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单词
释义

See also: and
U+4ECA, 今
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4ECA

[U+4EC9]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+4ECB]

Translingual

Stroke order
Mainland China
Stroke order
All regions except mainland China

Alternative forms

  • In all regions except mainland China, the stroke between 𠆢 and for (and its derived characters) is written with a horizontal line.
  • In mainland China (based on Xin Zixing standardized form), the stroke between 𠆢 and for (and its derived characters) is written with a slanting dot instead.
  • In the historical Kangxi dictionary, the component below 𠆢 is written followed by 𠃍 instead.

Han character

(Kangxi radical 9, +2, 4 strokes, cangjie input 人戈弓 (OIN) or 人一弓 (OMN), four-corner 80207, composition亽㇇(G) or ⿱亼㇇(HTJKV))

Derived characters

  • 仱, 吟, 坅, 妗, 岒, 忴, 扲, 汵, 昑, 肣, 枔, 㲐, 玪, 𥄯, 矜, 砛, 紟(𫄛), 耹, 䑤, 蚙, 衿, 訡, 赺, 趻, 軡, 鈐(钤), 䩂, 靲, 䪩, 䰼, 鹶, 黅, 黔, 霒, 䶃, 䶖, 㪁, 欦, 雂, 鳹, 㕂, 岑, 庈, 芩, 笒, 棽, 琴, 含, 念, 侌, 𠉞, 衾, 貪(贪), 酓, 霠, 𩃬

References

  • KangXi: page 91, character 18
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 358
  • Dae Jaweon: page 194, character 3
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 105, character 5
  • Unihan data for U+4ECA

Chinese

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character
ShangWestern ZhouSpring and AutumnWarring StatesShuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone scriptBronze inscriptionsBronze inscriptionsBronze inscriptionsChu slip and silk scriptQin slip scriptSmall seal scriptTranscribed ancient scripts





References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).

Ideogram (指事) – in the mouth. The derivative (OC *ɡɯːm) refers to the original word.

Etymology 1

trad.
simp. #
alternative forms𫢉
⿱𠆢𬼽
⿱𠆢下

Etymology not clear. The word's root may be (OC *ɡɯ, “this”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation

  • Mandarin
    (Standard)
    (Pinyin): jīn (jin1)
    (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄣ
    (Chengdu, SP): jin1
  • Cantonese
    (Guangzhou, Jyutping): gam1
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): gim1
  • Gan (Wiktionary): jin1
  • Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): kîm
    (Meixian, Guangdong): gim1
  • Jin (Wiktionary): jing1
  • Min Bei (KCR): gíng
  • Min Dong (BUC): gĭng
  • Min Nan
    (Hokkien, POJ): kin / kim
    (Teochew, Peng'im): gim1
  • Wu (Wiktionary): jin (T1)
  • Xiang (Wiktionary): jin1

  • Mandarin
    • (Standard Chinese)+
      • Hanyu Pinyin: jīn
      • Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄣ
      • Tongyong Pinyin: jin
      • Wade–Giles: chin1
      • Yale: jīn
      • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jin
      • Palladius: цзинь (czinʹ)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕin⁵⁵/
    • (Standard Chinese, erhua-ed) (今兒今儿)+
      • Hanyu Pinyin: jīnr
      • Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄣㄦ
      • Tongyong Pinyin: jinr
      • Wade–Giles: chinrh1
      • Yale: jīnr
      • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jiel
      • Palladius: цзиnр (czinr)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕiə̯ɻ⁵⁵/
    • (Chengdu)
      • Sichuanese Pinyin: jin1
      • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: gin
      • Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕin⁵⁵/
  • Cantonese
    • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
      • Jyutping: gam1
      • Yale: gām
      • Cantonese Pinyin: gam1
      • Guangdong Romanization: gem1
      • Sinological IPA (key): /kɐm⁵⁵/
    • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
      • Wiktionary: gim1
      • Sinological IPA (key): /kim³³/
  • Gan
    • (Nanchang)
      • Wiktionary: jin1
      • Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕin⁴²/
  • Hakka
    • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
      • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kîm
      • Hakka Romanization System: gim´
      • Hagfa Pinyim: gim1
      • Sinological IPA: /kim²⁴/
    • (Meixian)
      • Guangdong: gim1
      • Sinological IPA: /cim⁴⁴/
  • Jin
    • (Taiyuan)+
      • Wiktionary: jing1
      • Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡ɕĩŋ¹¹/
  • Min Bei
    • (Jian'ou)
      • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: gíng
      • Sinological IPA (key): /kiŋ⁵⁴/
  • Min Dong
    • (Fuzhou)
      • Bàng-uâ-cê: gĭng
      • Sinological IPA (key): /kiŋ⁵⁵/
  • Min Nan
    • (Hokkien)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kin / kim
      • Tâi-lô: kin / kim
      • Phofsit Daibuun: kyn, kym
      • IPA (Xiamen): /kin⁴⁴/, /kim⁴⁴/
      • IPA (Quanzhou): /kin³³/, /kim³³/
      • IPA (Zhangzhou): /kin⁴⁴/, /kim⁴⁴/
      • IPA (Taipei): /kin⁴⁴/, /kim⁴⁴/
      • IPA (Kaohsiung): /kin⁴⁴/, /kim⁴⁴/
Note:
  • kin - vernacular;
  • kim - literary.
    • (Teochew)
      • Peng'im: gim1
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kim
      • Sinological IPA (key): /kim³³/
  • Wu
    • (Shanghainese)
      • Wiktionary: jin (T1)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕɪɲ⁵³/
  • Xiang
    • (Changsha)
      • Wiktionary: jin1
      • Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕin³³/

  • Middle Chinese: /kˠiɪm/
Rime
Character
Reading #1/1
Initial () (28)
Final () (140)
Tone (調)Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)Open
Division ()III
Fanqie居吟切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/kˠiɪm/
Pan
Wuyun
/kᵚim/
Shao
Rongfen
/kiem/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/kjim/
Li
Rong
/kjəm/
Wang
Li
/kĭĕm/
Bernard
Karlgren
/ki̯əm/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
jīn
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
gam1
  • Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[k]r[ə]m/
    (Zhengzhang): /*krɯm/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading #1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
jīn
Middle
Chinese
‹ kim ›
Old
Chinese
/*[k]r[ə]m/
Englishnow

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading #1/1
No.6599
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
1
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*krɯm/
Notes文源謂含初文

Definitions

  1. now; at present; current
       jīntiān   the current day; today
    以後以后   cóngjīnyǐhòu   from now onwards.
    Synonym: 現在现在 (xiànzài)
  2. modern times
    古往古往   gǔwǎngjīnlái   from ancient to modern times.
    • 王之好樂甚,則國其庶幾乎。之樂,猶古之樂也。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
      王之好乐甚,则国其庶几乎。之乐,犹古之乐也。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
      From: Mencius, c. 4th century BCE
      Wáng zhī hào yuè shèn, zé guó qí shù jǐ hū. Jīn zhī yuè, yóu gǔ zhī yuè yě. [Pinyin]
      If your Majesty's love of music were very great, Qi would be near to a state of good government! The music of the present day is just like the music of antiquity, as regards effecting that.
    Synonym: 現代现代 (xiàndài)
    Antonym: ()
  3. this
       jīn xià   this summer
    [Cantonese]   gam1 ci3 [Jyutping]   this time
    Synonyms: (), (zhè)
  4. (literary) thus; promptly
    • 子為我反,無見王矣。十日之內,數萬之眾,涉魏境。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
      子为我反,无见王矣。十日之内,数万之众,涉魏境。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
      From: Zhanguo Ce, circa 5th – 3rd centuries BCE
      Zǐ wèi wǒ fǎn, wú jiàn wáng yǐ. Shírì zhī nèi, shù wàn zhī zhòng, jīn shè wèi jìng. [Pinyin]
      (please add an English translation of this example)
    Synonyms: (), 立刻 (lìkè)
  5. (literary) if
    • 此無他,與民同樂也。王與百姓同樂,則王矣。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
      此无他,与民同乐也。王与百姓同乐,则王矣。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
      From: Mencius, c. 4th century BCE
      Cǐ wú tā, yǔ mín tóng yuè yě. Jīn wáng yǔ bǎixìng tóng yuè, zé wàng yǐ. [Pinyin]
      Their feeling thus is from no other reason but that you cause them to have their pleasure as you have yours. If your Majesty now will make pleasure a thing common to the people and yourself, the royal sway awaits you.
    • 兩虎共鬥,其勢不俱生。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
      两虎共斗,其势不俱生。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
      From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
      Jīn liǎng hǔ gòng dòu, qí shì bù jù shēng. [Pinyin]
      If we (the two tigers) fight against one another, it is certainly not possible that both of us will survive.
    Synonyms: (ruò), 假如 (jiǎrú)
  6. a surname
Synonyms

Compounds

Etymology 2

trad.
simp. #
alternative forms


Teochew

Pronunciation

  • Min Nan
    (Hokkien, POJ): taⁿ
    (Teochew, Peng'im): dan1 / da1

  • Min Nan
    • (Hokkien)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: taⁿ
      • Tâi-lô: tann
      • Phofsit Daibuun: dvaf
      • IPA (Xiamen): /tã⁴⁴/
      • IPA (Quanzhou): /tã³³/
      • IPA (Zhangzhou): /tã⁴⁴/
      • IPA (Taipei): /tã⁴⁴/
      • IPA (Kaohsiung): /tã⁴⁴/
    • (Teochew)
      • Peng'im: dan1 / da1
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: taⁿ / ta
      • Sinological IPA (key): /tã³³/, /ta³³/

Definitions

  1. (Min Nan, Puxian Min) now
  2. (Min Nan) then; in that case
Synonyms

Compounds

  • 今仔
  • 今才
  • 到今
  • 從到今从到今

References

  • ”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database), 香港中文大學香港中文大学 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014

Japanese

Alternative forms

  • 𫝆

Kanji

(grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. now; at present

Readings

  • Go-on: こん (kon, Jōyō)こん (kon, historical)こむ (komu, ancient)
  • Kan-on: きん (kin, Jōyō)きん (kin, historical)きむ (kimu, ancient)
  • Kun: いま (ima, , Jōyō)
  • Nanori: (na)

Compounds

Etymology

Kanji in this term
いま
Grade: 2
kun’yomi

From Old Japanese. First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE.[1] From Proto-Japonic *ema.

Pronunciation

  • Kun’yomi
    • (Tokyo) [íꜜmà] (Atamadaka – [1])[2][3]
    • IPA(key): [ima̠]

Adverb

(いま) (ima) 

  1. now
  2. just now
  3. soon
    Synonyms: すぐ (sugu, soon), すぐに (sugu ni, immediately)

Noun

(いま) (ima) 

  1. now; present
    (いま)()きる
    ima o ikiru
    live in the now
    (いま)はもうない。
    Ima wa mō nai.
    It does not exist any more. (lit. "now it is already none.")
  2. just now
    Synonym: さっき
    (いま)(こえ)
    ima no koe
    that voice just now
    なんだったんだろう、(いま)の。
    Nan datta n darō, ima no.
    What was that just now?

Synonyms

  • 現在(げんざい) (genzai)

Derived terms

Prefix

(こん) (kon-) 

  1. (temporal) this
    (こん)世紀(せいき)最大(さいだい)危機(きき)
    kon-seiki saidai no kiki
    greatest danger of this century
    (こん)シーズン
    kon-shīzun
    this season

Proper noun

(こん) (Kon) 

  1. a surname

References

  1. ”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, Nihon Kokugo Daijiten) (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000, →ISBN
  2. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  3. 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese (MC kˠiɪm). Recorded as Middle Korean ⿱𠆢𬼽/ (kum) (Yale: kum) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Pronunciation

  • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [kɯm]
  • Phonetic hangul: []

Hanja

Wikisource (eumhun 이제 금 (ije geum))

  1. (literary) Hanja form? of (this).
  2. (literary) Hanja form? of (now; at present).
    • 1919, 기미 독립 선언서(己未獨立宣言書) (gimi dongnip seoneonseo) [Proclamation of Korean Independence]:
      痛苦(통고)()한 지()十年(십년)()한지라 []
      tonggoreul sanghan ji geume simnyeoneul gwahanjira
      We have now suffered for a decade []

Compounds

References

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典.

Vietnamese

Han character

: Hán Việt readings: kim[1][2][3], câm (()(ngâm)(thiết))[1][2]
: Nôm readings: kim[1][2][4][5], câm[1][2], căm[1], cầm[1], ngấm[1]

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References

  1. Nguyễn (2014).
  2. Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. Trần (2004).
  4. Bonet (1899).
  5. Génibrel (1898).
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