京
See also: 亰
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Translingual
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Han character
京 (Kangxi radical 8, 亠+6, 8 strokes, cangjie input 卜口火 (YRF), four-corner 00906, composition ⿳亠口小)
Derived characters
- 倞 惊 掠 弶 涼(凉) 猄 婛 𠶛 𡌿 𡹡 𡬱 琼 晾 椋 㹁 稤 䁁 䃄 綡(𫟅) 翞 諒(谅) 輬(辌) 䝶 䣼 𨂙 鍄 鯨(鲸) 黥 剠 勍 就 鶁 𡹞 景 麖
References
- KangXi: page 88, character 19
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 299
- Dae Jaweon: page 187, character 11
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 284, character 6
- Unihan data for U+4EAC
Chinese
| simp. and trad. | 京 | |
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| alternative forms | 亰 𡬱 𢂋 𦣿 | |
Glyph origin
| Historical forms of the character 京 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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References: Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
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Characters in the same phonetic series (京) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
| Old Chinese | |
|---|---|
| 涼 | *ɡ·raŋ, *ɡ·raŋs, *ɡ·raŋs |
| 凉 | *ɡ·raŋ |
| 椋 | *ɡ·raŋ |
| 綡 | *ɡ·raŋ |
| 輬 | *ɡ·raŋ |
| 諒 | *ɡ·raŋs |
| 掠 | *ɡ·raŋs, *ɡ·raɡ |
| 弶 | *ɡaŋs |
| 京 | *kraŋ |
| 麖 | *kraŋ |
| 鶁 | *kraŋ |
| 景 | *kraŋʔ |
| 鯨 | *ɡraŋ |
| 黥 | *ɡraŋ |
| 勍 | *ɡraŋ |
| 剠 | *ɡraŋ |
| 倞 | *ɡraŋs |
| 影 | *qraŋʔ |
| 璟 | *qraŋʔ, *kʷraŋʔ |
| 憬 | *kʷraŋʔ |
| 暻 | *kʷraŋʔ |
| 澋 | *ɡʷraːŋʔ |
According to Shuowen, from 高, where the lower 口 is reduced to 丨.
Etymology 1
Either from:
- Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-gaŋ (“hill, ridge, mountain”) (STEDT), cognate with 岡 (OC *klaːŋ, “hill, crest”), 鯨 (OC *ɡraŋ, “whale”), Tibetan སྒང་ (sgang, “ridge; mound”), Burmese ခင် (hkang, “ridge”), Burmese အခေါင် (a.hkaung, “summit”), Lahu qhɔ³³ (“mountain”), Sulung gɹaŋ³³ (“mountain”), Proto-Tamangic *ᴬgaŋ ("hill, mountain"); or
- of Austroasiatic origin, compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *graŋ (“hill, peak”) (Schuessler, 2007), whence Mon ဂြၚ် (krɛ̀aŋ, “peak”) and Old Khmer grāṅ (“hill on flat land”).
Within Chinese, cognate with 景 (OC *kraŋʔ, “large”), 鯨 (OC *ɡraŋ, “whale”) (Schuessler, 2007).
Pronunciation
Definitions
京
- ⁜ capital (city)
- 京城 ― jīngchéng ― capital city
- 京畿 ― jīngjī ― capital city and its surrounding area
- 泰京 ― Tàijīng ― (Thailand) Bangkok (the capital city of Thailand)
- 墨京 ― Mòjīng ― (dated) Mexico City (the capital city of Mexico)
- 三后在天，王配于京。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad. and simp.]
- From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Sān hòu zài tiān, wáng pèi yú jīng. [Pinyin]
- The three sovereigns were in heaven; and king [Wu] was their worthy successor in his capital.
- Short for 北京 (Běijīng, “Beijing”). after 1949
- 京劇／京剧 ― jīngjù ― Beijing opera
- 京腔 ― jīngqiāng ― Beijing accent
- Short for 南京 (Nánjīng, “Nanjing”). during 1927 - 1948
- Short for 京都 (jīngdū, “Kyoto”). when referring Japan-related topics
- † tall mound
- 曾孫之庾，如坻如京。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Céngsūn zhī yǔ, rú dǐ rú jīng. [Pinyin]
- The stacks of the distant descendant, will stand like islands and mounds.
曾孙之庾，如坻如京。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]
- † large barn
- † large; great
- 有媯之後，將育于姜，五世其昌，並于正卿，八世之後，莫之與京。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4th century BCE
- Yǒuguī zhīhòu, jiāng yù yú Jiāng, wǔshìqíchāng, bìng yú zhèngqīng, bā shì zhīhòu, mò zhī yǔ jīng. [Pinyin]
- The posterity of this scion of the Gui [surname of the House of Chen] will be nourished among the Jiang [surname of the House of Qi]. In five generations they will be prosperous, and the highest ministers in Qi; in eight, there will be none to compare with them for greatness.
有妫之后，将育于姜，五世其昌，并于正卿，八世之后，莫之与京。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- † ten million, 107
- † ten quadrillion, 1016
- † septillion, 1024
- † A hundred nonillion, 1032
See also
| Chinese numerals | ||||||||||||
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| 104 | 108 | 1012 | 1016 | 1020 | 1024 | 1028 | 1032 | 1036 | 1040 | 1044 | 1048 | |
| 萬／万 (wàn) | 億／亿 (yì) | 兆 (zhào) (Taiwan) | 京 (jīng) (Taiwan) | 垓 (gāi) | 秭 (zǐ) | 穰 (ráng) | 溝／沟 (gōu) | 澗／涧 (jiàn) | 正 (zhèng) | 載／载 (zài) | 極／极 (jí) | |
| 萬億／万亿 (wànyì) (Mainland China) | 億億/亿亿 (Mainland China) | |||||||||||
Compounds
Derived terms from 京
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Descendants
Sino-Xenic (京):
- → Japanese: 京 (kyō); 京 (kei)
- → Korean: 경(京) (gyeong)
- → Vietnamese: kinh (京)
References
- “京”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database), 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
- Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A00065
Etymology 2
From Vietnamese Kinh, via Cantonese.
Adjective
京
- ethnic Vietnamese from China
Compounds
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Japanese
Kanji
京
(grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)
- capital city
- ten quadrillion (short scale); ten thousand billion (long scale); 1016
- Tokyo
- Kyoto
Readings
- Go-on: きょう (kyō, Jōyō)←きやう (kyau, historical)
- Kan-on: けい (kei, Jōyō)
- Tō-on: きん (kin)
- Kun: みやこ (miyako, 京)
- Nanori: あつ (atsu); たか (taka)
Compounds
- 中京
- 京人
- 京人形
- 京劇
- 京地
- 京大
- 京女
- 京師
- 京形
- 京成
- 京方
- 京洛
- 京浜
- 京滋地方
- 京物
- 京菜
- 京華
- 京葉
- 京表
- 京都
- 京阪
- 京響
- 京風
- 入京
- 出京
- 北京
- 南京
- 在京
- 帝京
- 帰京
- 平城京
- 平安京
- 東京
- 滞京
- 英京
- 退京
- 離京
Etymology 1
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 京 |
| きょう Grade: 2 |
| on’yomi |
From Middle Chinese 京 (MC kˠiæŋ).
Noun
京 • (kyō) ←きやう (kyau)?
- capital city
- Short for 京都 (Kyōto, “Kyōto (a city in Kyōto, Japan)”).
- 京言葉 (kyōkotoba)
- 京の着倒れ、大阪の食い倒れ
- Kyō no kidaore, Ōsaka no kuidaore
- (please add an English translation of this example)
Affix
京 • (kyō) ←きやう (kyau)?
- capital city
- Synonym: (literary) 洛 (raku)
- (specifically) Kyōto (a city in Kyōto, Japan)
- Synonym: (literary) 洛 (raku)
- (especially) Tōkyō (a province of Japan)
- 上京 (jōkyō)
Etymology 2
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 京 |
| みやこ Grade: 2 |
| kun’yomi |
宮 (miya, “imperial palace”) + 処 (ko, “place”).
Noun
京 • (miyako)
- the place where the emperor resides
- a city that acts as an economic and political center; capital
- metropolis
Etymology 3
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 京 |
| けい Grade: 2 |
| on’yomi |
Number
京 • (kei)
- 10,000,000,000,000,000, 1016, (US) ten quadrillion, (UK) ten thousand billion
See also
| Japanese numerical compounds with 京 (kei) | ||||||||||
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| 1016 | 2 × 1016 | 3 × 1016 | 4 × 1016 | 5 × 1016 | 6 × 1016 | 7 × 1016 | 8 × 1016 | 9 × 1016 | 1017 | 1018 |
| 一京 (ikkei) | 二京 (nikei) | 三京 (sankei) | 四京 (yonkei) | 五京 (gokei) | 六京 (rokkei) | 七京 (nanakei) | 八京 (hakkei) | 九京 (kyūkei) | 十京 (jukkei) | 百京 (hyakkei) |
Korean
Alternative forms
- 경 (亰, gyeong)
Etymology
From Middle Chinese 京 (MC kˠiæŋ).(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “what is its historical reading?”)
Hanja
京 (eumhun 서울 경 (seoul gyeong))
京 (eumhun 경 경 (gyeong gyeong))
- Hanja form? of 경 (“capital”).
- Hanja form? of 경 (“10,000,000,000,000,000, 1016, (US) ten quadrillion, (UK) ten thousand billion”).
Compounds
- 경부 (京釜, Gyeongbu, “Seoul and Busan”)
- 경인 (京仁, Gyeong'in, “Seoul and Incheon”)
- 상경 (上京, sanggyeong, “going to capital city”)
- 동경 (東京, Donggyeong, “Tokyo”)
- 북경 (北京, Bukgyeong, “Beijing”)
- 경기도 (京畿道, Gyeonggido, “Gyeonggi”)
See also
- 서울 (Seoul, “Seoul”)
- 수도 (首都, sudo, “capital”)
References
- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.
- Supreme Court of the Republic of Korea (대한민국 대법원, Daehanmin'guk Daebeobwon) (2018). Table of hanja for personal names (인명용 한자표 / 人名用漢字表, Inmyeong-yong hanja-pyo), page 3.
Vietnamese
Han character
京: Hán Việt readings: kinh[1][2][3][4][5][6], nguyên
京: Nôm readings: kinh[1][2][3], kiêng[1][2][3][7], kềnh[1], kình[1]
Noun
京 • (kinh)
- chữ Hán form of kinh (“capital city”).
Adjective
京 • (Kinh)
- chữ Hán form of Kinh (“ethnically Vietnamese”).
Verb
京 • (kiêng)
- Nôm form of kiêng (“to respect”).
References
- Nguyễn (2014).
- Nguyễn et al. (2009).
- Trần (2004).
- Nguyễn (1974).
- Trần (1999).
- Thiều Chửu (1942).
- Hồ (1976).