请输入您要查询的单词：

　

单词 乃
释义

乃

See also: 及, 廴, 廼, 迺, ㄋ, and の
乃 U+4E43, 乃
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E43
← 乂
[U+4E42]		CJK Unified Ideographs乄 →
[U+4E44]

Translingual

Stroke order (Mainland China)
Stroke order
Traditional Chinese and Japanese

Han character

乃 (Kangxi radical 4, 丿+1, 2 strokes, cangjie input 弓竹尸 (NHS), four-corner 17227, composition ⿹㇡丿)

Derived characters

  • 仍, 奶, 屷, 𢖱, 扔, 𣱽, 𣅅, 㭁, 㲌, 𤆈, 𠂫, 𤜠, 辸, 礽, 䄧, 𧘌, 𥾋, 𮋣, 𧈣, 䚮, 𬤻, 𬦠, 釢, 𠂪, 𬝡, 𬼅, 𫡐, 𫡝, 㞧, 艿, 氖, 𫶵, 疓, 秀, 𬔬, 隽, 𮥸, 䯮, 𫡄, 𭑩, 及, 夃, 孕, 尕, 𫹭, 朶, 盁, 呄, 㭆, 𫂲, 㚉, 鼐

Descendants

  • の (Hiragana character derived from Man'yōgana)
  • ノ (Katakana character derived from Man'yōgana)

References

  • KangXi: page 81, character 12
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 113
  • Dae Jaweon: page 165, character 3
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 31, character 5
  • Unihan data for U+4E43

Chinese

simp. and trad.
乃
alternative forms
 
迺
廼
𠄕
𠄎
𠧤
迺
廼
𠄕
𠄎
𠧤
𢏩
𢎧

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 乃
ShangWestern ZhouSpring and AutumnWarring StatesShuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone scriptBronze inscriptionsBronze inscriptionsBronze inscriptionsChu slip and silk scriptQin slip scriptShizhoupian scriptAncient scriptSmall seal scriptTranscribed ancient scripts
Oracle bone script

j11474

j11475

j11476

j11477

j11478

j11479

j11480

j11481

Bronze inscriptions

b07002

b07003

b07004

b07005

b07006

b07007

b07008

b07009

b07010

b07011

b07012

b07013

b07014

b07015

b07016

b07017

b07018

b07019

b07020

b07021

b07022

b07023

b07024

b07025

b07026

b07027

b07028

b07029

b07030

b07031

b07032

b07033

b07034

b07035

b07036

b07037

b07038

b07039

b07040

Small seal script

s03493

Transcribed ancient scripts

L34567

L34568

L34569

L34570

L15245

L15246

L15247

L15230

L15231

L15232

L15233

L15234

L15235

L15236

L15237

L15238

L15239

L15240

L15241

L15242

L15243

L15244

L15248

L15249

L15250

L15251

L15252

L15253

L15254

L15255

References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
Characters in the same phonetic series (乃) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
乃*nɯːʔ
鼐*nɯːʔ, *nɯːs
疓*njɯːʔ
奶*rneːlʔ
仍*njɯŋ
艿*njɯŋ
辸*njɯŋ
礽*njɯŋ
扔*njɯŋ, *njɯŋs
芿*njɯŋs

From ancient 𠄎.

Etymology 1

“you; your”
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *na-ŋ (“you”).
"then; now"
Related to Tibetan ན (na, “postposition following temporal causes”) (Coblin, 1986).

Pronunciation

  • Mandarin
    (Pinyin): nǎi (nai3)
    (Zhuyin): ㄋㄞˇ
  • Cantonese
    (Guangzhou, Jyutping): naai5
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): nai4
  • Hakka (Meixian, Guangdong): nai1
  • Min Dong (BUC): nāi
  • Min Nan
    (Hokkien, POJ): nái / ná / nǎ
    (Teochew, Peng'im): nai2 / nai6
  • Wu (Wiktionary): ne (T3)
  • Mandarin
    • (Standard Chinese)+
      • Hanyu Pinyin: nǎi
      • Zhuyin: ㄋㄞˇ
      • Tongyong Pinyin: nǎi
      • Wade–Giles: nai3
      • Yale: nǎi
      • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: nae
      • Palladius: най (naj)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /naɪ̯²¹⁴/
  • Cantonese
    • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
      • Jyutping: naai5
      • Yale: náaih
      • Cantonese Pinyin: naai5
      • Guangdong Romanization: nai5
      • Sinological IPA (key): /naːi̯¹³/
    • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
      • Wiktionary: nai4
      • Sinological IPA (key): /ⁿdai²¹/
  • Hakka
    • (Meixian)
      • Guangdong: nai1
      • Sinological IPA: /naɪ⁴⁴/
  • Min Dong
    • (Fuzhou)
      • Bàng-uâ-cê: nāi
      • Sinological IPA (key): /nˡai³³/
  • Min Nan
    • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: nái
      • Tâi-lô: nái
      • Phofsit Daibuun: nae
      • IPA (Kaohsiung): /nãi⁴¹/
      • IPA (Quanzhou): /nãi⁵⁵⁴/
      • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /nãi⁵³/
    • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ná
      • Tâi-lô: ná
      • Phofsit Daibuun: nar
      • IPA (Quanzhou): /nã⁵⁵⁴/
    • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: nǎ
      • Tâi-lô: nǎ
      • IPA (Quanzhou): /nã²²/
Note:
  • nái - literary;
  • ná/nǎ - vernacular.
    • (Teochew)
      • Peng'im: nai2 / nai6
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: nái / năi
      • Sinological IPA (key): /nai⁵²/, /nai³⁵/
Note:
  • nai2 - “you, your”;
  • nai6 - “just; then; be”.
  • Wu
    • (Shanghainese)
      • Wiktionary: ne (T3)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /ne̞²³/
  • Dialectal data
VarietyLocation
edit
乃
MandarinBeijing/nai²¹⁴/
Harbin/nai²¹³/
Tianjin/nai¹³/
Jinan/nɛ⁵⁵/
Qingdao/nɛ⁵⁵/
Zhengzhou/nai⁵³/
Xi'an/nai⁵³/
Xining/nɛ⁵³/
Yinchuan/nɛ¹³/
Lanzhou/lɛ⁴⁴²/
Ürümqi/nai⁵¹/
Wuhan/nai⁴²/
Chengdu/nai⁵³/
Guiyang/nai⁴²/
Kunming/næ⁵³/
Nanjing/lae²¹²/
Hefei/le̞²⁴/
JinTaiyuan/nai⁵³/
Pingyao/næ⁵³/
Hohhot/nɛ⁵³/
WuShanghai/na²³/
Suzhou/ne̞⁵¹/
Hangzhou/ne̞⁵³/
Wenzhou/na³⁵/
HuiShexian/na³⁵/
Tunxi
XiangChangsha/lai⁴¹/
Xiangtan/nai⁴²/
GanNanchang/lai²¹³/
HakkaMeixian/nai⁴⁴/
Taoyuan/nɑi²⁴/
CantoneseGuangzhou/nai²³/
Nanning/nai²⁴/
Hong Kong/nai²³/
MinXiamen (Min Nan)/nai⁵³/
Fuzhou (Min Dong)/nai³²/
Jian'ou (Min Bei)/nai²¹/
Shantou (Min Nan)/nãi⁵³/
Haikou (Min Nan)/nai²¹³/
  • Middle Chinese: /nʌiX/
Rime
Character乃
Reading #1/1
Initial (聲)泥 (8)
Final (韻)咍 (41)
Tone (調)Rising (X)
Openness (開合)Open
Division (等)I
Fanqie奴亥切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		/nʌiX/
Pan
Wuyun		/nəiX/
Shao
Rongfen		/nɒiX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		/nəjX/
Li
Rong		/nᴀiX/
Wang
Li		/nɒiX/
Bernard
Karlgren		/nɑ̆iX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		nǎi
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		noi5
  • Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*nˤə(ŋ)ʔ/, /*nˤəʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*nɯːʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character乃乃
Reading #1/22/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		nǎinǎi
Middle
Chinese		‹ nojX ›‹ nojX ›
Old
Chinese		/*nˁə(ŋ)ʔ//*nˁəʔ/
Englishyourthen

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character乃
Reading #1/1
No.9337
Phonetic
component		乃
Rime
group		之
Rime
subdivision		0
Corresponding
MC rime		乃
Old
Chinese		/*nɯːʔ/

Definitions

乃

  1. (literary) you, your
    • 朕心朕德，惟乃知。 [Classical Chinese, trad. and simp.]
      From: The Book of Documents, circa 4th – 3rd century BCE
      Zhèn xīn zhèn dé, wéi nǎi zhī. [Pinyin]
      Only you know my heart and my virtue.
    • 往踐乃職，無逆朕命。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
      往践乃职，无逆朕命。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
      From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4th century BCE
      Wǎng jiàn nǎi zhí, wú nì zhèn mìng. [Pinyin]
      Go and carry out your duties, and do not disobey my orders!
    • 王師北定中原日，家祭毋忘告乃翁。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
      王师北定中原日，家祭毋忘告乃翁。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
      From: 1210, 陸游 (Lu You), 示兒
      Wángshī běi dìng zhōngyuán rì, jiājì wú wàng gào nǎi wēng. [Pinyin]
      On the day the Song army reconquers the Central Plain in the North, do not forget to inform your father when making offerings to your ancestors.
  2. (literary) be
    失敗乃成功之母／失败乃成功之母  ―  shībài nǎi chénggōng zhī mǔ  ―  failure is the mother of success
    • 呂公女乃呂后也，生孝惠帝、魯元公主。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
      吕公女乃吕后也，生孝惠帝、鲁元公主。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
      From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
      Lǚ Gōng nǚ nǎi Lǚ Hòu yě, shēng Xiàohuì Dì, Lǔyuán Gōngzhǔ. [Pinyin]
      The daughter of Lü Gong was Empress Lü, who gave birth to Emperor Hui and Princess Luyuan.
  3. (literary) then; hence
    Synonym: 於是／于是 (yúshì)
    • 相如度秦王雖齋，決負約不償城，乃使其從者衣褐，懷其璧，從徑道亡，歸璧於趙。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
      相如度秦王虽斋，决负约不偿城，乃使其从者衣褐，怀其璧，从径道亡，归璧于赵。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
      From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
      Xiàngrú duò Qín wáng suī zhāi, jué fùyuē bù cháng chéng, nǎi shǐ qí cóngzhě yì hè, huái qí bì, cóng jìngdào wáng, guī bì yú Zhào. [Pinyin]
      Lin Xiangru reckoned even though the King of Qin agreed to fast, he would certainly break his promise and not hand over the cities. Hence, he ordered his servant to put on ragged clothes, hide the jade under his bosom, and flee Qin on trails, in order to smuggle the jade back to Zhao.
  4. (literary) only then; not ... until
    Synonym: 才 (cái)
    • 趙王送璧時齋戒五日。今大王亦宜齋戒五日，設九賓於廷，臣乃敢上璧。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
      赵王送璧时斋戒五日。今大王亦宜斋戒五日，设九宾于廷，臣乃敢上璧。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
      From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
      Zhào wáng sòng bì shí zhāijiè wǔ rì. Jīn dàwáng yì yí zhāijiè wǔrì, shè jiǔbīn yú tíng, chén nǎi gǎn shàng bì. [Pinyin]
      The King of Zhao fasted for five days before sending the jade off. Now Your Majesty should also fast for five days, and receive me with the Ceremony of Jiubin at the court. Only then will I dare to present the jade.
    • 沛公謂張良曰：「從此道至吾軍，不過二十里耳。度我至軍中，公乃入。」 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
      沛公谓张良曰：“从此道至吾军，不过二十里耳。度我至军中，公乃入。” [Classical Chinese, simp.]
      From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
      Pèi Gōng wèi Zhāng Liáng yuē: “Cóng cǐ dào zhì wú jūn, bùguò èrshí lǐ ěr. Duò wǒ zhì jūn zhōng, gōng nǎi rù.” [Pinyin]
      Liu Bang said to Zhang Liang, "It is only twenty lis from here to our camp. Only after you estimate that I have arrived at our camp should you enter."
  5. (literary) but
    • 不見子都，乃見狂且。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
      不见子都，乃见狂且。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]
      From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
      Bù jiàn Zǐdōu, nǎi jiàn kuángqiě. [Pinyin]
      I do not see Zidu, but I see this mad fellow.
    • 古人以儉為美德，今人乃以儉相詬病。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
      古人以俭为美德，今人乃以俭相诟病。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
      From: 11th century, Sima Guang, 訓儉示康
      Gǔrén yǐ jiǎn wéi měidé, jīnrén nǎi yǐ jiǎn xiāng gòubìng. [Pinyin]
      The ancient people regarded frugality as a virtue, but now people criticize one another for being frugal.
  6. (literary) surprisingly; unexpectedly
    Synonym: 竟然 (jìngrán)
    • 問今是何世，乃不知有漢，無論魏晉。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
      问今是何世，乃不知有汉，无论魏晋。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
      From: The Peach Blossom Spring (桃花源記), by Tao Yuanming, 421 (Wiktionary translation)
      Wèn jīn shì hé shì, nǎi bùzhī yǒu hàn, wúlùn Wèi Jìn. [Pinyin]
      They asked what the current ruling dynasty was. Surprisingly, they had not even heard of the Han, let alone the Wei and the Jin.
  7. (Mainland China, Internet slang, cute-sounding) you (singular)
    乃萌  ―  nǎiméng  ―  (cute-sounding variant of 你們) you (plural)
  8. (Shanghainese Wu) now
    從前伊勿敢跳過去，乃伊勿怕了。 [Shanghainese, trad.]
    从前伊勿敢跳过去，乃伊勿怕了。 [Shanghainese, simp.]
    From: 2007, Qian Nairong, 上海话大词典, page 14
    [z̥ʊŋ²² ʑ̥i⁴⁴ ɦi²³ v̥əʔ¹¹ kø²³ tʰiɔ³³ ɡ̊v̩ʷ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi²¹ ne̞²³ ɦi²³ v̥əʔ¹¹ pʰo²³ ləʔ¹²] [IPA]
    A long time ago he was scared to jump over, but now he isn't.

Synonyms
Dialectal synonyms of [[#Chinese|]] (“you (singular)”) [map]
Variety Location Words
edit
Classical Chinese汝, 爾, 乃, 而, 若, 伊, 子, 君 †, 卿 †
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)你, 您 †, 閣下 †, 臺端
MandarinBeijing你, 您 †, 您老人家 †
Taiwan你, 您 †
Tianjin你, 你了 †
Chengde你, 您老人家 †
Tangshan你, 你老 †
Cangzhou你, 你老 †
Baoding你, 你老 †
Shijiazhuang你, 你家 †
Ulanhot你
Tongliao你
Chifeng你, 您 †, 你老人家 †
Bayanhot你, 您 †
Hulunbuir (Hailar)你, 您 †, 你老人家 †
Heihe你, 您 †, 你老人家 †
Qiqihar你, 您 †, 你老人家 †
Harbin你, 您 †, 你老人家 †, 你老 †
Jiamusi你, 您 †, 你老人家 †
Baicheng你, 你老 †, 你老人家 †
Changchun你, 你老 †
Tonghua你, 你老 †
Shenyang你, 您 †, 你老人家 †, 你老 †
Dandong你, 您 †, 你老人家 †
Jinzhou你, 您 †, 你老人家 †
Dalian你, 你老 †
Yantai你
Yantai (Muping)你
Qingdao你
Lijin你, 恁 †, 恁老人家 †
Weifang (Weicheng)你
Weifang (Fangzi)你
Weifang (Hanting)你
Changyi你
Gaomi你, 恁
Zhucheng你, 恁
Anqiu你
Changle你
Linqu你, 恁
Qingzhou你
Shouguang你
Wulian你
Jinan你, 你老人家 †
Luoyang你
Wanrong你
Shangqiu你, 恁 †, 恁老人家 †
Yuanyang你, 你老 †
Zhengzhou你, 你老人家 †
Lingbao你
Xinyang你, 你老人家 †
Baihe你, 你老兒 †
Hanzhong你
Xi'an你, 你老人家 †
Dingbian你
Baoji你, 你老人家 †
Yinchuan你, 你老人家 †
Tianshui你, 你老人家 †
Lanzhou你
Xining你, 喬, 你老人家 †
Hami你, 您 †, 你家 †, 你老人家 †
Ürümqi你, 你老人家 †
Yanqi你
Wuhan你, 你家 †, 你老人家 †
Yichang你, 你家 †, 老人家 †, 你老人家 †
Xiangyang你, 你家 †, 你老人家 †
Tianmen你, 您哪 †, 你老人家 †
Hong'an你, 你老人家 †
Chengdu你, 你老人家 †
Nanchong你, 你老人家 †
Dazhou你, 你老人家 †
Hanyuan你, 你老人家 †
Xichang你, 你老 †
Zigong你, 你老人家 †
Chongqing你, 你老人家 †
Guiyang你, 你老人家 †
Zunyi你, 你老人家 †
Bijie你
Liping你, 您 †
Zhaotong你, 你家 †, 你老人家 †
Dali你, 你家 †
Kunming你, 你家 †, 你老人家 †
Mengzi你, 你老人家 †
Guilin你, 你老人家 †
Liuzhou你, 你老人家 †
Nanning (Xiakuojie)你
Nanning (Fujian)你
Nanning (Wuming)你
Nanning (Fucheng, Wuming)你
Binyang (Nanjie)你
Qinzhou (Longmengang)你
Jishou你
Changde你, 你家 †
Xiangtan (Jiangnan Industries Group koine)你
Anqing你, 你老人家 †
Xuzhou恁, 你, 你老人家 †
Pizhou恁, 你
Ganyu你
Fuyang你, 你家 †, 你老人家 †
Wuhu你, 你老人家 †
Yangzhou你, 你老人家 †
Baoying你
Lianyungang你, 你老人家 †
Donghai你
Huai'an (Huaiyin)你, 您兒 †
Lianshui你
Xuyi你
Xinghua你
Nanjing你, 你老人家 †
Hefei你, 你老人家 †
Nantong你, 你老人家 †
Rugao你
Yancheng你
Funing你
Sihong你
Taizhou你
Zhenjiang你
Changle (Qinjiang)你
Malaysia你, 您 †
Singapore你, 您 †
Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan)你
Dagudi (Maliba)你
Reshuitang (Longling)你
Mae Salong (Lancang)你
Mae Sai (Tengchong)你
Olginsky (Mikhaylovka)你
CantoneseGuangzhou你
Hong Kong你
Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou)你
Macau你
Guangzhou (Panyu)你
Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu)你
Guangzhou (Conghua)你
Guangzhou (Zengcheng)你
Foshan你
Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai)你
Foshan (Shunde)你
Foshan (Sanshui)你
Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming)你
Zhongshan (Shiqi)你
Zhuhai (Qianshan)你
Zhuhai (Doumen, Shangheng Tanka)你
Zhuhai (Doumen)你
Jiangmen (Baisha)你
Jiangmen (Xinhui)你
Taishan你
Kaiping (Chikan)你
Enping (Niujiang)你
Heshan (Yayao)你
Dongguan你
Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an)你
Qingyuan你
Fogang你
Yingde (Hanguang)你
Yangshan你
Lianshan (Butian)你
Lianzhou (Qingshui Sihui)你
Shaoguan你
Shaoguan (Qujiang)你
Renhua你
Lechang你
Zhaoqing (Gaoyao)你
Sihui你
Guangning你
Deqing你
Huaiji你
Fengkai (Nanfeng)你
Yunfu你
Xinxing你
Luoding你
Yunan (Pingtai)你
Yangjiang你
Xinyi你
Lianjiang你
Nanning你
Baise你
Qinzhou你
Beihai你
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô)你
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà)你
Fangchenggang (Fangcheng)你
Danzhou你
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)你
Penang (Guangfu)你
Singapore (Guangfu)你
Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu)你
Móng Cái你
GanNanchang爾, 恁
Nanchang (Wangcheng)恁
Anyi爾仂
Lushan爾
Pengze爾
Duchang爾, 爾儂
Wuning (Quankou)恁
Poyang你
Yugan你, 你郎
Wannian你
Hengfeng爾, 爾仂
Yanshan爾, 爾仂
Leping你
Yichun你
Yifeng爾
Gao'an爾
Fengxin你
Shanggao爾
Wanzai爾
Fengcheng你
Xinyu你
Fuzhou (Shangdundu)你
Fuzhou (Dongxiang)爾仂
Nancheng恁
Nanfeng你仂, 你
Yihuang恁
Lichuan汝
Chongren爾
Pingxiang恨, 你
Lianhua你
Ji'an你
Yongfeng恁
Taihe你
Xiajiang你
Yongxin你
Yingtan (Yujiang)爾
Guixi爾, 爾仂
Jianning你
Jinxian恁, 爾
Jinxi恁
Le'an你
Guangchang你
Anfu你
Suichuan你
Wan'an你
Jing'an爾
Zhangshu你
Xingan你
Fenyi你
HakkaMeixian你
Xingning你
Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua)你
Huiyang你
Huidong (Daling)你
Dongguan (Qingxi)你
Shenzhen (Shatoujiao)你
Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui)你
Wuhua (Huacheng)你
Heyuan (Bendihua)你
Nanxiong (Zhuji)你
Shaoguan (Qujiang)你
Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang)你
Liannan你
Conghua (Lütian)你
Jiexi你
Changting你
Shanghang汝
Yongding汝
Wuping你
Wuping (Pingyu)你
Liancheng你
Ninghua你
Qingliu你
Yudu你
Ningdu恁
Ruijin你
Shicheng你
Shangyou (Shexi)你
Dayu你
Dingnan你
Longnan你
Xunwu爾
Huichang恨, 爾
Nankang你
Chongyi你
Xingguo你
Miaoli (N. Sixian)你
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)你
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)你
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)你
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)你
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)你
Hong Kong你
Luchuan你
Bobai (Shahe)你
Bobai (Longtan)你
Bobai (Lingping)你
Bobai (Lingjiao)你
Sabah (Longchuan)你
Senai (Huiyang)你
Kuching (Hepo)你
Singkawang你
Bangkok (Meixian)你
HuizhouJixi爾, 爾仂
Shexian爾, 你, 你老人家 †
Tunxi爾, 爾仂
Wuyuan爾
Fuliang爾
Dexing爾
Chun'an (Qiandaohu)爾
Jiande (Meicheng)爾
Jiande (Shouchang)曾, 曾儂
JinTaiyuan你, 你家 †
Yangyuan你, 您 †, 你家 †, 你老人家 †
Datong你, 您兒 †
Xinzhou你, 你吶 †
Lishi你, 你老兒家 †
Linfen你
Changzhi你
Taibus (Baochang)你, 您 †
Linhe你, 您 †, 你老兒家 †
Jining你, 您 †, 你家 †
Hohhot你, 您 †, 您老兒家 †
Baotou你, 您 †
Dongsheng你, 您 †
Haibowan你, 您 †
Erenhot你, 您兒 †
Pingshan你
Zhangjiakou你, 您 †, 你老 †
Handan你, 你老人家 †
Linzhou你
Suide你
Min BeiJian'ou你
Jian'ou (Dikou)你
Songxi你
Zhenghe你
Zhenghe (Zhenqian)汝
Jianyang你
Wuyishan你
Pucheng (Shibei)你
Min DongFuzhou汝
Changle汝
Lianjiang汝
Fuqing汝
Pingtan汝
Yongtai汝
Minqing汝
Gutian汝
Pingnan汝
Luoyuan汝
Fu'an汝
Ningde汝
Xiapu汝
Zherong汝
Shouning汝
Zhouning汝
Fuding汝
Matsu汝
Taishun爾
Cangnan爾
Singapore (Fuqing)汝
Manjung (Gutian)汝
Min NanXiamen汝
Xiamen (Tong'an)汝
Quanzhou汝
Jinjiang汝
Nan'an汝
Shishi汝
Hui'an汝
Anxi汝
Yongchun汝
Dehua汝
Zhangzhou汝
Zhangzhou (Longhai)汝
Zhangzhou (Changtai)汝
Hua'an汝
Nanjing汝
Pinghe汝
Zhangpu汝
Yunxiao汝
Zhao'an汝
Dongshan汝
Taipei汝
New Taipei (Sanxia)汝
Kaohsiung汝
Kaohsiung (Cijin)汝
Kaohsiung (Hongmaogang, Siaogang)汝
Kaohsiung (Dalinpu, Siaogang)汝
Yilan汝
Changhua (Lukang)汝
Taichung汝
Taichung (Wuqi)汝
Tainan汝
Taitung汝
Hsinchu汝
Kinmen汝
Penghu (Magong)汝
Penang (Hokkien)汝
Singapore (Hokkien)汝
Manila (Hokkien)汝
Medan (Hokkien)汝
Longyan汝
Zhangping汝
Datian汝
Guilin (Biyange)汝
Chaozhou汝
Shantou汝
Shantou (Chaoyang)汝
Jieyang汝
Haifeng汝
Johor Bahru (Teochew)汝
Singapore (Teochew)汝
Pontianak (Teochew)汝
Leizhou汝
Wenchang汝
Haikou汝
Singapore (Hainanese)汝
Puxian MinPutian汝
Xianyou汝
Min ZhongYong'an你
Sanyuan你
Shaxian你
Yanping (Wangtai)你
Shaojiang MinShaowu𫣴
Guangze𫣴
Mingxi你
Shunchang你
Zhongshan MinShaxi (Longdu)汝
Sanxiang汝
Southern PinghuaNanning (Tingzi)你
ShehuaFu'an你
Fuding你
Luoyuan你
Sanming你
Shunchang你
Hua'an你
Guixi (Zhangping)你
Cangnan你
Jingning你
Lishui你
Longyou你
Chaozhou你
Fengshun你
WaxiangGuzhang (Gaofeng)你
WuShanghai儂
Shanghai (Chongming)爾
Shanghai (Shuangcaodun, Baoshan)儂
Shanghai (Jiading)儂, 甚, 恆儂
Shanghai (Songjiang)是奴
Suzhou倷
Suzhou (Shengze, Wujiang)㑚
Wuxi你
Changshu儂
Kunshan能
Haimen你
Jiaxing你
Jiashan你
Pinghu爾儂
Haining (Yanguan)儂, 你
Tongxiang儂
Haiyan你
Changzhou你
Danyang爾
Gaochun你
Huzhou是爾
Changxing是爾
Anji爾
Deqing爾
Hangzhou你
Hangzhou (Yuhang)儂, 是儂, 爾, 是爾
Hangzhou (Lin'an)儂, 是儂
Hangzhou (Fuyang)儂, 你, 爾, 是爾
Hangzhou (Xiaoshan)爾
Tonglu你, 是你
Shaoxing諾
Zhuji你
Shengzhou儂
Xinchang爾, 奶
Ningbo諾, 爾, 爾諾
Zhenhai諾
Fenghua儂, 爾
Yuyao儂
Cixi儂
Xiangshan爾, 像爾
Ninghai爾, 爾儂
Zhoushan儂
Huangyan爾
Tiantai爾
Xianju爾
Sanmen爾
Linhai爾
Wenling爾
Wenzhou你
Yueqing你
Yongjia (Fenglin)你
Pingyang你
Taishun你
Wencheng你
Lishui你
Qingtian你
Jinyun你, 定你
Wuyi (Liucheng)爾
Songyang (Xiping)你
Yunhe你
Jingning你
Qingyuan你
Longquan你
Quzhou你
Suichang你
Jiangshan你
Changshan爾
Kaihua你
Longyou你, 你儂
Jinhua儂
Jinhua (Tangxi)爾, 爾儂
Yiwu儂
Yongkang爾
Pujiang爾
Dongyang爾
Wuyi儂
Lanxi爾, 爾儂
Shangrao爾儂
Shangrao (Guangfeng)爾
Yushan恁
XiangChangsha你
Xiangtan你
Loudi你
Shuangfeng你
Note†: honorific
Dialectal synonyms of 現在 (“now”) [map]
Variety Location Words
edit
Classical Chinese當今, 此時, 方今, 今朝, 如今, 而今, 今1, 茲, 乃今
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)現在, 現今, 現時, 當今, 此時, 此刻, 如今, 而今, 茲
MandarinBeijing現在, 現而今, 如今晚兒
Taiwan現在
Tianjin現如今, 當下
Ulanhot現在
Tongliao現在
Chifeng現在
Bayanhot現在
Hulunbuir (Hailar)現在
Harbin現在, 現如今, 現下, 現前兒
Shenyang現在
Yantai (Muping)這時晚兒, 現時晚兒
Jinan現在, 如今, 現如今
Luoyang現在, 而今, 現如今
Wanrong人根, 移根
Xi'an致兒, 現在
Yinchuan現在
Lanzhou賈
Ürümqi眼下, 現在
Wuhan如今, 此如今
Chengdu這陣子, 這陣, 這下兒, 這個時候, 現在
Guiyang這下, 這崗, 掌, 這歇, 這個時候
Kunming現在
Guilin現在
Liuzhou一寁
Xuzhou眼今, 眼是, 腳底下, 現如今, 現而今 dated, 至而今 dated
Yangzhou現在
Nanjing現在
Hefei而今, 如今
Malaysia現在
Singapore現在
CantoneseGuangzhou而家, 家下, 家陣
Hong Kong而家, 家下, 家陣
Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou)那下
Macau而家
Zhongshan (Shiqi)而家
Taishan該時
Dongguan家下, 那下
Yangjiang果陣
Xinyi個陣
Nanning而家, 而卡
Wuzhou家陣, 而家
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)而家
Singapore (Guangfu)而家
GanNanchang現在, 如今
Lichuan該行崽
Pingxiang該仔, 如今
HakkaMeixian今下, 今仔下, 現下
Xingning如下
Fengshun (Tangkeng)今1
Fengshun (Fengliang)今時
Fengshun (Pantian)今子
Huidong (Daling)今下
Shaoguan (Qujiang)如今
Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang)如今
Changting如今
Wuping今下
Wuping (Pingyu)今1
Liancheng已久
Ninghua今子
Yudu如今
Ruijin如今, 今下子
Shicheng今底
Shangyou (Shexi)如今
Miaoli (N. Sixian)這下, 現下, 今下, 今時, 今這下
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)這下, 現下, 今嘎, 今這下
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)這下, 現下, 今這下
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)這下, 現下, 今這下, 這滿
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)這下, 現下, 今這下, 今下, 今時
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)這下, 現時, 今這下, 這滿
Hong Kong今下
Sabah (Bao'an)今下, 今下子, 今下仔
Sabah (Longchuan)今下
Senai (Huiyang)今下
Kuching (Hepo)呢下
HuizhouJixi爾歇
Shexian爾扎兒
JinTaiyuan如今, 而今
Xinzhou現時
Taibus (Baochang)現在
Linhe這咱會兒
Jining這會兒
Hohhot這會兒
Baotou這會兒
Dongsheng這會兒
Haibowan如今
Min BeiJian'ou迦今, 今迦, 現刻
Jian'ou (Dikou)迦
Zhenghe (Zhenqian)迦
Wuyishan今下
Pucheng (Shibei)迦, 今下
Min DongFuzhou現時, 現刻, 現在, 現今, 仱, 今旦日
Fuqing現時
Ningde現在, 仱
Fuding足古
Min NanXiamen這陣, 這滿, 這輒仔, 這輒, 這站仔, 這站, 這幫, 現主時, 現時, 今2
Quanzhou這陣, 這站仔, 這站, 這幫, 現主時, 現時, 現當今, 今2, 際
Zhangzhou這陣, 這輒仔, 這輒, 這站仔, 這站, 這幫, 現主時, 現時, 現主在, 現在, 現曾, 今2
Zhao'an這陣, 這馬, 現在
Taipei這馬
New Taipei (Sanxia)這馬
Kaohsiung今2, 這時, 這陣, 這馬
Yilan今2, 這陣, 這馬
Changhua (Lukang)這陣, 這馬, 這路尾
Taichung這馬, 這陣
Taichung (Wuqi)這馬
Tainan今2, 這時, 這陣, 這馬, 這站, 現主時, 現這馬, 現步
Taitung這馬
Hsinchu這陣, 這馬
Kinmen這陣
Penghu (Magong)這陣, 今2, 這馬
Penang (Hokkien)今仔, 當今
Singapore (Hokkien)這陣, 這時, 當今, 這久, 這馬
Manila (Hokkien)這陣
Chaozhou此在, 現在, 現時, 只陣
Shantou現在, 現時, 只陣, 只回, 此在, 眼在
Shantou (Chenghai)此在, 只陣
Jieyang此在, 只時, 只回, 只陣
Johor Bahru (Teochew)現在
Singapore (Teochew)只陣, 當今
Pontianak (Teochew)只旦
Leizhou現旦
Wenchang現旦
Haikou現旦
Singapore (Hainanese)現旦
Puxian MinPutian丁
Xianyou丁
Southern PinghuaNanning (Tingzi)而今
WuShanghai現在, 乃, 葛歇, 搿歇, 搿個辰光, 迭歇, 迭個辰光
Shanghai (Chongming)那末
Suzhou現在, 姑歇, 哀歇, 該歇
Danyang格歇候, 格娘收, 現在
Hangzhou記歇
Wenzhou恁界, 恁仰界
Jinhua格孑
XiangChangsha如今, 如至今, 如嶄, 現在
Xiangtan咯如在
Loudi而界, 如今
Shuangfeng侯基

Pronunciation

  • Cantonese (Taishan, Wiktionary): nai4, nai4*
  • Cantonese
    • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
      • Wiktionary: nai4, nai4*
      • Sinological IPA (key): /ⁿdai²¹/, /ⁿdai²¹⁻²¹⁵/

Definitions

乃

  1. (Taishanese, colloquial) Alternative form of 哪 (“which; where”).

Compounds

  • 乃今 (nǎijīn)
  • 乃公
  • 乃可
  • 乃始
  • 乃心王室
  • 乃文乃武
  • 乃是 (nǎishì)
  • 乃武乃文
  • 乃父
  • 乃眷
  • 乃祖
  • 乃翁
  • 乃者
  • 乃至 (nǎizhì)
  • 乃若
  • 康乃馨 (kāngnǎixīn)
  • 有容乃大
  • 木乃伊 (mùnǎiyī)
  • 欸乃 (ǎinǎi)
  • 欸乃曲
  • 毋乃 (wúnǎi)
  • 若乃
  • 乃則爾巴格／乃则尔巴格 (Nǎizé'ěr Bāgé)
  • 乃爾／乃尔 (nǎi'ěr)
  • 乃蠻／乃蛮
  • 告訴乃論／告诉乃论
  • 楊乃武／杨乃武
  • 況乃／况乃
  • 無乃／无乃 (wúnǎi)
  • 請求乃論／请求乃论

Japanese

Kanji

乃

(“Jinmeiyō” kanji used for names)

  1. from
  2. possessive particle
  3. whereupon
  4. accordingly
  5. you

Readings

  • Go-on: ない (nai)
  • Kan-on: だい (dai)
  • On: え (e)
  • Kun: お (o, 乃); すなわち (sunawachi, 乃ち); なんじ (nanji, 乃)←なんぢ (nandi, historical)←なむち (namuti, ancient); の (no, 乃)
  • Nanori: おさむ (osamu)←をさむ (wosamu, historical); のり (nori)

Alternative reading as in 欸乃, compare Mandarin ǎoǎi, Cantonese oi1 oi2:

  • Go-on: あい (ai)
  • Kan-on: あい (ai)

See also

  • 之
  • の

Korean

Hanja

乃 (eumhun 이에 내 (ie nae))

  1. Hanja form? of 내 (“then”).
  2. Hanja form? of 내 (“really, indeed”).
  3. Hanja form? of 내 (“as it turned out, after all”).
  4. Hanja form? of 내 (“then”).

References

  • Naver Hanja Dictionary: 乃

Old Korean

Alternative forms

  • 言利, 曰利 (logographic variant)

Verb

乃 (*nwoy-)

  1. to speak; to say
    • c. 1250, Interpretive gugyeol glosses to the Golden Light Sutra:
      佛隱[言]乃示尸善男子良五種法乙依良
      PWUTHYE-n nwoy-si-l SYEN.NAM.CO-ya WO.CYONG.PEP-ur UY[?]-a
      As for the Buddha, his [honored] sayings: "O good men! Rely on the Five Laws, and..."
      (N.B. Gugyeol glyphs are given in non-abbreviated forms. Bracketed terms were ignored when read.)

Descendants

  • Korean: 뇌다 (noeda, “to say repeatedly”)
  • ⇒ Korean: 되뇌다 (doenoeda, “to repeat the same thing”)
  • ⇒ Korean: 뇌까리다 (noekkarida, “to say whatever comes to mind”)

Further reading

  • 남풍현 (Nam Pung-hyeon) (2018), “<願往生歌>의 새로운 解讀 [A new reading of the Wonwangsaeng-ga]”, in Gugyeol Yeon'gu, volume 41, pages 5-27
  • 황선엽 (Hwang Seon-yeop) (2009) 釋讀口訣辭典 [Dictionary of interpretive gugyeol], Taehaksa, →ISBN
  • 이병기 (Yi Byeong-gi) (2014), “구결자료의 어휘 [Vocabulary in the gugyeol sources]”, in Gugyeol Yeon'gu, volume 33, pages 23–61

Vietnamese

Han character

乃: Hán Việt readings: nãi[1][2][3][4][5][6], ái[2]
乃: Nôm readings: náy[4][6], nãy[4], nảy[4][6][6], nải[1][7][6], nấy[4][6][6], nới[4][6]

  1. (dated or literary) chữ Hán form of nãi (“but; then”).
  2. (dated or literary) chữ Hán form of nãi (“you”).

References

  1. Génibrel (1898).
  2. Thiều Chửu (1942).
  3. Nguyễn (1974).
  4. Hồ (1976).
  5. Trần (1999).
  6. Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  7. Bonet (1899).
随便看

　

国际大辞典收录了7408809条英语、德语、日语等多语种在线翻译词条，基本涵盖了全部常用单词及词组的翻译及用法，是外语学习的有利工具。

　

Copyright © 2004-2023 idict.net All Rights Reserved
京ICP备2021023879号 更新时间：2024/8/8 2:33:22