係

係

See also: 系

係 U+4FC2, 係 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4FC2 ← 俁 [U+4FC1] CJK Unified Ideographs 促 → [U+4FC3]

Translingual

Japanese	係
Simplified	系
Traditional	係

Han character

係 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+7, 9 strokes, cangjie input 人竹女火 (OHVF), four-corner 2229₃, composition ⿰亻系)

References

• KangXi: page 104, character 4
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 663
• Dae Jaweon: page 220, character 4
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 164, character 8
• Unihan data for U+4FC2

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Chinese

trad.		係
simp.		系*

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 係
Shang	Western Zhou	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script	Bronze inscriptions	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts
Small seal script s05880 Transcribed ancient scripts L20298 L35898 L35899 L35900 L35901
References: Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation), which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including: Shuowen Jiezi (small seal), Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions), Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).

Characters in the same phonetic series (系) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
係	*keːɡs
系	*ɡeːɡs

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *keːɡs) : semantic 人 + phonetic 系 (OC *ɡeːɡs).

The simplified form 系 also exists as a traditional character, and is also used to simplify 繫. In ancient times, 系, 係, and 繫 were usually interchangeable graphic variants, although in some compounds, only one form is acceptable (e.g., 世系 and 繋辭).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): xì (xi⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧˋ

• Cantonese

  (Guangzhou, Jyutping): hai⁶

  (Taishan, Wiktionary): hai⁵

• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): he

  (Meixian, Guangdong): hê⁴

• Min Nan

  (Hokkien, POJ): hē

  (Teochew, Peng'im): hi⁶

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: xì
    • Zhuyin: ㄒㄧˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: sì
    • Wade–Giles: hsi⁴
    • Yale: syì
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shih
    • Palladius: си (si)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕi⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: hai⁶
    • Yale: haih
    • Cantonese Pinyin: hai⁶
    • Guangdong Romanization: hei⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɐi̯²²/
  • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
    • Wiktionary: hai⁵
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hai³²/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: he
    • Hakka Romanization System: he
    • Hagfa Pinyim: he⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /he⁵⁵/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: hê⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /he⁵³/
• Min Nan
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hē
    • Tâi-lô: hē
    • Phofsit Daibuun: he
    • IPA (Xiamen): /he²²/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /he⁴¹/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /he²²/
    • IPA (Taipei): /he³³/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /he³³/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: hi⁶
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hĭ
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hi³⁵/

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• Middle Chinese: /kei^H/

Rime
Character	係
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	齊 (39)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	IV
Fanqie	古詣切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/keiH/
Pan Wuyun	/keiH/
Shao Rongfen	/kɛiH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kɛjH/
Li Rong	/keiH/
Wang Li	/kieiH/
Bernard Karlgren	/kieiH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jì
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gai3

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*kˤek-s/

  (Zhengzhang): /*keːɡs/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	係
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	xì
Middle Chinese	‹ kejH ›
Old Chinese	/*kˁek-s/
English	tie (v.)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	係
Reading #	1/1
No.	13426
Phonetic component	系
Rime group	賜
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	計
Old Chinese	/*keːɡs/

Definitions

係

1. to relate; to bear on
2. to tie; to bind
3. (formal or Cantonese, Hakka) to be (copula)

   其母係北京人。／其母系北京人。  ―  Qí mǔ xì Běijīngrén.  ―  His mother is a native of Beijing.

   烏龍茶係茶嘅一種。 [Guangzhou Cantonese, trad.]
   乌龙茶系茶嘅一种。 [Guangzhou Cantonese, simp.]

   wu¹ lung^4-2 caa⁴ hai⁶ caa⁴ ge³ jat¹ zung². [Jyutping]

   Oolong tea is a type of tea.

4. (Cantonese, Hakka) yes (as answer to a question)

Usage notes

• (Cantonese) Not to be confused with 喺 (hai2).
• (Cantonese, Hakka) 係／系 is used in vernacular contexts, while 是 (shì) is used in literary or formal contexts.

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 是 (“to be (+ noun)”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		惟, 為, 乃
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		是, 係
Mandarin	Beijing	是
	Taiwan	是
	Tianjin	是
	Jinan	是
	Xi'an	是
	Wuhan	是
	Chengdu	是
	Guilin	是
	Yangzhou	是
	Hefei	是
	Malaysia	是
	Singapore	是
	Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan)	是
Cantonese	Guangzhou	係
	Hong Kong	係
	Macau	係
	Zhongshan (Shiqi)	係
	Taishan	係
	Yangjiang	係
	Maoming (Xinpo)	係
	Wuchuan (Wuyang)	是
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	係
	Penang (Guangfu)	係
	Singapore (Guangfu)	係
Gan	Nanchang	是
Hakka	Meixian	係
	Xingning	係
	Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua)	係
	Huidong (Daling)	係
	Wuhua (Meilin)	係
	Zijin	係
	Shaoguan (Qujiang)	係
	Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang)	係
	Changting	係
	Wuping	係
	Wuping (Pingyu)	係
	Liancheng	係
	Ninghua	係
	Yudu	係
	Ruijin	係
	Shicheng	係
	Shangyou (Shexi)	係
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	係
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	係
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	係
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	係
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	係
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	係
	Hong Kong	係
	Kuching (Hepo)	係
	Singapore (Dabu)	係
Jin	Taiyuan	是
Min Bei	Jian'ou	是
Min Dong	Fuzhou	是
	Singapore (Fuqing)	是
Min Nan	Xiamen	是
	Xiamen (Tong'an)	是
	Quanzhou	是
	Zhangzhou	是
	Dongshan	是
	Taipei	是
	New Taipei (Sanxia)	是
	Kaohsiung	是
	Yilan	是
	Changhua (Lukang)	是
	Taichung	是
	Tainan	是
	Hsinchu	是
	Kinmen	是
	Penghu (Magong)	是
	Penang (Hokkien)	是
	Singapore (Hokkien)	是
	Manila (Hokkien)	是
	Datian	是
	Chaozhou	是
	Shantou	是
	Shantou (Chaoyang)	是
	Jieyang	是
	Haifeng	是
	Singapore (Teochew)	是
	Wenchang	是
	Qionghai	是
	Singapore (Hainanese)	是
Puxian Min	Putian	是
	Xianyou	是, 正是
Wu	Shanghai	是
	Suzhou	是
	Wenzhou	是
Xiang	Changsha	是
	Shuangfeng	是

Compounds

人際關係／人际关系 (rénjìguānxì) 係數／系数 (xìshù) 係爭／系争 係爭物／系争物 係獲／系获 係累／系累 係臂／系臂 係踵／系踵 係蹄／系蹄 係頸／系颈 係頸闕庭／系颈阙庭 係風捕景／系风捕景 兩性關係／两性关系 (liǎngxìng guānxì) 公共關係／公共关系 (gōnggòng guānxì) 初級關係／初级关系 利害關係／利害关系

勞資關係／劳资关系 (láozī guānxi) 因果關係／因果关系 (yīnguǒ guānxì) 國際關係／国际关系 (guójì guānxì) 外交關係／外交关系 (wàijiāo guānxì) 夫妻關係／夫妻关系 安全係數／安全系数 (ānquán xìshù) 干係／干系 (gānxì) 并列關係／并列关系 拉關係／拉关系 (lā guānxi) 接關係／接关系 擔干係／担干系 數字係數／数字系数 楊氏係數／杨氏系数 水面係數／水面系数 沒關係／没关系 (méi guānxi) 相關係數／相关系数

社會關係／社会关系 群眾關係／群众关系 膨脹係數／膨胀系数 裙帶關係／裙带关系 (qúndài guānxì) 親子關係／亲子关系 貝他係數／贝他系数 連帶關係／连带关系 關係／关系 (guānxì) 關係人／关系人 關係企業／关系企业 (guānxì qǐyè) 關係命題／关系命题 關係戶／关系户 (guānxihù) 關係詞／关系词 關係調／关系调 關係運算／关系运算 零係數／零系数

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Japanese

Kanji

係

(grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings

• Go-on: げ (ge)
• Kan-on: けい (kei, Jōyō)
• Kun: かかる (kakaru, 係る, Jōyō); かかり (kakari, 係, Jōyō); かかわる (kakawaru, 係わる); つながり (tsunagari)

Compounds

• 係(けい)船(せん) (keisen)
• 係(けい)争(そう) (keisō)
• 係(けい)属(ぞく) (keizoku)
• 係(けい)留(りゅう) (keiryū)
• 連(れん)係(けい) (renkei)
• 係(かかり)助(じょ)詞(し) (kakarijoshi), 係(かか)り助(じょ)詞(し) (kakarijoshi)

Noun

係(かかり) • (kakari) 

1. person in charge; person responsible

Alternative forms

• 掛かり (かかり, kakari)

Suffix

係(がかり) • (-gakari) 

1. person in charge; person responsible

   カメラ係(がかり)

   kamera-gakari

   cameraman

   撮(さつ)影(えい)係(がかり)

   satsuei-gakari

   photographer

Alternative forms

• (in titles of public office) 掛(がかり) (-gakari)

Descendants

• → Indonesian: gakari

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Korean

Hanja

係 (eumhun 맬 계 (mael gye))

1. Hanja form^? of 계 (“connection”).

Compounds

• 관계 (關係, gwan'gye, “relationship”)

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Vietnamese

Han character

係: Hán Nôm readings: hệ, hể, hề, hễ

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References

• Nom Foundation