌(きん) (hokin)
  • 保(ほ)険(けん) (hoken)
  • 保(ほ)健(けん) (hoken)
  • 保(ほ)護(ご) (hogo)
  • 保(ほ)守(しゅ) (hoshu)
  • 保(ほ)障(しょう) (hoshō)
  • 保(ほ)証(しょう) (hoshō)
  • 保(ほ)身(しん) (hoshin)
  • 保(ほ)全(ぜん) (hozen)
  • 保(ほ)存(ぞん) (hozon)
  • 保(ほ)養(よう) (hoyō)
  • 保(ほ)有(ゆう) (hoyū)
  • 保(ほ)留(りゅう) (horyū)
  • 担(たん)保(ぽ) (tanpo)

Proper noun

保(たもつ) • (Tamotsu) 

  1. a male given name

Korean

Hanja

保 (eumhun 지킬 보 (jikil bo))

  1. Hanja form? of 보 (“protection”).
  2. Hanja form? of 보 (“guarantee”).

Compounds

  • 보호 (保護, boho, “protection”)
  • 보수 (保守, bosu, “maintenance; conservation; political conservatism”)
  • 보험 (保險, boheom, “insurance”)

Vietnamese

Han character

保: Hán Nôm readings: bảo, bầu, bửu

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References

  • Nom Foundation
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