令

See also: 今 and 命

令	U+4EE4, 令 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4EE4

← 代
[U+4EE3]

CJK Unified Ideographs

以 →
[U+4EE5]

令	U+F9A8, 令 CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F9A8

← 獵
[U+F9A7]

CJK Compatibility Ideographs

囹 →
[U+F9A9]

Translingual

Traditional	令
Simplified	令
Japanese	令
Korean	令

Han character

令 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+3, 5 strokes, cangjie input 人戈弓戈 (OINI), four-corner 8030₇, composition ⿱亽龴(G) or ⿱亼龴(HTV) or ⿱亼𰆊(JK or U+F9A8))

Derived characters

伶, 冷, 呤, 坽, 姈, 岭, 泠, 彾, 駖, 怜, 炩, 拎, 昤, 朎, 柃, 玲, 𪽏, 𫤚, 𪾧, 𠄖, 砱, 羚, 狑, 紷, 聆, 蛉, 軨(𫐉), 鈴(铃), 魿, 竛, 齡(齢/龄), 刢, 𬾂, 瓴, 翎, 領(领), 鴒(鸰), 𬹴, 邻, 㡵, 命, 岺, 苓, 笭, 閝(𫠂), 零, 𩆖, 囹

References

KangXi: page 93, character 12
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 387
Dae Jaweon: page 198, character 1
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 111, character 10
Unihan data for U+4EE4
Unihan data for U+F9A8

Chinese

trad.		令
simp. ^#		令

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 令

Shang

Western Zhou

Spring and Autumn

Warring States

Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)

Liushutong (compiled in Ming)

Bronze inscriptions

Oracle bone script

Bronze inscriptions

Chu slip and silk script

Qin slip script

Small seal script

Transcribed ancient scripts

**Oracle bone script**
j21073	j21074	j21075	j21076	j21077	j21078	j21079	j21080
j21081	j21082	j21083	j21084	j21085	j21086	j21087	j21088
j21089	j21090	j21091	j21092	j21093	j21094	j21095	j21096
j21097	j21098	j21099	j21100	j21101	j21102	j21103	j21104
j21105	j21106	j21107	j21108	j21109	j21110	j21111	j21112
j21113	j21114	j21115	j21116	j21117	j21118	j21119	j21120
j21121	j21122	j21123	j21124	j21125	j21126	j21127	j21128
j21129	j21130	j21131	j21132	j21133	j21134	j21135	j21136
j21137	j21138	j21139	j21140	j21141	j21142	j21143	j21144
j21145	j21146	j21147	j21148	j21149	j21150	j21151	j21152
j21153	j21154	j21155	j21156	j21157	j21158	j21159	j21160
j21161	j21162	j21163	j21164	j21165	j21166	j21167	j21168
j21169	j21170

**Bronze inscriptions**
b13977	b13978	b13979	b13980	b13981	b13982	b13983	b13984
b13985	b13986	b13987	b13988	b13989	b13990	b13991	b13992
b13993	b13994	b13995	b13996	b13997	b13998	b13999	b14000
b14001	b14002	b14003	b14004	b14005	b14006	b14007	b14008
b14009	b14010	b14011	b14012	b14013	b14014	b14015	b14016
b14017	b14018	b14019	b14020	b14021	b14022	b14023	b14024
b14025	b14026	b14027	b14028	b14029	b14030	b14031	b14032
b14033	b14034	b14035	b14036	b14037	b14038	b14039	b14040

**Small seal script**
s06555

**Transcribed ancient scripts**
L37178	L37179	L37180	L37181	L37182	L37183	L37184	L37185
L37186	L24398	L24399	L24400	L24401	L24402	L24403	L24404
L24405	L24406	L24407	L24408	L24409

References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).

Characters in the same phonetic series (令) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
令	ren, reŋ, reŋs, reːŋ, *reːŋs
怜	riːn, reːŋ
零	riːŋ, reːŋ, *reːŋs
魿	ɡriŋ, reːŋ
命	*mreŋs
冷	raːŋʔ, reːŋ, *reːŋʔ
跉	reŋ, reːŋ
嶺	*reŋʔ
領	*reŋʔ
阾	reŋʔ, reːŋ
柃	reŋʔ, reːŋ
袊	*reŋʔ
詅	reŋs, reːŋ
旍	*ʔsleŋ
舲	*reːŋ
齡	*reːŋ
囹	*reːŋ
鴒	*reːŋ
蛉	*reːŋ
鈴	*reːŋ
苓	*reːŋ
伶	*reːŋ
泠	*reːŋ
瓴	*reːŋ
拎	*reːŋ
刢	*reːŋ
玲	*reːŋ
聆	*reːŋ
竛	*reːŋ
軨	*reːŋ
笭	reːŋ, reːŋʔ
翎	*reːŋ
閝	*reːŋ
鹷	*reːŋ
昤	*reːŋ
駖	*reːŋ
彾	*reːŋ
呤	*reːŋ
狑	*reːŋ
秢	*reːŋ
岭	*reːŋ
紷	*reːŋ
砱	*reːŋ
羚	*reːŋ
姈	*reːŋ
蕶	*reːŋ
澪	*reːŋ

Ideogrammic compound (會意) : 亼 + 卩.

Etymology 1

Usually thought to be related to 命 (OC *mreŋs, “order”) (Schuessler, 2007). As a surname, 令 has many origins, one of them is 令狐 (Línghú).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): lìng (ling⁴)
(Zhuyin): ㄌㄧㄥˋ
(Chengdu, SP): nin⁴
Cantonese
(Guangzhou, Jyutping): ling⁶
(Taishan, Wiktionary): len⁵
Gan (Wiktionary): lin⁵
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): lin
(Meixian, Guangdong): lin⁴
Jin (Wiktionary): ling³
Min Bei (KCR): lēng
Min Dong (BUC): lêng
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): lēng
(Teochew, Peng'im): lêng⁶
Wu (Wiktionary): lin (T3)
Xiang (Wiktionary): lin⁴

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: lìng
  - Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄥˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: lìng
  - Wade–Giles: ling⁴
  - Yale: lìng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: linq
  - Palladius: лин (lin)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /liŋ⁵¹/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: nin⁴
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: lin
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /nin²¹³/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: ling⁶
  - Yale: lihng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: ling⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: ling⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /lɪŋ²²/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: len⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /len³²/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: lin⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /lin¹¹/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: lin
  - Hakka Romanization System: lin
  - Hagfa Pinyim: lin⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /lin⁵⁵/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: lin⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /lin⁵³/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: ling³
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /lĩŋ⁴⁵/
Min Bei
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: lēng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /leiŋ⁵⁵/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: lêng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /l̃ɛiŋ²⁴²/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, Zhangpu, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lēng
  - Tâi-lô: līng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: leng
  - IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /liɪŋ⁴¹/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /liɪŋ²²/
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /liɪŋ³³/
  - IPA (Zhangpu): /lɛŋ³³/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: lêng⁶
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: lĕng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /leŋ³⁵/
Wu
- (Shanghainese)
  - Wiktionary: lin (T3)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /lɪɲ²³/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: lin⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /lin⁴⁵/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 令
Mandarin	Beijing	/liŋ⁵¹/
	Harbin	/liŋ⁵³/
	Tianjin	/liŋ⁵³/
	Jinan	/liŋ²¹/
	Qingdao	/liŋ⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/liŋ³¹²/
	Xi'an	/liŋ⁴⁴/
	Xining	/liə̃²¹³/
	Yinchuan	/liŋ¹³/
	Lanzhou	/lĩn¹³/
	Ürümqi	/liŋ²¹³/
	Wuhan	/nin³⁵/
	Chengdu	/nin¹³/
	Guiyang	/nin²¹³/
	Kunming	/lĩ¹/
	Nanjing	/lin⁴⁴/
	Hefei	/lin⁵³/
Jin	Taiyuan	/liəŋ⁴⁵/
	Pingyao	/liŋ³⁵/
	Hohhot	/lĩŋ⁵⁵/
Wu	Shanghai	/liŋ²³/
	Suzhou	/lin³¹/
	Hangzhou	/lin¹³/
	Wenzhou	/leŋ²²/
Hui	Shexian	/liʌ̃³¹/
Hui	Tunxi	/lɛ¹¹/
Xiang	Changsha	/lin⁵⁵/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/nin⁵⁵/
Gan	Nanchang	/lin²¹/
Hakka	Meixian	/lin⁵³/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/lin⁵⁵/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/leŋ²²/
	Nanning	/leŋ²²/
	Hong Kong	/liŋ²²/
Min	Xiamen (Min Nan)	/liŋ³⁵/
	Fuzhou (Min Dong)	/lɛiŋ²⁴²/
	Jian'ou (Min Bei)	/leiŋ⁴⁴/
	Shantou (Min Nan)	/leŋ³⁵/
	Haikou (Min Nan)	/leŋ³³/ 使～(俗)

Middle Chinese: /liᴇŋ/, /liᴇŋ^H/, /leŋ^H/

Rime
Character	令	令	令
Reading #	2/5	4/5	5/5
Initial (聲)	來 (37)	來 (37)	來 (37)
Final (韻)	清 (121)	清 (121)	青 (125)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Departing (H)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	III	IV
Fanqie	呂貞切	力政切	郎定切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/liᴇŋ/	/liᴇŋ^H/	/leŋ^H/
Pan Wuyun	/liɛŋ/	/liɛŋ^H/	/leŋ^H/
Shao Rongfen	/liæŋ/	/liæŋ^H/	/lɛŋ^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/liajŋ/	/liajŋ^H/	/lɛjŋ^H/
Li Rong	/liɛŋ/	/liɛŋ^H/	/leŋ^H/
Wang Li	/lĭɛŋ/	/lĭɛŋ^H/	/lieŋ^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/li̯ɛŋ/	/li̯ɛŋ^H/	/lieŋ^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	líng	lìng	lìng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	ling⁴	ling⁶	ling⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*riŋ/, /*riŋ-s/
(Zhengzhang): /*reŋ/, /*reŋs/, /*reːŋs/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	令	令
Reading #	2/3	3/3
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	líng	lìng
Middle Chinese	‹ ljeng ›	‹ ljeng^H ›
Old Chinese	/*riŋ/	/*riŋ-s/
English	send (a person)	issue a command
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	令	令	令
Reading #	2/5	3/5	5/5
No.	8277	8284	8332
Phonetic component	令	令	令
Rime group	耕	耕	耕
Rime subdivision	0	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	跉	令	零
Old Chinese	/*reŋ/	/*reŋs/	/*reːŋs/

Definitions

令

to order; to command
order; command; directive
to make (someone do something); to cause; to allow
令人 ― lìngrén ― to make someone (do something); to make people [+ adjective]
(historical) governor; magistrate (official title)
(literary, or in compounds) good; excellent
(literary, or in compounds) time; season
(literary, or in compounds) drinker's wager game; drinking game
(respectful) your
令尊 ― lìngzūn ― your father
令嬡／令嫒 ― lìng'ài ― your daughter
(poetry) Short for 小令 (“ditty”).
a surname

Synonyms

(to order):

edit

下令 (xiàlìng)
吩咐 (fēnfù)
命令 (mìnglìng)

指令 (zhǐlìng)
申令 (shēnlìng) (formal)
號令／号令 (hàolìng)

責令／责令 (zélìng)
責成／责成 (zéchéng)
飭令／饬令 (chìlìng) (dated, usually in official documents)

(order):

edit

上級給下級的指示／上级给下级的指示 (shàngjí gěi xiàjí de zhǐshì)
命令 (mìnglìng)

指令 (zhǐlìng)
號令／号令 (hàolìng)

誡命／诫命 (jièmìng) (literary)

(to cause): 使 (shǐ), 讓／让 (ràng), (Cantonese) 令到 (ling6 dou3), 搞到 (gaau2 dou3)
(season):

edit

季候 (jìhòu) (dialectal)
季節／季节 (jìjié)
時令／时令 (shílìng)

時節／时节 (shíjié)
歲時／岁时 (suìshí)

氣候／气候 (qìhòu) (literary)
節後／节后 (jiéhòu) (season and climate)

(drinker's wager game): 酒令 (jiǔlìng)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (令):

→ Japanese: 令(りょう) (ryō); 令(れい) (rei)
→ Vietnamese: lệnh (令), lành (令)

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): líng, lìng (ling², ling⁴)
(Zhuyin): ㄌㄧㄥˊ, ㄌㄧㄥˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): ling⁴

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese, Mainland)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: líng
  - Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄥˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: líng
  - Wade–Giles: ling²
  - Yale: líng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ling
  - Palladius: лин (lin)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /liŋ³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese, Taiwan)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: lìng
  - Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄥˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: lìng
  - Wade–Giles: ling⁴
  - Yale: lìng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: linq
  - Palladius: лин (lin)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /liŋ⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: ling⁴
  - Yale: lìhng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: ling⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: ling⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /lɪŋ²¹/

Middle Chinese: /leŋ/

Rime
Character	令
Reading #	3/5
Initial (聲)	來 (37)
Final (韻)	青 (125)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	IV
Fanqie	郎丁切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/leŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/leŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/lɛŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/lɛjŋ/
Li Rong	/leŋ/
Wang Li	/lieŋ/
Bernard Karlgren	/lieŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	líng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	ling⁴

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[r]ˤiŋ/
(Zhengzhang): /*reːŋ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	令
Reading #	1/3
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	líng
Middle Chinese	‹ leng ›
Old Chinese	/*[r]ˁiŋ/
English	脊令 tsjek.leng (a kind of water bird)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	令
Reading #	4/5
No.	8306
Phonetic component	令
Rime group	耕
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	靈
Old Chinese	/*reːŋ/

Definitions

令

Used in 令狐 (Línghú).
^† Used in 令利.
^† Used in 令俜.
^† Used in 令星.
^† Used in 脊令.
^† Original form of 瓴 (líng).

Etymology 3

Borrowed from English ream.

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): lǐng, lìng (ling³, ling⁴)
(Zhuyin): ㄌㄧㄥˇ, ㄌㄧㄥˋ
Cantonese
(Guangzhou, Jyutping): ling¹, lim¹, ling⁵
(Taishan, Wiktionary): len²

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese, Mainland)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: lǐng
  - Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄥˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: lǐng
  - Wade–Giles: ling³
  - Yale: lǐng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: liing
  - Palladius: лин (lin)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /liŋ²¹⁴/
- (Standard Chinese, Taiwan)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: lìng
  - Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄥˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: lìng
  - Wade–Giles: ling⁴
  - Yale: lìng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: linq
  - Palladius: лин (lin)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /liŋ⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: ling¹, lim¹, ling⁵
  - Yale: līng, līm, líhng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: ling¹, lim¹, ling⁵
  - Guangdong Romanization: ling¹, lim¹, ling⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /lɪŋ⁵⁵/, /liːm⁵⁵/, /lɪŋ¹³/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: len²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /len⁵⁵/

Definitions

令

Classifier for reams of paper.

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): lián (lian²)
(Zhuyin): ㄌㄧㄢˊ

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: lián
  - Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄢˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: lián
  - Wade–Giles: lien²
  - Yale: lyán
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: lian
  - Palladius: лянь (ljanʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ljɛn³⁵/

Middle Chinese: /liᴇn/

Rime
Character	令
Reading #	1/5
Initial (聲)	來 (37)
Final (韻)	仙 (77)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	力延切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/liᴇn/
Pan Wuyun	/liɛn/
Shao Rongfen	/ljæn/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/lian/
Li Rong	/liɛn/
Wang Li	/lĭɛn/
Bernard Karlgren	/li̯ɛn/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	lián
Expected Cantonese Reflex	lin⁴

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*ren/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	令
Reading #	1/5
No.	8271
Phonetic component	令
Rime group	元
Rime subdivision	2
Corresponding MC rime	連
Old Chinese	/*ren/

Definitions

令

^† Only used in 令居 (“ancient county in modern Gansu”).

Etymology 5

For pronunciation and definitions of 令 – see 齡 (“age; length of time; duration; etc.”). (This character, 令, is the second-round simplified form of 齡.)
Notes: Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia and Singapore. Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.

Compounds

Derived terms from 令

一令
三令五申 (sānlìngwǔshēn)
下令 (xiàlìng)
下逐客令
不令
京畿令
令人 (lìngrén)
令人心寒
令人意外
令人扼腕
令人捧腹
令人神往
令兄 (lìngxiōng)
令公
令典
令出如山
令出必行
令出惟行
令史 (lìngshǐ)
令名 (lìngmíng)
令君
令嗣
令器
令坦
令堂 (lìngtáng)
令士
令妹 (lìngmèi)
令妻
令姊
令婿
令媛 (lìngyuàn)
令子
令字旗
令官
令尊 (lìngzūn)
令尊大人
令尹 (lìngyǐn)
令岳
令弟 (lìngdì)
令德
令慈
令旗
令日
令旨
令月 (lìngyuè)
令望
令正
令母
令牌 (lìngpái)
令狐 (Línghú)
令甲
令箭 (lìngjiàn)
令箭荷花
令翠
令舅
令色
令行禁止
令辰
令郎 (lìngláng)
使令 (shǐlìng)
借令
先令 (xiānlìng)
冬令 (dōnglìng)
利令智昏 (lìlìngzhìhūn)
功令
劭令
勒令 (lèlìng)
即令 (jílìng)
口令 (kǒulìng)
召集令
司令 (sīlìng)
司令官 (sīlìngguān)
司令部 (sīlìngbù)
吃口令
命令 (mìnglìng)
命令句 (mìnglìngjù)
喊口令
喝令 (hèlìng)
夏令 (xiàlìng)

大令
太史令 (tàishǐ lìng)
奉令
奉令承教
如律令
密令 (mìlìng)
小令
就令
巧言令色 (qiǎoyánlìngsè)
巽令
律令 (lǜlìng)
得令
急令 (jílìng)
急口令 (jíkǒulìng)
手令 (shǒulìng)
打令 (dǎlìng)
抱令守律
拗口令 (àokǒulìng)
指令 (zhǐlìng)
支付命令
政令 (zhènglìng)
政令不一
敕令 (chìlìng)
教令
施令
明令 (mínglìng)
春令 (chūnlìng)
月令
朝令夕改 (zhāolìngxīgǎi)
朝令暮改
油令
法令 (fǎlìng)
火牌令箭
特令 (tèlìng)
特赦令
生申令日
申令 (shēnlìng)
白令
白令海 (Báilìng Hǎi)
省令
禁令 (jìnlìng)
禁制令 (jìnzhìlìn)
秋令
科令
老令婆
考工令
耍令
脊令在原
荀令香
行令 (xínglìng)
行政命令 (xíngzhèng mìnglìng)
行酒令 (xíng jiǔlìng)
觥令
迫令
逐客令
通令 (tōnglìng)
郭令公
酒令 (jiǔlìng)
限令 (xiànlìng)
鼓令
令人注目
一聲令下／一声令下
中書令／中书令
令人不齒／令人不齿
令人切齒／令人切齿
令人噴飯／令人喷饭
令人激賞／令人激赏
令人矚目／令人瞩目
令人絕倒／令人绝倒
令人髮指／令人发指 (lìngrénfàzhǐ)
令人齒冷／令人齿冷
令嬡／令嫒
令愛／令爱 (lìng'ài)
令節／令节
令終／令终
令聞／令闻 (lìngwén)
令親／令亲 (lìngqīn)
令譽／令誉
令閣／令阁

令閫／令阃
來令片／来令片
傳令／传令 (chuánlìng)
傳令兵／传令兵
光桿司令／光杆司令
冬令進補／冬令进补
動員令／动员令 (dòngyuánlìng)
司令臺／司令台
命令主義／命令主义 (mìnglìngzhǔyì)
善始令終／善始令终
園令／园令
夏令時間／夏令时间
夏令營／夏令营 (xiàlìngyíng)
外交詞令／外交词令
外交辭令／外交辞令
媽媽令兒／妈妈令儿
將令／将令 (jiànglìng)
尚書令／尚书令 (shàngshūlìng)
屬令／属令
帥令／帅令
廟令／庙令
從令如流／从令如流
慾令智昏／欲令智昏
憲令／宪令
應時當令／应时当令
戒嚴令／戒严令 (jièyánlìng)
挾主行令／挟主行令
明法審令／明法审令
時令／时令 (shílìng)
時令病／时令病 (shílìngbìng)
當令／当令
當時得令／当时得令
發令槍／发令枪
發號令／发号令
發號出令／发号出令
發號布令／发号布令
發號施令／发号施令 (fāhàoshīlìng)
白令海峽／白令海峡 (Báilìng Hǎixiá)
盧令／卢令
目使頤令／目使颐令
稟令／禀令
節令／节令 (jiélìng)
緊急命令／紧急命令
縣令／县令 (xiànlìng)
縱令／纵令 (zònglìng)
總司令／总司令 (zǒngsīlìng)
繞口令／绕口令 (ràokǒulìng)
纏令／缠令
聽令／听令 (tīnglìng)
薙髮令／剃发令
蘭臺令史／兰台令史
號令／号令 (hàolìng)
號令如山／号令如山
號令森嚴／号令森严
討令／讨令
訓令／训令 (xùnlìng)
詔令／诏令 (zhàolìng)
詞令／词令
調令／调令 (diàolìng)
諂詞令色／谄词令色
諭令／谕令 (yùlìng)
貳令／贰令
趙令畤／赵令畤
軍令／军令 (jūnlìng)
軍令如山／军令如山 (jūnlìngrúshān)
軍令狀／军令状 (jūnlìngzhuàng)
辭令／辞令 (cílìng)
通緝令／通缉令 (tōngjīlìng)
達令／达令 (dálìng)
違令／违令 (wéilìng)
鈞令／钧令
閫令／阃令
關令／关令
陰令／阴令
雜板令／杂板令
電腦指令／电脑指令
飭令／饬令 (chìlìng)
鮑令暉／鲍令晖
點召令／点召令

Japanese

Kanji

令

(grade 4 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings

Go-on: りょう (ryō)^{←りやう (ryau, historical)}
Kan-on: れい (rei, Jōyō)
Kun: しむ (shimu, 令む)
Nanori: おさ (osa)^{←をさ (wosa, historical)}; なり (nari); のり (nori); はる (haru); よし (yoshi)

Compounds

令旨(りょうじ) (ryōji)
令外(りょうげ) (ryōge)
令月(れいげつ) (reigetsu)
令(れい)兄(けい) (reikei)
令(れい)閨(けい) (reikei)
令史(れいし) (reishi)
令(れい)室(しつ) (reishitsu)
令状(れいじょう) (reijō)
令(れい)嬢(じょう) (reijō)
令(れい)色(しょく) (reishoku)
令(れい)息(そく) (reisoku)
令(れい)夫人(ふじん) (reifujin)
令(れい)名(めい) (reimei)
禁令(きんれい) (kinrei)
訓令(くんれい) (kunrei)
号令(ごうれい) (gōrei)
司令(しれい) (shirei)
指令(しれい) (shirei)
辞令(じれい) (jirei)
条(じょう)令(れい) (jōrei)
勅令(ちょくれい) (chokurei)
伝令(でんれい) (denrei)
発令(はつれい) (hatsurei)
布令(ふれい) (furei)
法令(ほうれい) (hōrei)
命令(めいれい) (meirei)
律(りつ)令(りょう) (ritsuryō)
御布令(おふれ) (ofure)
県(けん)令(れい) (kenrei)
令史(さかん) (sakan)
仮令(たとい), 縦令(たとい) (tatoi), 仮令(たとえ), 縦令(たとえ) (tatoe)

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
令
れい Grade: 4
kan’on

From Middle Chinese 令 (MC liᴇŋ), 令 (MC liᴇŋ^H), or 令 (MC leŋ^H).

The 漢音 (kan'on, literally “Han sound”) reading, so likely a later borrowing from Middle Chinese.

Pronunciation

On’yomi: Kan’on

(Tokyo) れー [réꜜè] (Atamadaka – [1])[1][2]
IPA^(key): [ɾe̞ː]

Noun

令(れい) • (rei)

an order, command, decree
Synonyms: 言い付け (iitsuke), 命令 (meirei)
(historical) in ancient China, a regional governor or magistrate
(historical) in the early Meiji period, the forerunner of a 知事 (chiji, “prefectural governor”)
(historical) in the Kamakura period, the vice-minister of the 政所 (mandokoro, “office of financial affairs”)
(historical) under the 律令 (Ritsuryō) system, This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
Synonym: 坊令 (bōrei)
(rare, law, historical) an administrative and civil code developed during the Qin dynasty that was, alongside the 律 (ritsu), spread throughout East Asia especially Japan where it was further revised into the 律令 (Ritsuryō) system

Affix

令(れい) • (rei)

act, law, ordinance, rule
law, ordinance, regulation
(historical) high-ranking official or magistrate
(obsolete) admonition, teaching
(rare) beautiful, excellent, fine, good
honorific prefix added before a term of kinship to show respect to someone else's relative

Derived terms

令和(れいわ) (Reiwa): the Reiwa era
生(しょう)類(るい)憐(あわれ)みの令(れい) (Shōrui Awaremi no Rei)

Proper noun

令(れい) • (Rei)

a female given name

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
令
りょう Grade: 4
goon

/rjau/ → /rjɔː/ → /rjoː/

From Middle Chinese 令 (MC liᴇŋ), 令 (MC liᴇŋ^H), or 令 (MC leŋ^H).

The 呉音 (goon, literally “Wu sound”) reading, so likely the initial borrowing from Middle Chinese.

Pronunciation

On’yomi: Goon

(Tokyo) りょー [ryóꜜò] (Atamadaka – [1])[1]
IPA^(key): [ɾʲo̞ː]

Noun

令(りょう) • (ryō) ^{←りやう (ryau)^?}

(law, historical) an administrative and civil code developed during the Qin dynasty that was, alongside the 律 (ritsu), spread throughout East Asia especially Japan where it was further revised into the 律令 (Ritsuryō) system

Derived terms

令(りょうの)義解(ぎげ) (Ryō no Gige)

Affix

令(りょう) • (ryō) ^{←りやう (ryau)^?}

order, command, decree
law, ordinance, rule

Proper noun

令(りょう) • (Ryō) ^{←りやう (ryau)^?}

a female given name

References

2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN

Korean

Etymology

“to cause; to order; etc.”

From Middle Chinese 令 (MC liᴇŋ).

Historical readings
Recorded as Middle Korean 려ᇰ (Yale: lyeng) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448. Recorded as Middle Korean 령 (lyeng)^訓 (Yale: lyeng) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.

“an order; a command”

From Middle Chinese 令 (MC liᴇŋ^H).

Historical readings
Recorded as Middle Korean 려ᇰ〮 (Yale: lyéng) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448. Recorded as Middle Korean 러ᇰ〮 (léng)^訓 (Yale: léng) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527. Recorded as Middle Korean 령 ( lyeng)^訓 (Yale: lyeng) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.

Pronunciation

(initial position)
- (an order; to cause; to order; etc.):
  - (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [jʌ̹ŋ]
  - Phonetic hangul: [영]
- (in 영감 (令監, yeonggam)):
  - (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [jɘ(ː)ŋ]
  - Phonetic hangul: [영(ː)]
    - Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.
(non-initial position)
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [ɾjʌ̹ŋ]
- Phonetic hangul: [령]

Hanja

Wikisource令 (eumhun 하여금 령 (hayeogeum ryeong), South Korea 하여금 영 (hayeogeum yeong))

Hanja form^? of 령/영 (“an order; a command”).
Hanja form^? of 령/영 (“to cause; to allow”).
Hanja form^? of 령/영 (“to order; to command”).

Compounds

명령 (命令, myeongnyeong, “order”)
영장 (令狀, yeongjang)
설령 (設令, seollyeong)
법령 (法令, beomnyeong)
시령 (時令, siryeong)
전령 (傳令, jeollyeong)
가령 (假令, garyeong)
호령 (號令, horyeong)
지령 (指令, jiryeong)
타령 (打令, taryeong)
영감 (令監, yeonggam)
발령 (發令, ballyeong)
칙령 (勅令, chingnyeong)
훈령 (訓令, hullyeong)
대령 (待令, daeryeong)
구령 (口令, guryeong)
영명 (令名, yeongmyeong)
영인 (令人, yeong'in)
각령 (閣令, gangnyeong)
교령 (敎令, gyoryeong)
율령 (律令, yullyeong)
군령 (軍令, gullyeong)
동령 (動令, dongnyeong)
정령 (政令, jeongnyeong)
영달 (令達, yeongdal)
금령 (禁令, geumnyeong)
영애 (令愛, yeong'ae)

References

국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

Vietnamese

Han character

令: Hán Nôm readings: lệnh, linh, lanh, lành, lênh, lình, liệng, lịnh, loanh

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References

Nom Foundation

[DJR-1] 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[NHK-2] 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN